Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1849-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1849-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
Development and technical paper
 | 
04 Mar 2026
Development and technical paper |  | 04 Mar 2026

20 years of trials and insights: bridging legacy and next generation in ParFlow and Land Surface Model Coupling

Chen Yang, Aoqi Sun, Shupeng Zhang, Yongjiu Dai, Stefan Kollet, and Reed Maxwell

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Short summary

Groundwater plays a key role in land–atmosphere water and energy exchange, yet it is often simplified in large-scale Earth system models. We review 20 years of efforts to couple the groundwater model ParFlow with land surface and atmospheric models, showing how groundwater dynamics shape terrestrial fluxes. We also present an updated coupling framework that enhances model performance and flexibility, and outline a modular strategy to guide future development.

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