Evaluation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide simulated with the EMAC (version 2.55) Chemistry–Climate Model using satellite and ground-based observations

Makroum, Ismail; Jöckel, Patrick; Dameris, Martin; Theys, Nicolas; De Leeuw, Johannes

doi:10.5194/gmd-19-447-2026

Articles | Volume 19, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-447-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Special issue:

The Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) (ACP/GMD inter-journal...

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-447-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 19, issue 1

Model evaluation paper

|

15 Jan 2026

Model evaluation paper |

| 15 Jan 2026

Evaluation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide simulated with the EMAC (version 2.55) Chemistry–Climate Model using satellite and ground-based observations

Ismail Makroum, Patrick Jöckel, Martin Dameris, Nicolas Theys, and Johannes De Leeuw

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-447-2026-supplement

Data sets

RD1SD: EMAC CCMI-2022 hindcast simulations with specified dynamics, ERA-5, 1979-2019 P. Jöckel et al. https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/ESCiMo2_RD1SD

RD1SD: EMAC CCMI-2022 hindcast simulations with specified dynamics, ERA-5, 1979-2019 (additional data) P. Jöckel et al. https://www.wdc-climate.de/ui/entry?acronym=DKRZ_LTA_853_dsg0002

SO2 data of EMAC sensitivity simulations (eruption of Mt. Raikoke, 2019) I. Makroum et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15655676

Model code and software

The Modular Earth Submodel System MESSy Consortium https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15656328

Short summary

We use a state-of-the-art numerical chemistry-climate model to study the atmospheric sulfur dioxide budget. We simulate the atmospheric concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and corresponding sulfur deposition fluxes and compare the results with observational data from a satellite instrument and with ground-based in-situ measurements. For the evaluation of the simulated atmospheric lifetime of SO₂, we also simulate the fate of SO₂ emitted by two volcanic eruptions that happened in 2019.