Articles | Volume 15, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8439-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8439-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development of an LSTM broadcasting deep-learning framework for regional air pollution forecast improvement
Haochen Sun
Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
Jimmy C. H. Fung
Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
Atmospheric Research Center, HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
Yiang Chen
Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
Zhenning Li
Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
Dehao Yuan
Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
Wanying Chen
Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
Department of Geography and Resource Management, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Xueying Liu, Yeqi Huang, Yao Chen, Xin Feng, Yang Xu, Yi Chen, Dasa Gu, Hao Sun, Zhi Ning, Jianzhen Yu, Wing Sze Chow, Changqing Lin, Yan Xiang, Tianshu Zhang, Claire Granier, Guy Brasseur, Zhe Wang, and Jimmy C. H. Fung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3227, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3227, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affect ozone formation and air quality. However, our understanding is limited due to insufficient measurements, especially for oxygenated VOCs. This study combines land, ship, and satellite data in Hong Kong, showing that oxygenated VOCs make up a significant portion of total VOCs. Despite their importance, many are underestimated in current models. These findings highlight the need to improve VOC representation in models to enhance air quality management.
Wanliang Zhang, Chao Ren, Edward Yan Yung Ng, Michael Mau Fung Wong, and Jimmy Chi Hung Fung
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-205, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-205, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on improving the accuracy of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model particularly in urbanized areas. We coupled a recently validated boundary layer model with a building effect model within an NWP. Validation has been performed under idealized atmospheric conditions by benchmarking the coupled model with a fine-scale numerical model. Subsequently, the improvements and limitations are investigated aided by observations in real case simulations.
Naveed Ahmad, Changqing Lin, Alexis K. H. Lau, Jhoon Kim, Tianshu Zhang, Fangqun Yu, Chengcai Li, Ying Li, Jimmy C. H. Fung, and Xiang Qian Lao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9645–9665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9645-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9645-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a nested machine learning model to convert the GEMS NO2 column measurements into ground-level concentrations across China. The model directly incorporates the NO2 mixing height (NMH) into the methodological framework. The study underscores the importance of considering NMH when estimating ground-level NO2 from satellite column measurements and highlights the significant advantages of new-generation geostationary satellites in air quality monitoring.
Yiang Chen, Xingcheng Lu, and Jimmy C. H. Fung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8847–8864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the contribution of pollutants from different emitting periods to ozone episodes over the Greater Bay Area. The analysis reveals the variation in major spatiotemporal contributors to the O3 pollution under the influence of typhoons and subtropical high pressure. Through temporal contribution analysis, our work offers a new perspective on the evolution of O3 pollution and can aid in developing effective and timely control policies under unfavorable weather conditions.
Yun Fat Lam, Chi Chiu Cheung, Xuguo Zhang, Joshua S. Fu, and Jimmy Chi Hung Fung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12895–12908, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12895-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12895-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, air pollution forecasting has become an important municipal service of the government. In this study, a new spatial allocation method based on satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques was developed to address the spatial deficiency of industrial source emissions in China, providing a substantial improvement on NO2 and PM2.5 forecast for the Pearl River Delta/Greater Bay Area.
Cited articles
Ayturan, Y. A., Ayturan, Z. C., and Altun, H. O.: Air pollution modelling
with deep learning: a review, International Journal of Environmental
Pollution and Environmental Modelling, 1, 58–62, 2018.
Bi, J., Knowland, K. E., Keller, C. A., and Liu, Y.: Combining Machine
Learning and Numerical Simulation for High-Resolution PM2.5
Concentration Forecast, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56,
1544–1556, 2022.
Bui, T.-C., Le, V.-D., and Cha, S.-K.: A deep learning approach for
forecasting air pollution in South Korea using LSTM, arXiv [preprint],
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1804.07891, 2018.
Fan, C., Li, Y., Guang, J., Li, Z., Elnashar, A., Allam, M., and de Leeuw,
G.: The impact of the control measures during the COVID-19 outbreak on air
pollution in China, Remote Sensing, 12, 1613, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101613, 2020.
Gilliam, R. C., Hogrefe, C., Godowitch, J. M., Napelenok, S., Mathur, R.,
and Rao, S. T.: Impact of inherent meteorology uncertainty on air quality
model predictions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120,
12259–12280, 2015.
Greff, K., Srivastava, R., Koutník, J., Steunebrink, B., and
Schmidhuber, J.: LSTM: A search space odyssey, IEEE Transactions on Neural
Networks Learning Systems, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2016.2582924, 2017.
Hähnel, P., Mareček, J., Monteil, J., and O'Donncha, F.: Using deep
learning to extend the range of air pollution monitoring and forecasting,
J. Comput. Phys., 408, 109278, 2020.
Han, J., Liu, H., Zhu, H., Xiong, H., and Dou, D.: Joint air quality and
weather prediction based on multi-adversarial spatiotemporal networks,
Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2–9 February 2021, virtual conference, 4081–4089, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.15037,
2021.
Hochreiter, S. and Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory,
Neural Comput., 9, 1735–1780, 1997.
Holnicki, P. and Nahorski, Z.: Emission data uncertainty in urban air
quality modeling–case study, Environ. Model. Assess., 20,
583–597, 2015.
Huang, C.-J. and Kuo, P.-H.: A deep CNN-LSTM model for particulate matter
(PM2.5) forecasting in smart cities, Sensors, 18, 2220, https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072220, 2018.
Ioffe, S. and Szegedy, C.: Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network
training by reducing internal covariate shift, International conference on
machine learning, 6–11 July 2015, Lille, France, 448–456, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1502.03167, 2015.
Janarthanan, R., Partheeban, P., Somasundaram, K., and Elamparithi, P. N.: A
deep learning approach for prediction of air quality index in a metropolitan
city, Sustain. Cities Soc., 67, 102720, 2021.
Karim, F., Majumdar, S., Darabi, H., and Chen, S.: LSTM fully convolutional
networks for time series classification, IEEE access, 6, 1662–1669, 2017.
Kim, H. S., Park, I., Song, C. H., Lee, K., Yun, J. W., Kim, H. K., Jeon, M., Lee, J., and Han, K. M.: Development of a daily PM10 and PM2.5 prediction system using a deep long short-term memory neural network model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12935–12951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12935-2019, 2019.
Kingma, D. P. and Ba, J.: Adam: A method for stochastic optimization, arXiv
[preprint],https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1412.6980, 2014.
Lee, K., Yu, J., Lee, S., Park, M., Hong, H., Park, S. Y., Choi, M., Kim, J., Kim, Y., Woo, J.-H., Kim, S.-W., and Song, C. H.: Development of Korean Air Quality Prediction System version 1 (KAQPS v1) with focuses on practical issues, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1055–1073, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1055-2020, 2020.
Li, T., Hua, M., and Wu, X.: A hybrid CNN-LSTM model for forecasting
particulate matter (PM2.5), Ieee Access, 8, 26933–26940, 2020.
Lu, H., Xie, M., Liu, X., Liu, B., Jiang, M., Gao, Y., and Zhao, X.:
Adjusting prediction of ozone concentration based on CMAQ model and machine
learning methods in Sichuan-Chongqing region, China, Atmos. Pollut.
Res., 12, 101066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101066, 2021.
Lu, X., Fung, J. C. H., and Wu, D.: Modeling wet deposition of acid
substances over the PRD region in China, Atmos. Environ., 122,
819–828, 2015.
Lu, X., Wang, Y., Li, J., Shen, L., and Fung, J. C.: Evidence of
heterogeneous HONO formation from aerosols and the regional photochemical
impact of this HONO source, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 114002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae492,
2018.
Lu, X., Zhang, S., Xing, J., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Ding, D., Wu, Y., Wang, S.,
Duan, L., and Hao, J.: Progress of air pollution control in China and its
challenges and opportunities in the ecological civilization era,
Engineering, 6, 1423–1431, 2020.
Lu, X., Sha, Y. H., Li, Z., Huang, Y., Chen, W., Chen, D., Shen, J., Chen,
Y., and Fung, J. C.: Development and application of a hybrid long-short term
memory–three dimensional variational technique for the improvement of
PM2.5 forecasting, Sci. Total Environ., 770, 144221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144221,
2021.
Lyu, B., Hu, Y., Zhang, W., Du, Y., Luo, B., Sun, X., Sun, Z., Deng, Z.,
Wang, X., and Liu, J.: Fusion method combining ground-level observations
with chemical transport model predictions using an ensemble deep learning
framework: application in China to estimate spatiotemporally-resolved
PM2.5 exposure fields in 2014–2017, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 53, 7306–7315, 2019.
Ma, J., Ding, Y., Cheng, J. C., Jiang, F., and Wan, Z.: A temporal-spatial
interpolation and extrapolation method based on geographic Long Short-Term
Memory neural network for PM2.5, J. Clean. Prod., 237,
117729, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117729, 2019.
Mao, W., Wang, W., Jiao, L., Zhao, S., and Liu, A.: Modeling air quality
prediction using a deep learning approach: Method optimization and
evaluation, Sustain. Cities Soc., 65, 102567, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102567, 2021.
Pak, U., Ma, J., Ryu, U., Ryom, K., Juhyok, U., Pak, K., and Pak, C.: Deep
learning-based PM2.5 prediction considering the spatiotemporal
correlations: A case study of Beijing, China, Sci. Total
Environ., 699, 133561, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.367, 2020.
Qi, Y., Li, Q., Karimian, H., and Liu, D.: A hybrid model for spatiotemporal
forecasting of PM2.5 based on graph convolutional neural network and
long short-term memory, Sci. Total Environ., 664, 1–10, 2019.
Qin, D., Yu, J., Zou, G., Yong, R., Zhao, Q., and Zhang, B.: A novel
combined prediction scheme based on CNN and LSTM for urban PM2.5 concentration, IEEE Access, 7, 20050–20059, 2019.
Samal, K. K. R., Panda, A. K., Babu, K. S., and Das, S. K.: An improved
pollution forecasting model with meteorological impact using multiple
imputation and fine-tuning approach, Sustain. Cities Soc., 70,
102923, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102923, 2021.
Sayeed, A., Choi, Y., Eslami, E., Jung, J., Lops, Y., Salman, A. K., Lee,
J.-B., Park, H.-J., and Choi, M.-H.: A novel CMAQ-CNN hybrid model to
forecast hourly surface-ozone concentrations 14 days in advance, Sci.
Rep.-UK, 11, 1–8, 2021a.
Sayeed, A., Lops, Y., Choi, Y., Jung, J., and Salman, A. K.: Bias correcting
and extending the PM forecast by CMAQ up to 7 days using deep convolutional
neural networks, Atmos. Environ., 253, 118376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118376, 2021b.
Schuster, M. and Paliwal Kuldip, K.: Bidirectional recurrent neural
networks, IEEE T. Signal Proces., 45, 2673–2681, 1997.
Siami-Namini, S., Tavakoli, N., and Namin, A. S.: A comparison of ARIMA and
LSTM in forecasting time series, 2018 17th IEEE international conference on
machine learning and applications (ICMLA), 17–20 December 2018,
Orlando, Florida, USA, 1394–1401, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLA.2018.00227, 2018.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D., Duda, M. G., Huang, X. Y., Wang W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3, NCAR Technical note-475+ STR, https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH, 2008 (data available at https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_source.html, last access: 14 November 2022).
Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., and
Salakhutdinov, R.: Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from
overfitting, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 15, 1929–1958, 2014.
Sun, H., Fung, J. C., Chen, Y., Chen, W., Li, Z., Huang, Y., Lin, C., Hu,
M., and Lu, X.: Improvement of PM2.5 and O3 forecasting by
integration of 3D numerical simulation with deep learning techniques,
Sustain. Cities Soc., 75, 103372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103372, 2021.
Sun, H., Fung, J. C. H., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, D., Chen, W., and Lu, X.: Ground obeservation data (meteorological factors and air pollution) in Greater Bay Area, 2015–2021, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6598377, 2022a.
Sun, H., Fung, J. C. H., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, D., Chen, W., and Lu, X.: Prediction of the broadcasting model and various baselines, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6833673, 2022b.
Sun, H., Fung, J. C. H., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, D., Chen, W., and Lu, X.: Deep learning models in the study “Development of an LSTM-Broadcasting deep-learning framework for regional air pollution forecast improvement”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6827585, 2022c.
Sun, H., Fung, J. C. H., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, D., Chen, W., and Lu, X.: Processed ground observation and WRF-CAMQ data for Greater Bay Area, 2015–2021, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601173, 2022d.
Sun, J. H.: jvhs0706/regional-forecast-new: GMD paper code, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7019243, 2022.
Sutskever, I., Vinyals, O., and Le, Q. V.: Sequence to sequence learning
with neural networks, Adv. Nur. In., 27,
3104–3112,
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1409.3215, 2014.
Tang, Y., Lee, P., Tsidulko, M., Huang, H.-C., McQueen, J. T., DiMego, G.
J., Emmons, L. K., Pierce, R. B., Thompson, A. M., and Lin, H.-M.: The
impact of chemical lateral boundary conditions on CMAQ predictions of
tropospheric ozone over the continental United States, Environ. Fluid
Mech., 9, 43–58, 2009.
Tsai, Y.-T., Zeng, Y.-R., and Chang, Y.-S.: Air pollution forecasting using
RNN with LSTM, 2018 IEEE 16th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure
Computing, 16th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 4th Intl
Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology
Congress (DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech), 12–15 August 2018,
Athens, Greece, 1074–1079, https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTec.2018.00178, 2018.
United States Environmental Protection Agency: CMAQ (Version 5.0.2), Zenodo [software], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1079898, 2014.
Wu, Q. and Lin, H.: Daily urban air quality index forecasting based on
variational mode decomposition, sample entropy and LSTM neural network,
Sustain. Cities Soc., 50, 101657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101657, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Bocquet, M., Mallet, V., Seigneur, C., and Baklanov, A.:
Real-time air quality forecasting, part II: State of the science, current
research needs, and future prospects, Atmos. Environ., 60, 656–676,
2012.
Zhao, J., Deng, F., Cai, Y., and Chen, J.: Long short-term memory-Fully
connected (LSTM-FC) neural network for PM2.5 concentration prediction,
Chemosphere, 220, 486–492, 2019.
Zhou, X., Tong, W., and Li, L.: Deep learning spatiotemporal air pollution
data in China using data fusion, Earth Sci. Inform., 13, 859–868,
2020.
Short summary
This study developed a novel deep-learning layer, the broadcasting layer, to build an end-to-end LSTM-based deep-learning model for regional air pollution forecast. By combining the ground observation, WRF-CMAQ simulation, and the broadcasting LSTM deep-learning model, forecast accuracy has been significantly improved when compared to other methods. The broadcasting layer and its variants can also be applied in other research areas to supersede the traditional numerical interpolation methods.
This study developed a novel deep-learning layer, the broadcasting layer, to build an end-to-end...