Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1769-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1769-2026
Development and technical paper
 | 
03 Mar 2026
Development and technical paper |  | 03 Mar 2026

Implementation of a sigma coordinate system in PALM-Sigma v1.0 (based on PALM v21.10) for LES study of the marine atmospheric boundary layer

Xu Ning and Mostafa Bakhoday-Paskyabi

Data sets

Sigma coordinate system extension for PALM (PALM-Sigma) source files Xu Ning https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17246634

Sigma coordinate system extension for PALM (PALM-Sigma) configuration and output data Xu Ning https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17101459

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Short summary
Ocean waves shape winds close to the surface and extend their impact throughout the atmospheric boundary layer. In this study, we built a new modeling tool that allows simulations to follow the moving wave surface itself. By testing different wave and wind conditions, we show how waves change air motion, turbulence, and energy exchange above the ocean. This approach improves our ability to represent air–sea interactions, with implications for weather studies and offshore wind energy.
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