Articles | Volume 19, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5827-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5827-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
02 Jul 2026
Model description paper |
| 02 Jul 2026
| 02 Jul 2026
Implementing belowground controls on nutrient uptake in ELMv2-SPRUCE improves representation of a boreal peatland ecosystem
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Daniel M. Ricciuto
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Sören E. Weber
Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
Verity G. Salmon
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Xiaoying Shi
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Xiaojuan Yang
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Natalie A. Griffiths
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Paul J. Hanson
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Anthony P. Walker
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Jonathan Stelling
North Central Research and Outreach Center, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids, MN, 55744, USA
Katherine Duchesneau
School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
Camille E. Defrenne
RECON environmental, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92108, USA
Jeffrey M. Warren
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Stephen D. Sebestyen
Northern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Grand Rapids, MN, 55744, USA
Kyle J. Pearson
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Keith Oleheiser
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Joshua M. Birkebak
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Mark Guilliams
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Misha B. Krassovski
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Melanie A. Mayes
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
Peter E. Thornton
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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We evaluated the performance of a land surface model (ELMv1-CNP) that includes both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation on carbon cycle processes. We show that ELMv1-CNP produces realistic estimates of present-day carbon pools and fluxes. We show that global C sources and sinks are significantly affected by P limitation. Our study suggests that introduction of P limitation in land surface models is likely to have substantial consequences for projections of future carbon uptake.
Giacomo Grassi, Clemens Schwingshackl, Thomas Gasser, Richard A. Houghton, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Alessandro Cescatti, Philippe Ciais, Sandro Federici, Pierre Friedlingstein, Werner A. Kurz, Maria J. Sanz Sanchez, Raúl Abad Viñas, Ramdane Alkama, Selma Bultan, Guido Ceccherini, Stefanie Falk, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Jürgen Knauer, Anu Korosuo, Joana Melo, Matthew J. McGrath, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Benjamin Poulter, Anna A. Romanovskaya, Simone Rossi, Hanqin Tian, Anthony P. Walker, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1093–1114, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1093-2023, 2023
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Striking differences exist in estimates of land-use CO2 fluxes between the national greenhouse gas inventories and the IPCC assessment reports. These differences hamper an accurate assessment of the collective progress under the Paris Agreement. By implementing an approach that conceptually reconciles land-use CO2 flux from national inventories and the global models used by the IPCC, our study is an important step forward for increasing confidence in land-use CO2 flux estimates.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
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The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Rachael E. McCaully, Carli A. Arendt, Brent D. Newman, Verity G. Salmon, Jeffrey M. Heikoop, Cathy J. Wilson, Sanna Sevanto, Nathan A. Wales, George B. Perkins, Oana C. Marina, and Stan D. Wullschleger
The Cryosphere, 16, 1889–1901, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1889-2022, 2022
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Degrading permafrost and shrub expansion are critically important to tundra biogeochemistry. We observed significant variability in soil pore water NO3-N in an alder-dominated permafrost hillslope in Alaska. Proximity to alder shrubs and the presence or absence of topographic gradients and precipitation events strongly influence NO3-N availability and mobility. The highly dynamic nature of labile N on small spatiotemporal scales has implications for nutrient responses to a warming Arctic.
Shuang Ma, Lifen Jiang, Rachel M. Wilson, Jeff P. Chanton, Scott Bridgham, Shuli Niu, Colleen M. Iversen, Avni Malhotra, Jiang Jiang, Xingjie Lu, Yuanyuan Huang, Jason Keller, Xiaofeng Xu, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Paul J. Hanson, and Yiqi Luo
Biogeosciences, 19, 2245–2262, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2245-2022, 2022
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The relative ratio of wetland methane (CH4) emission pathways determines how much CH4 is oxidized before leaving the soil. We found an ebullition modeling approach that has a better performance in deep layer pore water CH4 concentration. We suggest using this approach in land surface models to accurately represent CH4 emission dynamics and response to climate change. Our results also highlight that both CH4 flux and belowground concentration data are important to constrain model parameters.
Dóra Hidy, Zoltán Barcza, Roland Hollós, Laura Dobor, Tamás Ács, Dóra Zacháry, Tibor Filep, László Pásztor, Dóra Incze, Márton Dencső, Eszter Tóth, Katarína Merganičová, Peter Thornton, Steven Running, and Nándor Fodor
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2157–2181, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2157-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2157-2022, 2022
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Biogeochemical models used by the scientific community can support society in the quantification of the expected environmental impacts caused by global climate change. The Biome-BGCMuSo v6.2 biogeochemical model has been created by implementing a lot of developments related to soil hydrology as well as the soil carbon and nitrogen cycle and by integrating crop model components. Detailed descriptions of developments with case studies are presented in this paper.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Anthony P. Walker, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 5639–5668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, 2021
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The Australian continent is included in global assessments of the carbon cycle such as the global carbon budget, yet the performance of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) over Australia has rarely been evaluated. We assessed simulations by an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models over Australia and highlighted a number of key areas that lead to model divergence on both short (inter-annual) and long (decadal) timescales.
Yaoping Wang, Jiafu Mao, Mingzhou Jin, Forrest M. Hoffman, Xiaoying Shi, Stan D. Wullschleger, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4385–4405, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4385-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4385-2021, 2021
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We developed seven global soil moisture datasets (1970–2016, monthly, half-degree, and multilayer) by merging a wide range of data sources, including in situ and satellite observations, reanalysis, offline land surface model simulations, and Earth system model simulations. Given the great value of long-term, multilayer, gap-free soil moisture products to climate research and applications, we believe this paper and the presented datasets would be of interest to many different communities.
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Griffiths, N. A., Hanson, P. J., Ricciuto, D. M., Iversen, C. M., Jensen, A. M., Malhotra, A., McFarlane, K. J., Norby, R. J., Sargsyan, K., Sebestyen, S. D., Shi, X., Walker, A. P., Ward, E. J., Warren, J. M., and Weston, D. J.: Temporal and spatial variation in peatland carbon cycling and implications for interpreting responses of an ecosystem-scale warming experiment, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 81, 1668–1688, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.12.0422, 2017.
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Hanson, P. J., Riggs, J. S., Nettles, W. R., Krassovski, M. B., and Hook, L. A.: SPRUCE whole ecosystems warming (WEW) environmental data beginning August 2015, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TES SFA, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. [data set], https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/spruce.032, 2016b.
Hanson, P. J., Riggs, J. S., Nettles, W. R., Phillips, J. R., Krassovski, M. B., Hook, L. A., Gu, L., Richardson, A. D., Aubrecht, D. M., Ricciuto, D. M., Warren, J. M., and Barbier, C.: Attaining whole-ecosystem warming using air and deep-soil heating methods with an elevated CO2 atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 14, 861–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-861-2017, 2017.
Hanson, P. J., Phillips, J. R., Brice, D. J., and Hook, L. A.: SPRUCE shrub-layer growth assessments in S1-bog plots and SPRUCE experimental plots beginning in 2010, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TES SFA, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. [data set], https://doi.org/10.25581/spruce.052/1433837, 2018a.
Hanson, P. J., Phillips, J. R., Wullschleger, S. D., Nettles, W. R., Warren, J. M., Ward, E. J., Graham, J. D., and Ruggles, T. A.: SPRUCE tree growth assessments of Picea and Larix in S1-bog plots and SPRUCE experimental plots beginning in 2011, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TES SFA, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. [data set], https://doi.org/10.25581/spruce.051/1433836, 2018b.
Hanson, P. J., Griffiths, N. A., Iversen, C. M., Norby, R. J., Sebestyen, S. D., Phillips, J. R., Chanton, J. P., Kolka, R. K., Malhotra, A., Oleheiser, K. C., Warren, J. M., Shi, X., Yang, X., Mao, J., and Ricciuto, D. M.: Rapid net carbon loss from a whole-ecosystem warmed peatland, AGU Adv., 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000163, 2020a.
Hanson, P. J., Phillips, J. R., Nettles, W. R., Pearson, K. J., and Hook, L. A.: SPRUCE plot-level water table data assessments for absolute elevations and height with respect to mean hollows beginning in 2015, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TES SFA, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. [data set], https://doi.org/10.25581/spruce.079/1608615, 2020b.
Hanson, P. J., Griffiths, N. A., Salmon, V. G., Birkebak, J. M., Warren, J. M., Phillips, J. R., Guilliams, M. P., Oleheiser, K. C., Jones, M. W., Jones, N. J., Enterkine, J., Glenn, N. F., and Pearson, K. J.: Peatland plant community changes in annual production and composition through 8 years of warming manipulations under ambient and elevated CO2 atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 130, e2024JG008511, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008511, 2025.
Hawkins, H.-J., Cargill, R. I. M., Van Nuland, M. E., Hagen, S. C., Field, K. J., Sheldrake, M., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., and Kiers, E. T.: Mycorrhizal mycelium as a global carbon pool, Curr. Biol., 33, R560–R573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.027, 2023.
He, H., Meyer, A., Jansson, P.-E., Svensson, M., Rütting, T., and Klemedtsson, L.: Simulating ectomycorrhiza in boreal forests: implementing ectomycorrhizal fungi model MYCOFON in CoupModel (v5), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 725–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-725-2018, 2018.
He, H., Jansson, P.-E., and Gärdenäs, A. I.: CoupModel (v6.0): an ecosystem model for coupled phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon dynamics – evaluated against empirical data from a climatic and fertility gradient in Sweden, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 735–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, 2021.
Hilman, B., Solly, E. F., Kuhlmann, I., Brunner, I., and Hagedorn, F.: Species-specific reliance of trees on ectomycorrhizal fungi for nitrogen supply at an alpine treeline, Fungal Ecol., 71, 101361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2024.101361, 2024.
Hobbie, J. E. and Hobbie, E. A.: 15N in Symbiotic Fungi and Plants Estimates Nitrogen and Carbon Flux Rates in Arctic Tundra, Ecology, 87, 816–822, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[816:NISFAP]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
Högberg, M. N., Briones, M. J. I., Keel, S. G., Metcalfe, D. B., Campbell, C., Midwood, A. J., Thornton, B., Hurry, V., Linder, S., Näsholm, T., and Högberg, P.: Quantification of effects of season and nitrogen supply on tree below-ground carbon transfer to ectomycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms in a boreal pine forest, New Phytol., 187, 485–493, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03274.x, 2010.
Ito, A., Reyer, C. P. O., Gädeke, A., Ciais, P., Chang, J., Chen, M., François, L., Forrest, M., Hickler, T., Ostberg, S., Shi, H., Thiery, W., and Tian, H.: Pronounced and unavoidable impacts of low-end global warming on northern high-latitude land ecosystems, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 044006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab702b, 2020.
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Short summary
Boreal peatlands store much of the global soil carbon and the service is closely related to nutrient cycling. This study improved a major land surface model to better represent how plants gain nitrogen and phosphorus through fine roots and mycorrhizal association. The new model more accurately captured observed carbon fluxes than the default model at an experimental site in Minnesota, and suggests shifts in nutrient uptake strategy mitigates transition from carbon sink to source under warming.
Boreal peatlands store much of the global soil carbon and the service is closely related to...
