Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-535-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-535-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Customized deep learning for precipitation bias correction and downscaling
Fang Wang
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn
University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn
University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Mark Carroll
Computational and Information Science Technology Office, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
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46 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A systematic review of the NASA Land Information System (LIS): Two decades of advancements in hydrological modeling, data assimilation, and operational earth system applications S. Marshall et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134784
- MAUNet: a max-average neural network architecture for precipitation downscaling S. Mishra Sharma & A. Mitra https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10012-9
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- Sub-Seasonal Precipitation Bias-Correction in Thailand Using Attention U-Net With Seasonal and Meteorological Effects T. Faijaroenmongkol et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3337998
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- Enhancing IMERG precipitation estimates using machine learning and bias correction across elevation zones in India L. Nongmaithem et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2549422
- Toward an improved ensemble of multi-source daily precipitation via joint machine learning classification and regression H. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107385
- SPATIAL DOWNSCALING OF DAILY PRECIPITATION d4PDF DATA USING ANN ALGORITHM I. KHATEEB et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.24-00156
- Evaluating Bias Correction Methods Using Annual Maximum Series Rainfall Data from Observed and Remotely Sensed Sources in Gauged and Ungauged Catchments in Uganda M. Okirya & J. Du Plessis https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12050113
- A scalable deep learning framework for daily precipitation downscaling: architecture, accuracy, and adaptability X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2025.293
- Multivariate bias correction and downscaling of climate models with trend-preserving deep learning F. Wang & D. Tian https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07406-9
- Impact of deep learning-driven precipitation corrected data using near real-time satellite-based observations and model forecast in an integrated hydrological model K. Patakchi Yousefi et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1439906
- Efficient precipitation downscaling over the Southern Tibetan Plateau with deep learning surrogates D. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109079
- Evaluating Geostatistical and Statistical Merging Methods for Radar–Gauge Rainfall Integration: A Multi-Method Comparative Study X. Le et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152622
- Assessing the effectiveness of ANN model in spatial downscaling of d4PDF hourly precipitation data: a case study in Japan I. Khateeb et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44367-025-00003-5
- Machine Learning-Based Bias Correction of Precipitation Measurements at High Altitude H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082180
- Kernel-based dynamic ensemble approach for classifying imbalanced data with overlapping classes S. Abokadr et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42940-y
- Testing machine learning algorithms as post-processing tools for hydro-meteorological modelling over a small river basin C. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106592
- Limitation of super-resolution machine learning approach to precipitation downscaling P. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05880-7
- Intercomparison of Deep Learning Architectures for the Prediction of Precipitation Fields With a Focus on Extremes N. Otero & P. Horton https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR035088
- Advancing isotope‐enabled hydrological modelling for ungauged calibration of data‐scarce humid tropical catchments A. Watson et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15065
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- Explainable sequence-aware deep learning based decadal shoreline modelling in the Southern Baltic until 2050 K. Tanwari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106954
- Successful Precipitation Downscaling Through an Innovative Transformer-Based Model F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224292
- Accurate and efficient AI-assisted paradigm for adding granularity to ERA5 precipitation reanalysis M. Cavaiola et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77542-z
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- Deep Learning-Based Multi-Source Precipitation Fusion and Its Utility for Hydrological Simulation Z. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010070
- A precipitation downscaling method using a super-resolution deconvolution neural network with step orography P. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2023.18
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- Fusing Multi-Scale Numerical Model Forecasts to Improve Short-Term Intense Rainfall Forecast with a Deep Learning Rain Network Q. Zhong et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-025-4151-0
- Performance of Kilometer-Scale CARAS Precipitation Product Against Ground-based Observations During 2008–2021 over Hubei, China C. ZHU et al. https://doi.org/10.3724/j.1006-8775.2024.036
- Projecting future climate extremes in the glacier-fed upper indus basin using machine learning based downscaling of CMIP6 GCMs M. Saleem et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05793-5
- Current progress in subseasonal-to-decadal prediction based on machine learning Z. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2024.100201
- Statistical spatial downscaling of significant wave height in a regional sea from the global ERA5 dataset B. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121100
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- Deep Learning for Bias‐Correcting CMIP6‐Class Earth System Models P. Hess et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF004002
- A visual analytics approach to exploring regional physical processes reflected in generative climate downscaling models P. Chang et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/14738716261434910
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- A tailored deep learning method to improve spatial rainfall downscaling T. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135272
- A deep learning-based bias correction model for Arctic sea ice concentration towards MITgcm S. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102326
- Enhancing precipitation intensity estimation using ERA5-land reanalysis with statistical and machine learning approaches A. Abdolmanafi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104928
- A Data-Driven Approach to Improve Cocoa Crop Establishment in Colombia: Insights and Agricultural Practice Recommendations from an Ensemble Machine Learning Model L. Talero-Sarmiento et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7010006
- START: A Hybrid Spatio-Temporal Attention ResNet Transformer for Explainable Multivariable Meteorological Bias-correction D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-026-01132-4
- Assessing the impact of AI-based meteorological postprocessing on seasonal hydrological forecasting skill in Mediterranean semi-arid basins D. De León Pérez et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103535
46 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A systematic review of the NASA Land Information System (LIS): Two decades of advancements in hydrological modeling, data assimilation, and operational earth system applications S. Marshall et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134784
- MAUNet: a max-average neural network architecture for precipitation downscaling S. Mishra Sharma & A. Mitra https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10012-9
- Improved Near-Real-Time Precipitation Estimation From Himawari-8 Data and Gauge Observations in the Xiangjiang River Basin Using a Three-Stage Machine Learning Framework S. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3633323
- Sub-Seasonal Precipitation Bias-Correction in Thailand Using Attention U-Net With Seasonal and Meteorological Effects T. Faijaroenmongkol et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3337998
- Deep Learning Improves GFS Wintertime Precipitation Forecast Over Southeastern China D. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104406
- Enhancing IMERG precipitation estimates using machine learning and bias correction across elevation zones in India L. Nongmaithem et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2549422
- Toward an improved ensemble of multi-source daily precipitation via joint machine learning classification and regression H. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107385
- SPATIAL DOWNSCALING OF DAILY PRECIPITATION d4PDF DATA USING ANN ALGORITHM I. KHATEEB et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.24-00156
- Evaluating Bias Correction Methods Using Annual Maximum Series Rainfall Data from Observed and Remotely Sensed Sources in Gauged and Ungauged Catchments in Uganda M. Okirya & J. Du Plessis https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12050113
- A scalable deep learning framework for daily precipitation downscaling: architecture, accuracy, and adaptability X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2025.293
- Multivariate bias correction and downscaling of climate models with trend-preserving deep learning F. Wang & D. Tian https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07406-9
- Impact of deep learning-driven precipitation corrected data using near real-time satellite-based observations and model forecast in an integrated hydrological model K. Patakchi Yousefi et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1439906
- Efficient precipitation downscaling over the Southern Tibetan Plateau with deep learning surrogates D. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109079
- Evaluating Geostatistical and Statistical Merging Methods for Radar–Gauge Rainfall Integration: A Multi-Method Comparative Study X. Le et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152622
- Assessing the effectiveness of ANN model in spatial downscaling of d4PDF hourly precipitation data: a case study in Japan I. Khateeb et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44367-025-00003-5
- Machine Learning-Based Bias Correction of Precipitation Measurements at High Altitude H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082180
- Kernel-based dynamic ensemble approach for classifying imbalanced data with overlapping classes S. Abokadr et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42940-y
- Testing machine learning algorithms as post-processing tools for hydro-meteorological modelling over a small river basin C. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106592
- Limitation of super-resolution machine learning approach to precipitation downscaling P. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05880-7
- Intercomparison of Deep Learning Architectures for the Prediction of Precipitation Fields With a Focus on Extremes N. Otero & P. Horton https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR035088
- Advancing isotope‐enabled hydrological modelling for ungauged calibration of data‐scarce humid tropical catchments A. Watson et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15065
- Improved modelling of mountain snowpacks with spatially distributed precipitation bias correction derived from historical reanalysis M. von Kaenel & S. Margulis https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3309-2025
- Explainable sequence-aware deep learning based decadal shoreline modelling in the Southern Baltic until 2050 K. Tanwari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106954
- Successful Precipitation Downscaling Through an Innovative Transformer-Based Model F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224292
- Accurate and efficient AI-assisted paradigm for adding granularity to ERA5 precipitation reanalysis M. Cavaiola et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77542-z
- Deep learning based bias correction of TRMM precipitation estimates using IMD-gridded precipitation as ground observation S. Mishra Sharma & A. Mitra https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2024.39
- Deep Learning-Based Multi-Source Precipitation Fusion and Its Utility for Hydrological Simulation Z. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010070
- A precipitation downscaling method using a super-resolution deconvolution neural network with step orography P. Reddy et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2023.18
- Spatiotemporal Super-Resolution of Satellite Sea Surface Salinity Based on a Progressive Transfer Learning-Enhanced Transformer Z. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152735
- Bridging Global Climate Solutions and Local Realities: Evaluating Neural Networks for High-Resolution Downscaling D. Taniushkina et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3673693
- Robust deep learning-based downscaling of mean and extreme precipitation over the Indian subcontinent M. Murukesh & P. Kumar https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae6885
- Fusing Multi-Scale Numerical Model Forecasts to Improve Short-Term Intense Rainfall Forecast with a Deep Learning Rain Network Q. Zhong et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-025-4151-0
- Performance of Kilometer-Scale CARAS Precipitation Product Against Ground-based Observations During 2008–2021 over Hubei, China C. ZHU et al. https://doi.org/10.3724/j.1006-8775.2024.036
- Projecting future climate extremes in the glacier-fed upper indus basin using machine learning based downscaling of CMIP6 GCMs M. Saleem et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05793-5
- Current progress in subseasonal-to-decadal prediction based on machine learning Z. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2024.100201
- Statistical spatial downscaling of significant wave height in a regional sea from the global ERA5 dataset B. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121100
- Downscaling sea surface height and currents in coastal regions using convolutional neural network B. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104153
- Deep Learning for Bias‐Correcting CMIP6‐Class Earth System Models P. Hess et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF004002
- A visual analytics approach to exploring regional physical processes reflected in generative climate downscaling models P. Chang et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/14738716261434910
- Deep learning-based bias correction of ISMR simulated by GCM S. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107589
- A tailored deep learning method to improve spatial rainfall downscaling T. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135272
- A deep learning-based bias correction model for Arctic sea ice concentration towards MITgcm S. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102326
- Enhancing precipitation intensity estimation using ERA5-land reanalysis with statistical and machine learning approaches A. Abdolmanafi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104928
- A Data-Driven Approach to Improve Cocoa Crop Establishment in Colombia: Insights and Agricultural Practice Recommendations from an Ensemble Machine Learning Model L. Talero-Sarmiento et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7010006
- START: A Hybrid Spatio-Temporal Attention ResNet Transformer for Explainable Multivariable Meteorological Bias-correction D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-026-01132-4
- Assessing the impact of AI-based meteorological postprocessing on seasonal hydrological forecasting skill in Mediterranean semi-arid basins D. De León Pérez et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103535
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 23 Jun 2026
Short summary
Gridded precipitation datasets suffer from biases and coarse resolutions. We developed a customized deep learning (DL) model to bias-correct and downscale gridded precipitation data using radar observations. The results showed that the customized DL model can generate improved precipitation at fine resolutions where regular DL and statistical methods experience challenges. The new model can be used to improve precipitation estimates, especially for capturing extremes at smaller scales.
Gridded precipitation datasets suffer from biases and coarse resolutions. We developed a...