Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9677-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9677-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
Model description paper
 | 
12 Oct 2026
Model description paper |  | 12 Oct 2026

MONKI: a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulator for transfer of polarised light in planetary atmospheres

Victor J. H. Trees, Ping Wang, Job I. Wiltink, Piet Stammes, Daphne M. Stam, David P. Donovan, and A. Pier Siebesma

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Latest update: 02 Nov 2026
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Short summary
We present MONKI (Monte Carlo KNMI), an accurate and efficient Fortran radiative transfer code for simulating total and polarised sunlight in 3D planetary atmospheres. Its novelty is the derivation of Monte Carlo equations for the transfer of polarised light, fully accounting for polarisation-dependent scattering directions. This formulation gives reliable convergence even for optically thick, strongly polarising atmospheres, supporting observations of Earth, Venus, or any other planet.
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