Articles | Volume 15, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4469-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4469-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
10 Jun 2022
Model experiment description paper |
| 10 Jun 2022
| 10 Jun 2022
Transient climate simulations of the Holocene (version 1) – experimental design and boundary conditions
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Dabang Jiang
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of
Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Ran Zhang
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Baohuang Su
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
Related authors
Jule Xiao, Shengrui Zhang, Jiawei Fan, Ruilin Wen, Dayou Zhai, Zhiping Tian, and Dabang Jiang
Clim. Past, 14, 1417–1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1417-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1417-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple proxies of a sediment core at Hulun Lake in the northern margin of the EASM reveal a prominent dry event at the interval of 4210–3840 cal. yr BP that could be the regional manifestation of the 4.2 ka BP event. Future studies should be focused on the investigation of high-quality, high-resolution proxy records from climatically sensitive and geographically representative regions in order to explore the spatiotemporal pattern of the 4.2 ka BP event and the associated dynamic mechanism.
Z. Tian and D. Jiang
Clim. Past, 9, 2153–2171, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2153-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2153-2013, 2013
Xiaofang Huang, Shiling Yang, Alan Haywood, Julia Tindall, Dabang Jiang, Yongda Wang, Minmin Sun, and Shihao Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 731–745, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity of climate to the height changes of the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) during the mid-Pliocene has been assessed using the HadCM3 model. The results show that the height reduction of the EAIS leads to a warmer and wetter East Antarctica. However, unintuitively, both the surface air temperature and the sea surface temperature decrease over the rest of the globe. These findings could provide insights into future changes caused by warming-induced decay of the Antarctic ice sheet.
Zhaochen Liu, Xianmei Lang, and Dabang Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7667–7680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering is considered a potential means to counteract global warming. Here the impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering on surface air temperature over China and related physical processes are investigated. Results show that the increased stratospheric aerosols cause surface cooling over China. The temperature responses vary with models, regions, and seasons and are largely related to net surface shortwave radiation changes.
Tingting Li, Yanyu Lu, Lingfei Yu, Wenjuan Sun, Qing Zhang, Wen Zhang, Guocheng Wang, Zhangcai Qin, Lijun Yu, Hailing Li, and Ran Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3769–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3769-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable models are required to estimate global wetland CH4 emissions, which are the largest and most uncertain source of atmospheric CH4. This paper evaluated CH4MODwetland and TEM models against CH4 measurements from different continents and wetland types. Based on best-model performance, we estimated 117–125 Tg yr−1 of global CH4 emissions from wetlands for the period 2000–2010. Efforts should be made to reduce estimate uncertainties for different wetland types and regions.
Zhongshi Zhang, Qing Yan, Ran Zhang, Florence Colleoni, Gilles Ramstein, Gaowen Dai, Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, Stefan Liess, Denis-Didier Rousseau, Naiqing Wu, Elizabeth J. Farmer, Camille Contoux, Chuncheng Guo, Ning Tan, and Zhengtang Guo
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-38, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-38, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Whether an ice sheet once grew over Northeast Siberia-Beringia has been debated for decades. By comparing climate modelling with paleoclimate and glacial records from around the North Pacific, this study shows that the Laurentide-Eurasia-only ice sheet configuration fails in explaining these records, while a scenario involving the ice sheet over Northeast Siberia-Beringia succeeds. It highlights the complexity in glacial climates and urges new investigations across Northeast Siberia-Beringia.
Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, Zhongshi Zhang, Odd Helge Otterå, and Ran Zhang
Clim. Past, 16, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-183-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-183-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we report the PlioMIP2 simulations by two versions of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) with updated boundary conditions derived from Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping version 4. The two NorESM versions both produce warmer and wetter Pliocene climate with deeper and stronger Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Compared to PlioMIP1, PlioMIP2 simulates lower Pliocene warming with NorESM-L, likely due to the closure of seaways at northern high latitudes.
Yating Lin, Gilles Ramstein, Haibin Wu, Raj Rani, Pascale Braconnot, Masa Kageyama, Qin Li, Yunli Luo, Ran Zhang, and Zhengtang Guo
Clim. Past, 15, 1223–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1223-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1223-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Holocene has been an excellent target for comparing models and data. This work shows that, over China, all the ocean–atmosphere general circulation models involved in PMIP3 show a very large discrepancy with pollen data reconstruction when comparing annual and seasonal temperature. It demonstrates that to reconcile models and data and to capture the signature of seasonal thermal response, it is necessary to integrate non-linear processes, particularly those related to vegetation changes.
Jule Xiao, Shengrui Zhang, Jiawei Fan, Ruilin Wen, Dayou Zhai, Zhiping Tian, and Dabang Jiang
Clim. Past, 14, 1417–1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1417-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1417-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple proxies of a sediment core at Hulun Lake in the northern margin of the EASM reveal a prominent dry event at the interval of 4210–3840 cal. yr BP that could be the regional manifestation of the 4.2 ka BP event. Future studies should be focused on the investigation of high-quality, high-resolution proxy records from climatically sensitive and geographically representative regions in order to explore the spatiotemporal pattern of the 4.2 ka BP event and the associated dynamic mechanism.
Zhongshi Zhang, Qing Yan, Elizabeth J. Farmer, Camille Li, Gilles Ramstein, Terence Hughes, Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, Ran Zhang, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Christophe Dumas, and Chuncheng Guo
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-79, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-79, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Our study challenges the widely accepted idea that the Laurentide-Eurasian ice sheets gradually extended across North America and Northwest Eurasia, and suggests the growth of the NH ice sheets is much more complicated. We find climate feedbacks regulate the distribution of the NH ice sheets, producing swings between two distinct ice sheet configurations: the Laurentide-Eurasian and a circum-Arctic configuration, where large ice sheets existed over Northeast Siberia and the Canadian Rockies.
Baohuang Su, Dabang Jiang, Ran Zhang, Pierre Sepulchre, and Gilles Ramstein
Clim. Past, 14, 751–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-751-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-751-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The present numerical experiments undertaken by a coupled atmosphere–ocean model indicate that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau alone could have been a potential driver for the reorganization of Pacific and Atlantic meridional overturning circulations between the late Eocene and early Oligocene. In other words, the Tibetan Plateau could play an important role in maintaining the current large-scale overturning circulation in the Atlantic and Pacific.
Z. Tian and D. Jiang
Clim. Past, 9, 2153–2171, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2153-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2153-2013, 2013
R. Zhang, Q. Yan, Z. S. Zhang, D. Jiang, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, A. M. Haywood, D. J. Hill, A. M. Dolan, C. Stepanek, G. Lohmann, C. Contoux, F. Bragg, W.-L. Chan, M. A. Chandler, A. Jost, Y. Kamae, A. Abe-Ouchi, G. Ramstein, N. A. Rosenbloom, L. Sohl, and H. Ueda
Clim. Past, 9, 2085–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2085-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2085-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Climate and Earth system modeling
Multi-year simulations at kilometre scale with the Integrated Forecasting System coupled to FESOM2.5 and NEMOv3.4
Subsurface hydrological controls on the short-term effects of hurricanes on nitrate–nitrogen runoff loading: a case study of Hurricane Ida using the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Land Model (v2.1)
CARIB12: a regional Community Earth System Model/Modular Ocean Model 6 configuration of the Caribbean Sea
Architectural insights into and training methodology optimization of Pangu-Weather
Evaluation of global fire simulations in CMIP6 Earth system models
Evaluating downscaled products with expected hydroclimatic co-variances
Software sustainability of global impact models
fair-calibrate v1.4.1: calibration, constraining, and validation of the FaIR simple climate model for reliable future climate projections
ISOM 1.0: a fully mesoscale-resolving idealized Southern Ocean model and the diversity of multiscale eddy interactions
A computationally lightweight model for ensemble forecasting of environmental hazards: General TAMSAT-ALERT v1.2.1
Introducing the MESMER-M-TPv0.1.0 module: spatially explicit Earth system model emulation for monthly precipitation and temperature
The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7
Robust handling of extremes in quantile mapping – “Murder your darlings”
A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention
An extensible perturbed parameter ensemble for the Community Atmosphere Model version 6
Coupling the regional climate model ICON-CLM v2.6.6 to the Earth system model GCOAST-AHOI v2.0 using OASIS3-MCT v4.0
A fully coupled solid-particle microphysics scheme for stratospheric aerosol injections within the aerosol–chemistry–climate model SOCOL-AERv2
An improved representation of aerosol in the ECMWF IFS-COMPO 49R1 through the integration of EQSAM4Climv12 – a first attempt at simulating aerosol acidity
At-scale Model Output Statistics in mountain environments (AtsMOS v1.0)
Impact of ocean vertical-mixing parameterization on Arctic sea ice and upper-ocean properties using the NEMO-SI3 model
Bridging the gap: a new module for human water use in the Community Earth System Model version 2.2.1
Modeling Commercial-Scale CO2 Storage in the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone with PFLOTRAN v6.0
A new lightning scheme in the Canadian Atmospheric Model (CanAM5.1): implementation, evaluation, and projections of lightning and fire in future climates
Methane dynamics in the Baltic Sea: investigating concentration, flux, and isotopic composition patterns using the coupled physical–biogeochemical model BALTSEM-CH4 v1.0
Using feature importance as exploratory data analysis tool on earth system models
CropSuite – A comprehensive open-source crop suitability model considering climate variability for climate impact assessment
ICON ComIn – The ICON Community Interface (ComIn version 0.1.0, with ICON version 2024.01-01)
Split-explicit external mode solver in the finite volume sea ice–ocean model FESOM2
Applying double cropping and interactive irrigation in the North China Plain using WRF4.5
The sea ice component of GC5: coupling SI3 to HadGEM3 using conductive fluxes
CICE on a C-grid: new momentum, stress, and transport schemes for CICEv6.5
HyPhAICC v1.0: a hybrid physics–AI approach for probability fields advection shown through an application to cloud cover nowcasting
CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool
A non-intrusive, multi-scale, and flexible coupling interface in WRF
Development of a plant carbon–nitrogen interface coupling framework in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem–biogeochemical model (SSiB5/TRIFFID/DayCent-SOM v1.0)
The Earth Science Box Modeling Toolkit (ESBMTK)
High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (HighResMIP2) towards CMIP7
Dynamical Madden–Julian Oscillation forecasts using an ensemble subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast system of the IAP-CAS model
The DOE E3SM Version 2.1: Overview and Assessment of the Impacts of Parameterized Ocean Submesoscales
Evaluation of atmospheric rivers in reanalyses and climate models in a new metrics framework
Implementation of a brittle sea ice rheology in an Eulerian, finite-difference, C-grid modeling framework: impact on the simulated deformation of sea ice in the Arctic
HSW-V v1.0: localized injections of interactive volcanic aerosols and their climate impacts in a simple general circulation model
A 3D-Var assimilation scheme for vertical velocity with CMA-MESO v5.0
Updating the radiation infrastructure in MESSy (based on MESSy version 2.55)
An urban module coupled with the Variable Infiltration Capacity model to improve hydrothermal simulations in urban systems
Bayesian hierarchical model for bias-correcting climate models
Evaluation of the coupling of EMACv2.55 to the land surface and vegetation model JSBACHv4
Reduced floating-point precision in regional climate simulations: an ensemble-based statistical verification
TorchClim v1.0: a deep-learning plugin for climate model physics
The very-high resolution configuration of the EC-Earth global model for HighResMIP
Thomas Rackow, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Tobias Becker, Sebastian Milinski, Irina Sandu, Razvan Aguridan, Peter Bechtold, Sebastian Beyer, Jean Bidlot, Souhail Boussetta, Willem Deconinck, Michail Diamantakis, Peter Dueben, Emanuel Dutra, Richard Forbes, Rohit Ghosh, Helge F. Goessling, Ioan Hadade, Jan Hegewald, Thomas Jung, Sarah Keeley, Lukas Kluft, Nikolay Koldunov, Aleksei Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Josh Kousal, Christian Kühnlein, Pedro Maciel, Kristian Mogensen, Tiago Quintino, Inna Polichtchouk, Balthasar Reuter, Domokos Sármány, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Jan Streffing, Birgit Sützl, Daisuke Takasuka, Steffen Tietsche, Mirco Valentini, Benoît Vannière, Nils Wedi, Lorenzo Zampieri, and Florian Ziemen
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 33–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-33-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-33-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed global climate model simulations have been created based on a numerical weather prediction model, offering more accurate spatial detail down to the scale of individual cities ("kilometre-scale") and a better understanding of climate phenomena such as atmospheric storms, whirls in the ocean, and cracks in sea ice. The new model aims to provide globally consistent information on local climate change with greater precision, benefiting environmental planning and local impact modelling.
Yilin Fang, Hoang Viet Tran, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 19–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-19-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-19-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Hurricanes may worsen water quality in the lower Mississippi River basin (LMRB) by increasing nutrient runoff. We found that runoff parameterizations greatly affect nitrate–nitrogen runoff simulated using an Earth system land model. Our simulations predicted increased nitrogen runoff in the LMRB during Hurricane Ida in 2021, albeit less pronounced than the observations, indicating areas for model improvement to better understand and manage nutrient runoff loss during hurricanes in the region.
Giovanni Seijo-Ellis, Donata Giglio, Gustavo Marques, and Frank Bryan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8989–9021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A CESM–MOM6 regional configuration of the Caribbean Sea was developed in response to the rising need for high-resolution models for climate impact studies. The configuration is validated for the period 2000–2020 and improves significant errors in a low-resolution model. Oceanic properties are well represented. Patterns of freshwater associated with the Amazon River are well captured, and the mean flows of ocean waters across multiple passages in the Caribbean Sea agree with observations.
Deifilia To, Julian Quinting, Gholam Ali Hoshyaripour, Markus Götz, Achim Streit, and Charlotte Debus
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8873–8884, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pangu-Weather is a breakthrough machine learning model in medium-range weather forecasting that considers 3D atmospheric information. We show that using a simpler 2D framework improves robustness, speeds up training, and reduces computational needs by 20 %–30 %. We introduce a training procedure that varies the importance of atmospheric variables over time to speed up training convergence. Decreasing computational demand increases the accessibility of training and working with the model.
Fang Li, Xiang Song, Sandy P. Harrison, Jennifer R. Marlon, Zhongda Lin, L. Ruby Leung, Jörg Schwinger, Virginie Marécal, Shiyu Wang, Daniel S. Ward, Xiao Dong, Hanna Lee, Lars Nieradzik, Sam S. Rabin, and Roland Séférian
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8751–8771, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8751-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8751-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of historical fire simulations from 19 Earth system models in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Most models reproduce global totals, spatial patterns, seasonality, and regional historical changes well but fail to simulate the recent decline in global burned area and underestimate the fire response to climate variability. CMIP6 simulations address three critical issues of phase-5 models.
Seung H. Baek, Paul A. Ullrich, Bo Dong, and Jiwoo Lee
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8665–8681, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate downscaled products by examining locally relevant co-variances during precipitation events. Common statistical downscaling techniques preserve expected co-variances during convective precipitation (a stationary phenomenon). However, they dampen future intensification of frontal precipitation (a non-stationary phenomenon) captured in global climate models and dynamical downscaling. Our study quantifies a ramification of the stationarity assumption underlying statistical downscaling.
Emmanuel Nyenah, Petra Döll, Daniel S. Katz, and Robert Reinecke
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8593–8611, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Research software is vital for scientific progress but is often developed by scientists with limited skills, time, and funding, leading to challenges in usability and maintenance. Our study across 10 sectors shows strengths in version control, open-source licensing, and documentation while emphasizing the need for containerization and code quality. We recommend workshops; code quality metrics; funding; and following the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) standards.
Chris Smith, Donald P. Cummins, Hege-Beate Fredriksen, Zebedee Nicholls, Malte Meinshausen, Myles Allen, Stuart Jenkins, Nicholas Leach, Camilla Mathison, and Antti-Ilari Partanen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8569–8592, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate projections are only useful if the underlying models that produce them are well calibrated and can reproduce observed climate change. We formalise a software package that calibrates the open-source FaIR simple climate model to full-complexity Earth system models. Observations, including historical warming, and assessments of key climate variables such as that of climate sensitivity are used to constrain the model output.
Jingwei Xie, Xi Wang, Hailong Liu, Pengfei Lin, Jiangfeng Yu, Zipeng Yu, Junlin Wei, and Xiang Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8469–8493, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8469-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8469-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose the concept of mesoscale ocean direct numerical simulation (MODNS), which should resolve the first baroclinic deformation radius and ensure the numerical dissipative effects do not directly contaminate the mesoscale motions. It can be a benchmark for testing mesoscale ocean large eddy simulation (MOLES) methods in ocean models. We build an idealized Southern Ocean model using MITgcm to generate a type of MODNS. We also illustrate the diversity of multiscale eddy interactions.
Emily Black, John Ellis, and Ross I. Maidment
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8353–8372, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8353-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8353-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present General TAMSAT-ALERT, a computationally lightweight and versatile tool for generating ensemble forecasts from time series data. General TAMSAT-ALERT is capable of combining multiple streams of monitoring and meteorological forecasting data into probabilistic hazard assessments. In this way, it complements existing systems and enhances their utility for actionable hazard assessment.
Sarah Schöngart, Lukas Gudmundsson, Mathias Hauser, Peter Pfleiderer, Quentin Lejeune, Shruti Nath, Sonia Isabelle Seneviratne, and Carl-Friedrich Schleussner
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8283–8320, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8283-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8283-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation and temperature are two of the most impact-relevant climatic variables. Yet, projecting future precipitation and temperature data under different emission scenarios relies on complex models that are computationally expensive. In this study, we propose a method that allows us to generate monthly means of local precipitation and temperature at low computational costs. Our modelling framework is particularly useful for all downstream applications of climate model data.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Ben B. B. Booth, John Dunne, Veronika Eyring, Rosie A. Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew J. Gidden, Tomohiro Hajima, Chris D. Jones, Colin G. Jones, Andrew King, Charles D. Koven, David M. Lawrence, Jason Lowe, Nadine Mengis, Glen P. Peters, Joeri Rogelj, Chris Smith, Abigail C. Snyder, Isla R. Simpson, Abigail L. S. Swann, Claudia Tebaldi, Tatiana Ilyina, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Roland Séférian, Bjørn H. Samset, Detlef van Vuuren, and Sönke Zaehle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8141–8172, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss how, in order to provide more relevant guidance for climate policy, coordinated climate experiments should adopt a greater focus on simulations where Earth system models are provided with carbon emissions from fossil fuels together with land use change instructions, rather than past approaches that have largely focused on experiments with prescribed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. We discuss how these goals might be achieved in coordinated climate modeling experiments.
Peter Berg, Thomas Bosshard, Denica Bozhinova, Lars Bärring, Joakim Löw, Carolina Nilsson, Gustav Strandberg, Johan Södling, Johan Thuresson, Renate Wilcke, and Wei Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8173–8179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
When bias adjusting climate model data using quantile mapping, one needs to prescribe what to do at the tails of the distribution, where a larger data range is likely encountered outside of the calibration period. The end result is highly dependent on the method used. We show that, to avoid discontinuities in the time series, one needs to exclude data in the calibration range to also activate the extrapolation functionality in that time period.
Philip J. Rasch, Haruki Hirasawa, Mingxuan Wu, Sarah J. Doherty, Robert Wood, Hailong Wang, Andy Jones, James Haywood, and Hansi Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7963–7994, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a protocol to compare computer climate simulations to better understand a proposed strategy intended to counter warming and climate impacts from greenhouse gas increases. This slightly changes clouds in six ocean regions to reflect more sunlight and cool the Earth. Example changes in clouds and climate are shown for three climate models. Cloud changes differ between the models, but precipitation and surface temperature changes are similar when their cooling effects are made similar.
Trude Eidhammer, Andrew Gettelman, Katherine Thayer-Calder, Duncan Watson-Parris, Gregory Elsaesser, Hugh Morrison, Marcus van Lier-Walqui, Ci Song, and Daniel McCoy
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7835–7853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7835-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7835-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a dataset where 45 parameters related to cloud processes in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) are perturbed. Three sets of perturbed parameter ensembles (263 members) were created: current climate, preindustrial aerosol loading and future climate with sea surface temperature increased by 4 K.
Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Vera Maurer, Stefan Poll, and Irina Fast
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7815–7834, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The regional Earth system model GCOAST-AHOI v2.0 that includes the regional climate model ICON-CLM coupled to the ocean model NEMO and the hydrological discharge model HD via the OASIS3-MCT coupler can be a useful tool for conducting long-term regional climate simulations over the EURO-CORDEX domain. The new OASIS3-MCT coupling interface implemented in ICON-CLM makes it more flexible for coupling to an external ocean model and an external hydrological discharge model.
Sandro Vattioni, Rahel Weber, Aryeh Feinberg, Andrea Stenke, John A. Dykema, Beiping Luo, Georgios A. Kelesidis, Christian A. Bruun, Timofei Sukhodolov, Frank N. Keutsch, Thomas Peter, and Gabriel Chiodo
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7767–7793, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7767-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7767-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified impacts and efficiency of stratospheric solar climate intervention via solid particle injection. Microphysical interactions of solid particles with the sulfur cycle were interactively coupled to the heterogeneous chemistry scheme and the radiative transfer code of an aerosol–chemistry–climate model. Compared to injection of SO2 we only find a stronger cooling efficiency for solid particles when normalizing to the aerosol load but not when normalizing to the injection rate.
Samuel Rémy, Swen Metzger, Vincent Huijnen, Jason E. Williams, and Johannes Flemming
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7539–7567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the development of the future operational cycle 49R1 of the IFS-COMPO system, used for operational forecasts of atmospheric composition in the CAMS project, and focus on the implementation of the thermodynamical model EQSAM4Clim version 12. The implementation of EQSAM4Clim significantly improves the simulated secondary inorganic aerosol surface concentration. The new aerosol and precipitation acidity diagnostics showed good agreement against observational datasets.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Tom Matthews, L. Baker Perry, Nirakar Thapa, and Rob Wilby
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7629–7643, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7629-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7629-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the AtsMOS workflow, a new tool for improving weather forecasts in mountainous areas. By combining advanced statistical techniques with local weather data, AtsMOS can provide more accurate predictions of weather conditions. Using data from Mount Everest as an example, AtsMOS has shown promise in better forecasting hazardous weather conditions, making it a valuable tool for communities in mountainous regions and beyond.
Sofia Allende, Anne Marie Treguier, Camille Lique, Clément de Boyer Montégut, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, and Antoine Barthélemy
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7445–7466, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the parameters of the turbulent-kinetic-energy mixed-layer-penetration scheme in the NEMO model with regard to sea-ice-covered regions of the Arctic Ocean. This evaluation reveals the impact of these parameters on mixed-layer depth, sea surface temperature and salinity, and ocean stratification. Our findings demonstrate significant impacts on sea ice thickness and sea ice concentration, emphasizing the need for accurately representing ocean mixing to understand Arctic climate dynamics.
Sabin I. Taranu, David M. Lawrence, Yoshihide Wada, Ting Tang, Erik Kluzek, Sam Rabin, Yi Yao, Steven J. De Hertog, Inne Vanderkelen, and Wim Thiery
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7365–7399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we improved a climate model by adding the representation of water use sectors such as domestic, industry, and agriculture. This new feature helps us understand how water is used and supplied in various areas. We tested our model from 1971 to 2010 and found that it accurately identifies areas with water scarcity. By modelling the competition between sectors when water availability is limited, the model helps estimate the intensity and extent of individual sectors' water shortages.
Michael Nole, Jonah Bartrand, Fawz Naim, and Glenn Hammond
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-162, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-162, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Safe carbon dioxide (CO2) storage is likely to be critical for mitigating some of the most dangerous effects of climate change. We present a simulation framework for modeling CO2 storage beneath the seafloor where CO2 can form a solid. This can aid in permanent CO2 storage for long periods of time. Our models show what a commercial-scale CO2 injection would look like in a marine environment. We discuss what would need to be considered when designing a sub-sea CO2 injection.
Cynthia Whaley, Montana Etten-Bohm, Courtney Schumacher, Ayodeji Akingunola, Vivek Arora, Jason Cole, Michael Lazare, David Plummer, Knut von Salzen, and Barbara Winter
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7141–7155, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes how lightning was added as a process in the Canadian Earth System Model in order to interactively respond to climate changes. As lightning is an important cause of global wildfires, this new model development allows for more realistic projections of how wildfires may change in the future, responding to a changing climate.
Erik Gustafsson, Bo G. Gustafsson, Martijn Hermans, Christoph Humborg, and Christian Stranne
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7157–7179, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) cycling in the Baltic Proper is studied through model simulations, enabling a first estimate of key CH4 fluxes. A preliminary budget identifies benthic CH4 release as the dominant source and two main sinks: CH4 oxidation in the water (92 % of sinks) and outgassing to the atmosphere (8 % of sinks). This study addresses CH4 emissions from coastal seas and is a first step toward understanding the relative importance of open-water outgassing compared with local coastal hotspots.
Daniel Ries, Katherine Goode, Kellie McClernon, and Benjamin Hillman
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-133, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-133, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning has advanced research in the climate science domain, but its models are difficult to understand. In order to understand the impacts and consequences of climate interventions such as stratospheric aerosol injection, complex models are often necessary. We use a case study to illustrate how we can understand the inner workings of a complex model. We present this technique as an exploratory tool that can be used to quickly discover and assess relationships in complex climate data.
Florian Zabel, Matthias Knüttel, and Benjamin Poschlod
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2526, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2526, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CropSuite is a fuzzy-logic based high resolution open-source crop suitability model considering the impact of climate variability. We apply CropSuite for 48 important staple and cash crops at 1 km spatial resolution for Africa. We find that climate variability significantly impacts on suitable areas, but also affects optimal sowing dates, and multiple cropping potentials. The results provide information that can be used for climate impact assessments, adaptation and land-use planning.
Kerstin Hartung, Bastian Kern, Nils-Arne Dreier, Jörn Geisbüsch, Mahnoosh Haghighatnasab, Patrick Jöckel, Astrid Kerkweg, Wilton Jaciel Loch, Florian Prill, and Daniel Rieger
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-135, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-135, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
The Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) Model Community Interface (ComIn) library supports connecting third-party modules to the ICON model. Third-party modules can range from simple diagnostic Python scripts to full chemistry models. ComIn offers a low barrier for code extensions to ICON, provides multi-language support (Fortran, C/C++ and Python) and reduces the migration effort in response to new ICON releases. This paper presents the ComIn design principles and a range of use cases.
Tridib Banerjee, Patrick Scholz, Sergey Danilov, Knut Klingbeil, and Dmitry Sidorenko
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7051–7065, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we propose a new alternative to one of the functionalities of the sea ice model FESOM2. The alternative we propose allows the model to capture and simulate fast changes in quantities like sea surface elevation more accurately. We also demonstrate that the new alternative is faster and more adept at taking advantages of highly parallelized computing infrastructure. We therefore show that this new alternative is a great addition to the sea ice model FESOM2.
Yuwen Fan, Zhao Yang, Min-Hui Lo, Jina Hur, and Eun-Soon Im
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6929–6947, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigated agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP) has a significant impact on the local climate. To better understand this impact, we developed a specialized model specifically for the NCP region. This model allows us to simulate the double-cropping vegetation and the dynamic irrigation practices that are commonly employed in the NCP. This model shows improved performance in capturing the general crop growth, such as crop stages, biomass, crop yield, and vegetation greenness.
Ed Blockley, Emma Fiedler, Jeff Ridley, Luke Roberts, Alex West, Dan Copsey, Daniel Feltham, Tim Graham, David Livings, Clement Rousset, David Schroeder, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6799–6817, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents the sea ice model component of the latest Met Office coupled model configuration, which will be used as the physical basis for UK contributions to CMIP7. Documentation of science options used in the configuration are given along with a brief model evaluation. This is the first UK configuration to use NEMO’s new SI3 sea ice model. We provide details on how SI3 was adapted to work with Met Office coupling methodology and documentation of coupling processes in the model.
Jean-François Lemieux, William H. Lipscomb, Anthony Craig, David A. Bailey, Elizabeth C. Hunke, Philippe Blain, Till A. S. Rasmussen, Mats Bentsen, Frédéric Dupont, David Hebert, and Richard Allard
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6703–6724, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the latest version of the CICE model. It solves equations that describe the dynamics and the growth and melt of sea ice. To do so, the domain is divided into grid cells and variables are positioned at specific locations in the cells. A new implementation (C-grid) is presented, with the velocity located on cell edges. Compared to the previous B-grid, the C-grid allows for a natural coupling with some oceanic and atmospheric models. It also allows for ice transport in narrow channels.
Rachid El Montassir, Olivier Pannekoucke, and Corentin Lapeyre
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6657–6681, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a novel approach that combines physics and artificial intelligence (AI) for improved cloud cover forecasting. This approach outperforms traditional deep learning (DL) methods in producing realistic and physically consistent results while requiring less training data. This architecture provides a promising solution to overcome the limitations of classical AI methods and contributes to open up new possibilities for combining physical knowledge with deep learning models.
Marit Sandstad, Borgar Aamaas, Ane Nordlie Johansen, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Glen Philip Peters, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Benjamin Mark Sanderson, and Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6589–6625, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The CICERO-SCM has existed as a Fortran model since 1999 that calculates the radiative forcing and concentrations from emissions and is an upwelling diffusion energy balance model of the ocean that calculates temperature change. In this paper, we describe an updated version ported to Python and publicly available at https://github.com/ciceroOslo/ciceroscm (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10548720). This version contains functionality for parallel runs and automatic calibration.
Sébastien Masson, Swen Jullien, Eric Maisonnave, David Gill, Guillaume Samson, Mathieu Le Corre, and Lionel Renault
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-140, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-140, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This article details a new feature we implemented in the most popular regional atmospheric model (WRF). This feature allows data to be exchanged between WRF and any other model (e.g. an ocean model) using the coupling library Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea-Ice-Soil – Model Coupling Toolkit (OASIS3-MCT). This coupling interface is designed to be non-intrusive, flexible and modular. It also offers the possibility of taking into account the nested zooms used in WRF or in the models with which it is coupled.
Zheng Xiang, Yongkang Xue, Weidong Guo, Melannie D. Hartman, Ye Liu, and William J. Parton
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6437–6464, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A process-based plant carbon (C)–nitrogen (N) interface coupling framework has been developed which mainly focuses on plant resistance and N-limitation effects on photosynthesis, plant respiration, and plant phenology. A dynamic C / N ratio is introduced to represent plant resistance and self-adjustment. The framework has been implemented in a coupled biophysical-ecosystem–biogeochemical model, and testing results show a general improvement in simulating plant properties with this framework.
Ulrich Georg Wortmann, Tina Tsan, Mahrukh Niazi, Ruben Navasardyan, Magnus-Roland Marun, Bernardo S. Chede, Jingwen Zhong, and Morgan Wolfe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1864, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth Science Box Modeling Toolkit (ESBMTK) is a Python library designed to separate model description from numerical implementation. This approach results in well-documented, easily readable, and maintainable model code, allowing students and researchers to concentrate on conceptual challenges rather than mathematical intricacies.
Malcolm John Roberts, Kevin A. Reed, Qing Bao, Joseph J. Barsugli, Suzana J. Camargo, Louis-Philippe Caron, Ping Chang, Cheng-Ta Chen, Hannah M. Christensen, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Ivy Frenger, Neven S. Fučkar, Shabeh ul Hasson, Helene T. Hewitt, Huanping Huang, Daehyun Kim, Chihiro Kodama, Michael Lai, Lai-Yung Ruby Leung, Ryo Mizuta, Paulo Nobre, Pablo Ortega, Dominique Paquin, Christopher D. Roberts, Enrico Scoccimarro, Jon Seddon, Anne Marie Treguier, Chia-Ying Tu, Paul A. Ullrich, Pier Luigi Vidale, Michael F. Wehner, Colin M. Zarzycki, Bosong Zhang, Wei Zhang, and Ming Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2582, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2582, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
HighResMIP2 is a model intercomparison project focussing on high resolution global climate models, that is those with grid spacings of 25 km or less in atmosphere and ocean, using simulations of decades to a century or so in length. We are proposing an update of our simulation protocol to make the models more applicable to key questions for climate variability and hazard in present day and future projections, and to build links with other communities to provide more robust climate information.
Yangke Liu, Qing Bao, Bian He, Xiaofei Wu, Jing Yang, Yimin Liu, Guoxiong Wu, Tao Zhu, Siyuan Zhou, Yao Tang, Ankang Qu, Yalan Fan, Anling Liu, Dandan Chen, Zhaoming Luo, Xing Hu, and Tongwen Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6249–6275, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We give an overview of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics–Chinese Academy of Sciences subseasonal-to-seasonal ensemble forecasting system and Madden–Julian Oscillation forecast evaluation of the system. Compared to other S2S models, the IAP-CAS model has its benefits but also biases, i.e., underdispersive ensemble, overestimated amplitude, and faster propagation speed when forecasting MJO. We provide a reason for these biases and prospects for further improvement of this system in the future.
Katherine Smith, Alice M. Barthel, LeAnn M. Conlon, Luke P. Van Roekel, Anthony Bartoletti, Jean-Christophe Golez, Chengzhu Zhang, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, James J. Benedict, Gautum Bisht, Yan Feng, Walter Hannah, Bryce E. Harrop, Nicole Jeffery, Wuyin Lin, Po-Lun Ma, Mathew E. Maltrud, Mark R. Petersen, Balwinder Singh, Qi Tang, Teklu Tesfa, Jonathan D. Wolfe, Shaocheng Xie, Xue Zheng, Karthik Balaguru, Oluwayemi Garuba, Peter Gleckler, Aixue Hu, Jiwoo Lee, Ben Moore-Maley, and Ana C. Ordonez
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-149, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-149, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Version 2.1 of the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) adds the Fox-Kemper et al. (2011) mixed layer eddy parameterization, which restratifies the ocean surface layer through an overturning streamfunction. Results include surface layer biases reduction in temperature, salinity, and sea-ice extent in the North Atlantic, a small strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and improvements in many atmospheric climatological variables.
Bo Dong, Paul Ullrich, Jiwoo Lee, Peter Gleckler, Kristin Chang, and Travis O'Brien
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-142, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-142, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
1. A metrics package designed for easy analysis of AR characteristics and statistics is presented. 2. The tool is efficient for diagnosing systematic AR bias in climate models, and useful for evaluating new AR characteristics in model simulations. 3. In climate models, landfalling AR precipitation shows dry biases globally, and AR tracks are farther poleward (equatorward) in the north and south Atlantic (south Pacific and Indian Ocean).
Laurent Brodeau, Pierre Rampal, Einar Ólason, and Véronique Dansereau
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6051–6082, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new brittle sea ice rheology, BBM, has been implemented into the sea ice component of NEMO. We describe how a new spatial discretization framework was introduced to achieve this. A set of idealized and realistic ocean and sea ice simulations of the Arctic have been performed using BBM and the standard viscous–plastic rheology of NEMO. When compared to satellite data, our simulations show that our implementation of BBM leads to a fairly good representation of sea ice deformations.
Joseph P. Hollowed, Christiane Jablonowski, Hunter Y. Brown, Benjamin R. Hillman, Diana L. Bull, and Joseph L. Hart
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5913–5938, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5913-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5913-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large volcanic eruptions deposit material in the upper atmosphere, which is capable of altering temperature and wind patterns of Earth's atmosphere for subsequent years. This research describes a new method of simulating these effects in an idealized, efficient atmospheric model. A volcanic eruption of sulfur dioxide is described with a simplified set of physical rules, which eventually cools the planetary surface. This model has been designed as a test bed for climate attribution studies.
Hong Li, Yi Yang, Jian Sun, Yuan Jiang, Ruhui Gan, and Qian Xie
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5883–5896, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical atmospheric motions play a vital role in convective-scale precipitation forecasts by connecting atmospheric dynamics with cloud development. A three-dimensional variational vertical velocity assimilation scheme is developed within the high-resolution CMA-MESO model, utilizing the adiabatic Richardson equation as the observation operator. A 10 d continuous run and an individual case study demonstrate improved forecasts, confirming the scheme's effectiveness.
Matthias Nützel, Laura Stecher, Patrick Jöckel, Franziska Winterstein, Martin Dameris, Michael Ponater, Phoebe Graf, and Markus Kunze
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5821–5849, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extended the infrastructure of our modelling system to enable the use of an additional radiation scheme. After calibrating the model setups to the old and the new radiation scheme, we find that the simulation with the new scheme shows considerable improvements, e.g. concerning the cold-point temperature and stratospheric water vapour. Furthermore, perturbations of radiative fluxes associated with greenhouse gas changes, e.g. of methane, tend to be improved when the new scheme is employed.
Yibing Wang, Xianhong Xie, Bowen Zhu, Arken Tursun, Fuxiao Jiang, Yao Liu, Dawei Peng, and Buyun Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5803–5819, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Urban expansion intensifies challenges like urban heat and urban dry islands. To address this, we developed an urban module, VIC-urban, in the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Tested in Beijing, VIC-urban accurately simulated turbulent heat fluxes, runoff, and land surface temperature. We provide a reliable tool for large-scale simulations considering urban environment and a systematic urban modelling framework within VIC, offering crucial insights for urban planners and designers.
Jeremy Carter, Erick A. Chacón-Montalván, and Amber Leeson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5733–5757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are essential tools in the study of climate change and its wide-ranging impacts on life on Earth. However, the output is often afflicted with some bias. In this paper, a novel model is developed to predict and correct bias in the output of climate models. The model captures uncertainty in the correction and explicitly models underlying spatial correlation between points. These features are of key importance for climate change impact assessments and resulting decision-making.
Anna Martin, Veronika Gayler, Benedikt Steil, Klaus Klingmüller, Patrick Jöckel, Holger Tost, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5705–5732, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluates the land surface and vegetation model JSBACHv4 as a replacement for the simplified submodel SURFACE in EMAC. JSBACH mitigates earlier problems of soil dryness, which are critical for vegetation modelling. When analysed using different datasets, the coupled model shows strong correlations of key variables, such as land surface temperature, surface albedo and radiation flux. The versatility of the model increases significantly, while the overall performance does not degrade.
Hugo Banderier, Christian Zeman, David Leutwyler, Stefan Rüdisühli, and Christoph Schär
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5573–5586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of reduced-precision arithmetic in a state-of-the-art regional climate model by studying the results of 10-year-long simulations. After this time, the results of the reduced precision and the standard implementation are hardly different. This should encourage the use of reduced precision in climate models to exploit the speedup and memory savings it brings. The methodology used in this work can help researchers verify reduced-precision implementations of their model.
David Fuchs, Steven C. Sherwood, Abhnil Prasad, Kirill Trapeznikov, and Jim Gimlett
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5459–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5459-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) of unresolved processes offers many new possibilities for improving weather and climate models, but integrating ML into the models has been an engineering challenge, and there are performance issues. We present a new software plugin for this integration, TorchClim, that is scalable and flexible and thereby allows a new level of experimentation with the ML approach. We also provide guidance on ML training and demonstrate a skillful hybrid ML atmosphere model.
Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Thomas Arsouze, Mario Acosta, Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière, Miguel Castrillo, Eric Ferrer, Amanda Frigola, Daria Kuznetsova, Eneko Martin-Martinez, Pablo Ortega, and Sergi Palomas
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-119, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-119, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
We present the high-resolution model version of the EC-Earth global climate model to contribute to HighResMIP. The combined model resolution is about 10-15 km in both the ocean and atmosphere, which makes it one of the finest ever used to complete historical and scenario simulations. This model is compared with two lower-resolution versions, with a 100-km and a 25-km grid. The three models are compared with observations to study the improvements thanks to the increased in the resolution.
Cited articles
An, Z., Porter, S. C., Kutzbach, J. E., Wu, X., Wang, S., Liu, X., Li, X.,
and Zhou, W.: Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 743–762, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00031-1, 2000.
Argus, D. F., Peltier, W. R., Drummond, R., and Moore, A. W.: The Antarctica
component of postglacial rebound model ICE-6G_C (VM5a) based
on GPS positioning, exposure age dating of ice thicknesses, and relative sea
level histories, Geophys. J. Int., 198, 537–563, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu140,
2014.
Bader, J., Jungclaus, J., Krivova, N., Lorenz, S., Maycock, A., Raddatz, T.,
Schmidt, H., Toohey, M., Wu, C.-J., and Claussen, M.: Global temperature
modes shed light on the Holocene temperature conundrum, Nat. Commun., 11,
4726, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18478-6, 2020.
Baker, J. L., Lachniet, M. S., Chervyatsova, O., Asmerom, Y., and Polyak, V.
J.: Holocene warming in western continental Eurasia driven by glacial
retreat and greenhouse forcing. Nat. Geosci., 10, 430–435,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2953, 2017.
Bereiter, B., Eggleston, S., Schmitt, J., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Stocker, T.
F., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., and Chappellaz, J.: Revision of the EPICA
Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 42, 542–549, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061957, 2015.
Berger, A.: Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic
changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362–2367,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2,
1978.
Birks, H. H.: South to north: Contrasting late-glacial and early-Holocene
climate changes and vegetation responses between south and north Norway,
Holocene, 25, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614556375, 2015.
Bova, S., Rosenthal, Y., Liu, Z., Godad, S. P., and Yan, M.: Seasonal origin
for the Holocene and last interglacial thermal maximum, Nature, 589,
548–553, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03155-x, 2021.
Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Laîné, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, S. L., Yu, Y., and Zhao, Y.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum – Part 1: experiments and large-scale features, Clim. Past, 3, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-261-2007, 2007.
Braconnot, P., Crétat, J., Marti, O., Balkanski, Y., Caubel, A., Cozic,
A., Foujols, M.-A., and Sanogo, S.: Impact of multiscale variability on last
6,000 years Indian and West African monsoon rain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46,
14021–14029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084797, 2019a.
Braconnot, P., Zhu, D., Marti, O., and Servonnat, J.: Strengths and challenges for transient Mid- to Late Holocene simulations with dynamical vegetation, Clim. Past, 15, 997–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-997-2019, 2019b.
Brierley, C. M., Zhao, A., Harrison, S. P., Braconnot, P., Williams, C. J. R., Thornalley, D. J. R., Shi, X., Peterschmitt, J.-Y., Ohgaito, R., Kaufman, D. S., Kageyama, M., Hargreaves, J. C., Erb, M. P., Emile-Geay, J., D'Agostino, R., Chandan, D., Carré, M., Bartlein, P. J., Zheng, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., Yang, H., Volodin, E. M., Tomas, R. A., Routson, C., Peltier, W. R., Otto-Bliesner, B., Morozova, P. A., McKay, N. P., Lohmann, G., Legrande, A. N., Guo, C., Cao, J., Brady, E., Annan, J. D., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Large-scale features and evaluation of the PMIP4-CMIP6 midHolocene simulations, Clim. Past, 16, 1847–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1847-2020, 2020.
Brooks, S. J., Matthews, I. P., Birks, H. H., and Birks, H. J. B.: High
resolution Lateglacial and early-Holocene summer air temperature records
from Scotland inferred from chironomid assemblages, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
41, 67–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.03.007, 2012.
Carré, M., Braconnot, P., Elliot, M., d'Agostino, R., Schurer, A., Shi,
X., Marti, O., Lohmann, G., Jungclaus, J., Cheddadi, R., di Carlo, I. A.,
Cardich, J., Ochoa, D., Gismondi, R. S., Pérez, A., Romero, P. E.,
Turcq, B., Corrège, T., and Harrison, S. P.: High-resolution marine data
and transient simulations support orbital forcing of ENSO amplitude since
the mid-Holocene, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 268, 107125,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107125, 2021.
CCSM4 Climate Modeling Group: CCSM4 input data, Subversion [data set], https://svn-ccsm-inputdata.cgd.ucar.edu/trunk/inputdata/ccsm4_init/b40.1850.track1.2deg.003/0501-01-01/ (last access: 5 May 2022), 2011.
CESM Climate Modeling Group: CESM1.2.1 release code, Subversion [code], https://svn-ccsm-models.cgd.ucar.edu/cesm1/release_tags/cesm1_2_1 (last access: 20 February 2022), 2013.
Chen, F., Yu, Z., Yang, M., Ito, E., Wang, S., Madsen, D. B., Huang, X.,
Zhao, Y., Sato, T., Birks, H. J. B., Boomer, I., Chen, J., An, C., and
Wünnemann, B.: Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its
out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
27, 351–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.017, 2008.
Chen, F., Chen, J., Huang, W., Chen, S., Huang, X., Jin, L., Jia, J., Zhang,
X., An, C., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Yu, Z., Zhang, R., Liu, J., Zhou, A., and
Feng, S.: Westerlies Asia and monsoonal Asia: spatiotemporal differences in
climate change and possible mechanisms on decadal to sub-orbital timescales,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 192, 337–354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.03.005, 2019.
Craig, A. P., Vertenstein, M., and Jacob, R.: A new flexible coupler for
earth system modeling developed for CCSM4 and CESM1, Int. J. High Perform.
C., 26, 31–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342011428141, 2012.
Crétat, J., Braconnot, P., Terray, P., Marti, O., and Falasca, F.:
Mid-Holocene to present-day evolution of the Indian monsoon in transient
global simulations, Clim. Dyn., 55, 2761–2784,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05418-9, 2020.
Dallmeyer, A., Claussen, M., Lorenz, S. J., and Shanahan, T.: The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years, Clim. Past, 16, 117–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-117-2020, 2020.
Dallmeyer, A., Claussen, M., Lorenz, S. J., Sigl, M., Toohey, M., and Herzschuh, U.: Holocene vegetation transitions and their climatic drivers in MPI-ESM1.2, Clim. Past, 17, 2481–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2481-2021, 2021.
Danabasoglu, G., Bates, S. C., Briegleb, B. P., Jayne, S. R., Jochum, M.,
Large, W. G., Peacock, S., and Yeager, S. G.: The CCSM4 ocean component, J.
Clim., 25, 1361–1389, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00091.1, 2012.
Deevey, E. S. and Flint, R. F.: Postglacial hypsithermal interval, Science,
125, 182–184, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.125.3240.182, 1957.
Dyke, A. S.: An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on
central and northern Canada, in: Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and
Chronology – Part II: North America, vol. 2, Part 2, 371–406, Elsevier,
https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/Dyke_2004_DeglaciationOutline.pdf (last access: 20 November 2021),
2004.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Gasse, F.: Hydrological changes in Africa, Science, 292, 2259–2260,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061940, 2001.
Gent, P. R., Danabasoglu, G., Donner, L. J., Holland, M. M., Hunke, E. C.,
Jayne, S. R., Lawrence, D. M., Neale, R. B., Rasch, P. J., Vertenstein, M.,
Worley, P. H., Yang, Z.-L., and Zhang, M.: The Community Climate System
Model version 4, J. Clim., 24, 4973–4991, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1, 2011.
Goldner, A., Herold, N., and Huber, M.: The challenge of simulating the warmth of the mid-Miocene climatic optimum in CESM1, Clim. Past, 10, 523–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-523-2014, 2014.
Goosse, H., Brovkin, V., Fichefet, T., Haarsma, R., Huybrechts, P., Jongma, J., Mouchet, A., Selten, F., Barriat, P.-Y., Campin, J.-M., Deleersnijder, E., Driesschaert, E., Goelzer, H., Janssens, I., Loutre, M.-F., Morales Maqueda, M. A., Opsteegh, T., Mathieu, P.-P., Munhoven, G., Pettersson, E. J., Renssen, H., Roche, D. M., Schaeffer, M., Tartinville, B., Timmermann, A., and Weber, S. L.: Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 603–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-603-2010, 2010.
Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H., Gregory, J. M., Johns, T.
C., Mitchell, J. F. B., and Wood, R. A.: The simulation of SST, sea ice
extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled
model without flux adjustments, Clim. Dyn., 16, 147–168,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050010, 2000.
Gupta, A. K., Anderson, D. M., and Overpeck, J. T.: Abrupt changes in the
Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North
Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 421, 354–357, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01340, 2003.
Gyllencreutz, R., Mangerud, J., Svendsen, J.-I., and Lohne, Ø.: DATED –
a GIS-based reconstruction and dating database of the Eurasian deglaciation,
Appl. Quaternary Res. Cent. Part Glaciat. Terrain Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec.
Pap., 46, 113–120, 2007.
Hald, M., Andersson, C., Ebbesen, H., Jansen, E., Klitgaard-Kristensen, D.,
Risebrobakken, B., Salomonsen, G. R., Sarnthein, M., Sejrup, H. P., and
Telford, R. J.: Variations in temperature and extent of Atlantic Water in
the northern North Atlantic during the Holocene, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26,
3423–3440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.005, 2007.
Harrison, S., Bartlein, P., Izumi, K., Li, G., Annan, J., Hargreaves, J.,
Braconnot, P., and Kageyama, M.: Evaluation of CMIP5 palaeo-simulations to
improve climate projections, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 735–743,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2649, 2015.
Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., Sigman, D. M., Peterson, L. C., and Röhl,
U.: Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the
Holocene, Science, 293, 1304–1308, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059725, 2001.
He, F.: Simulating transient climate evolution of the last deglaciation with
CCSM3, PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 161 pp., 2011.
Hoelzmann, P., Gasse, F., Dupont, L. M., Salzmann, U., Staubwasser, M.,
Leuschner, D. C., and Sirocko, F.: Palaeoenvironmental changes in the arid
and sub arid belt (Sahara-Sahel-Arabian Peninsula) from 150 kyr to present,
in: Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa, edited by: Battarbee, R. W., Gasse, F., and Stickley, C. E., Springer, Dordrecht,
219–256, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2121-3_12, 2004.
Hunke, E. C. and Lipscomb, W. H.: CICE: The Los Alamos Sea Ice Model,
Documentation and Software, version 4.0, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Tech. Rep. LA-CC-06-012, 76 pp., https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.2/cice/ (last access: 5 June 2022), 2008.
Hurrell, J. W., Holland, M. M., Gent, P. R., Ghan, S., Kay, J. E., Kushner,
P. J., Lamarque, J.-F., Large, W. G., Lawrence, D., Lindsay, K., Lipscomb,
W. H., Long, M. C., Mahowald, N., Marsh, D. R., Neale, R. B., Rasch, P.,
Vavrus, S., Vertenstein, M., Bader, D., Collins, W. D., Hack, J. J., Kiehl1,
J., and Marshall, S.: The Community Earth System Model: A framework for
collaborative research, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 1339–1360,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1, 2013.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, USA, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ (last access: 5 June 2022), in press, 2022.
Ivanovic, R. F., Gregoire, L. J., Kageyama, M., Roche, D. M., Valdes, P. J., Burke, A., Drummond, R., Peltier, W. R., and Tarasov, L.: Transient climate simulations of the deglaciation 21–9 thousand years before present (version 1) – PMIP4 Core experiment design and boundary conditions, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2563–2587, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2563-2016, 2016.
Jansen, E., Overpeck, J., Briffa, K. R., Duplessy, J. C., Joos, F.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., Olago, D., Otto-Bliesner, B., Peltier, W. R.,
Rahmstorf, S., Ramesh, R., Raynaud, D., Rind, D., Solomina, O., Villalba,
R., and Zhang, D.: Palaeoclimate, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge
University Press, USA, 435–497, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg1-chapter6-1.pdf (last access: 5 June 2022), 2007.
Jin, L., Schneider, B., Park, W., Latif, M., Khon, V., and Zhang, X.: The
spatial–temporal patterns of Asian summer monsoon precipitation in response
to Holocene insolation change: a model-data synthesis, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
85, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.004, 2014.
Joussaume, S. and Taylor, K. E.: Status of the Paleoclimate Modeling
Intercomparison Project (PMIP), in: Proceedings of the First International AMIP
Scientific Conference, WCRP report, 425–430, 1995.
Kageyama, M., Braconnot, P., Harrison, S. P., Haywood, A. M., Jungclaus, J. H., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Peterschmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Albani, S., Bartlein, P. J., Brierley, C., Crucifix, M., Dolan, A., Fernandez-Donado, L., Fischer, H., Hopcroft, P. O., Ivanovic, R. F., Lambert, F., Lunt, D. J., Mahowald, N. M., Peltier, W. R., Phipps, S. J., Roche, D. M., Schmidt, G. A., Tarasov, L., Valdes, P. J., Zhang, Q., and Zhou, T.: The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 1: Overview and over-arching analysis plan, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1033–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1033-2018, 2018.
Kapsch, M.-L., Mikolajewicz, U., Ziemen, F., and Schannwell, C.: Ocean
response in transient simulations of the last deglaciation dominated by
underlying ice-sheet reconstruction and method of meltwater distribution,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096767, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096767, 2020.
Kaufman, D., McKay, N., Routson, C., Erb, M., Dätwyler, C., Sommer, P.
S., Heiri, O., and Davis, B.: Holocene global mean surface temperature, a
multi-method reconstruction approach, Sci. Data, 7, 201,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0530-7, 2020a.
Kaufman, D. S., Ager, T. A., Anderson, N. J., Anderson, P. M., Andrews, J.
T., Bartlein, P. J., Brubaker, L. B., Coats, L. L., Cwynar, L. C., Duvall,
M. L., Dyke, A. S., Edwards, M. E., Eisner, W. R., Gajewski, K.,
Geirsdóttir, A., Hu, F. S., Jennings, A. E., Kaplan, M. R., Kerwin, M.
W., Lozhkin, A. V., MacDonald, G. M., Miller, G. H., Mock, C. J., Oswald, W.
W., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Porinchu, D. F., Rühland, K., Smol, J. P.,
Steig, E. J., and Wolfe, B. B.: Holocene thermal maximum in the western
Arctic (0–180∘ W), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 529–560,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.09.007, 2004.
Koerner, R. M. and Fisher, D. A.: A record of Holocene summer climate from a
Canadian High Arctic ice core, Nature, 343, 630–631, https://doi.org/10.1038/343630a0,
1990.
Kutzbach, J. E., Liu, X., Liu, Z., and Chen, G.: Simulation of the
evolutionary response of global summer monsoons to orbital forcing over the
past 280 000 years, Clim. Dyn., 30, 567–579, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0308-z,
2008.
Lawrence, D. M., Oleson, K. W., Flanner, M. G., Thornton, P. E., Swenson, S.
C., Lawrence, P. J., Zeng, X., Yang, Z.-L., Levis, S., Sakaguchi, K., Bonan,
G. B., and Slater, A. G.: Parameterization improvements and functional and
structural advances in version 4 of the Community Land Model, J. Adv. Model.
Earth Sy., 3, M03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS00045, 2011.
Liu, S., Lang, X., and Jiang, D: Time-varying responses of dryland aridity
to external forcings over the last 21 ka, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 262, 106989,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106989, 2021.
Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Liu, Z., Xia, Y., Huang, Y., Peng, Y., and Zhu, J.: A
possible role of dust in resolving the Holocene temperature conundrum, Sci.
Rep., 8, 4434, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22841-5, 2018.
Liu, Z., Zhu, J., Rosenthal, Y., Zhang, X., Otto-Bliesner, B. L.,
Timmermann, A., Smith, R. S., Lohmann, G., Zheng, W., and Timm, O. E.: The
Holocene temperature conundrum, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, E3501–E3505,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407229111, 2014.
Ljungqvist, F. C.: The spatio-temporal pattern of the mid-Holocene thermal
maximum, Geografie, 116, 91–110, https://doi.org/10.37040/geografie2011116020091, 2011.
Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T.,
Lemieux, B., Barnola, J.-M., Raynaud, D., Stocker, T. F., and Chappellaz,
J.: Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the
past 800 000 years, Nature, 453, 383–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06950, 2008.
MacFarling Meure, C., Etheridge, D., Trudinger, C., Steele, P., Langenfelds,
R., van Ommen, T., Smith, A., and Elkins, J.: Law Dome CO2, CH4
and N2O ice core records extended to 2000 years BP, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 33, L14810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026152, 2006.
Magny, M., Vannière, B., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Bégeot, C., Heiri, O.,
Millet, L., Peyron, O., and Walter-Simonnet, A.-V.: Early-Holocene climatic
oscillations recorded by lake-level fluctuations in west-central Europe and
in central Italy, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1951–1964,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.013, 2007.
Mamajek, E. E., Prsa, A., Torres, G., Harmanec, P., Asplund, M., Bennett, P.
D., Capitaine, N., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Depagne, E., Folkner, W. M.,
Haberreiter, M., Hekker, S., Hilton, J. L., Kostov, V., Kurtz, D. W.,
Laskar, J., Mason, B. D., Milone, E. F., Montgomery, M. M., Richards, M. T.,
Schou, J., and Stewart, S. G.: IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal
Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties,
ArXiv151007674 Astro-Ph, http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.07674 (last
access: 15 November 2021), 2015.
Marcott, S. A., Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., and Mix, A. C.: A
reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11 300 years,
Science, 339, 1198–1201, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228026, 2013.
Marcott, S. A., Bauska, T. K., Buizert, C., Steig, E. J., Rosen, J. L.,
Cuffey, K. M., Fudge, T. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Ahn, J., Kalk, M. L.,
McConnell, J. R., Sowers, T., Taylor, K. C., White, J. W. C., and Brook, E.
J.: Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last
deglaciation, Nature, 514, 616–619, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13799, 2014.
Marsicek, J., Shuman, B. N., Bartlein, P. J., Shafer, S. L., and Brewer, S.:
Reconciling divergent trend and millennial variations in Holocene
temperatures, Nature, 554, 92–96, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25464, 2018.
Maslin, M. A. and Burns, S. J.: Reconstruction of the Amazon Basin effective
moisture availability over the past 14 000 years, Science, 290, 2285–2287,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5500.2285, 2000.
Matero, I. S. O., Gregoire, L. J., and Ivanovic, R. F.: Simulating the Early Holocene demise of the Laurentide Ice Sheet with BISICLES (public trunk revision 3298), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4555–4577, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4555-2020, 2020.
Matthes, K., Funke, B., Andersson, M. E., Barnard, L., Beer, J., Charbonneau, P., Clilverd, M. A., Dudok de Wit, T., Haberreiter, M., Hendry, A., Jackman, C. H., Kretzschmar, M., Kruschke, T., Kunze, M., Langematz, U., Marsh, D. R., Maycock, A. C., Misios, S., Rodger, C. J., Scaife, A. A., Seppälä, A., Shangguan, M., Sinnhuber, M., Tourpali, K., Usoskin, I., van de Kamp, M., Verronen, P. T., and Versick, S.: Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2247–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017, 2017.
Mayewski, P. A., Rohling, E. E., Stager, J. C., Karlén, W., Maasch, K.
A., Meeker, L. D., Meyerson, E. A., Gasse, F., van Kreveld, S., Holmgren,
K., Lee-Thorp, J., Rosqvist, G., Rack, F., Staubwasser, M., Schneider, R.
R., and Steig, E. J.: Holocene climate variability, Quaternary Res., 62,
243–255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.001, 2004.
Monnin, E., Indermuhle, A., Dallenbach, A., Fluckiger, J., Stauffer, B.,
Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J. M.: Atmospheric CO2
concentrations over the last glacial termination, Science, 291, 112–114,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.112, 2001.
Monnin, E., Steig, E. J., Siegenthaler, U., Kawamura, K., Schwander, J.,
Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Morse, D. L., Barnola, J.-M., Bellier, B.,
Raynaud, D., and Fischer, H.: Evidence for substantial accumulation rate
variability in Antarctica during the Holocene, through synchronization of
CO2 in the Taylor Dome, Dome C and DML ice cores, Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 224, 45–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.007, 2004.
Neale, R. B., Richter, J. H., Conley, A. J., Park, S., Lauritzen, P. H.,
Gettelman, A., Williamson, D. L., Rasch, P. J., Vavrus, S. J., Taylor, M.
A., Collins, W. D., Zhang, M., and Lin, S.: Description of the NCAR
Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 4.0), National
Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, Tech. Rep. NCAR/TN-485+STR, 194 pp., https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm4.0/cam/docs/description/cam4_desc.pdf (last access: 5 June 2022), 2010.
Nesje, A. and Dahl, S. O.: Lateglacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations and
climate variations in western Norway: a review, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 12,
255–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90081-V, 1993.
Núñez, L., Grosjean, M., and Cartajena, I.: Human occupations and
climate change in the Puna de Atacama, Chile, Science, 298, 821–824,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076449, 2002.
Osman, M. B., Tierney, J. E., Zhu, J., Tardif, R., Hakim, G. J., King, J.,
and Poulsen, C. J.: Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last
Glacial Maximum, Nature, 599, 239–244, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03984-4,
2021.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Braconnot, P., Harrison, S. P., Lunt, D. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Albani, S., Bartlein, P. J., Capron, E., Carlson, A. E., Dutton, A., Fischer, H., Goelzer, H., Govin, A., Haywood, A., Joos, F., LeGrande, A. N., Lipscomb, W. H., Lohmann, G., Mahowald, N., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Pausata, F. S. R., Peterschmitt, J.-Y., Phipps, S. J., Renssen, H., and Zhang, Q.: The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3979–4003, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017, 2017.
Park, H.-S., Kim, S.-J., Stewart, A. L., Son, S.-W., and Seo, K.-H.:
Mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere warming driven by Arctic amplification,
Sci. Adv., 5, eaax8203, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8203, 2019.
Peltier, W. R., Argus, D. F., and Drummond, R.: Space geodesy constrains ice
age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 450–487, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011176, 2015.
PMIP Last Deglaciation Working Group: PMIP4 Last Deglaciation Experiment
Design Wiki, PMIP4 [data set],
https://pmip4.lsce.ipsl.fr/doku.php/exp_design:degla (last
access: 11 November 2021), 2016.
PMIP PI Working Group: PMIP3 Pre-Industrial Control Run Experiment Design,
https://wiki.lsce.ipsl.fr/pmip3/doku.php/pmip3:design:pi:index
(last access: 16 November 2021), 2010.
Renssen, H., Braconnot, P., Tett, S. F. B., von Storch, H., and Weber, S.
L.: Recent developments in Holocene climate modelling, in: Past Climate
Variability through Europe and Africa, edited by: Battarbee, R. W., Gasse, F., and Stickley, C. E., Springer, Dordrecht, 495–514, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2121-3_23, 2004.
Renssen, H., Seppä, H., Crosta, X., Goosse, H., Roche, D. M.: Global
characterization of the Holocene thermal maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 48,
7–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.022, 2012.
Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Trudinger, C. M., Allison, C. E., Battle, M.
O., Langenfelds, R. L., Steele, L. P., Curran, M., Bender, M., White, J. W.
C., Jenk, T. M., Blunier, T., and Francey, R. J.: A revised 1000 year
atmospheric δ13C-CO2 record from Law Dome and South Pole,
Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 8482–8499,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50668, 2013.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Schwander, J., Buiron, D., Capron, E.,
Chappellaz, J., Loulergue, L., Schüpbach, S., Spahni, R., Fischer, H.,
and Stocker, T. F.: Atmospheric nitrous oxide during the last 140 000 years,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 300, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.027, 2010.
Seltzer, G., Rodbell, D., and Burns, S.: Isotopic evidence for late
Quaternary climatic change in tropical South America, Geology, 28, 35–38,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<35:IEFLQC>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., He, F., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Liu, Z.,
Otto-Bliesner, B., Schmittner, A., and Bard, E.: Global warming preceded by
increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation,
Nature, 484, 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10915, 2012.
Shevenell, A. E., Ingalls, A. E., Domack, E. W., and Kelly, C.: Holocene
Southern Ocean surface temperature variability west of the Antarctic
Peninsula, Nature, 470, 250–254, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09751, 2011.
Shi, X., Werner, M., Krug, C., Brierley, C. M., Zhao, A., Igbinosa, E., Braconnot, P., Brady, E., Cao, J., D'Agostino, R., Jungclaus, J., Liu, X., Otto-Bliesner, B., Sidorenko, D., Tomas, R., Volodin, E. M., Yang, H., Zhang, Q., Zheng, W., and Lohmann, G.: Calendar effects on surface air temperature and precipitation based on model-ensemble equilibrium and transient simulations from PMIP4 and PACMEDY, Clim. Past, 18, 1047–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1047-2022, 2022.
Shi, Y., Kong, Z., Wang, S., Tang, L., Wang, F., Yao, T., Zhao, X., Zhang,
P., and Shi, S.: Mid-Holocene climates and environments in China, Global Planet. Change, 7, 219–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(93)90052-P, 1993.
Sidorenko, D., Goessling, H. F., Koldunov, N. V., Scholz, P., Danilov, S.,
Barbi, D., Cabos, W., Gurses, O., Harig, S., Hinrichs, C., Juricke, S.,
Lohmann, G., Losch, M., Mu, L., Rackow, T., Rakowsky, N., Sein, D., Semmler,
T., Shi, X., Stepanek, C., Streffing, J., Wang, Q., Wekerle, C., Yang, H.,
and Jung, T.: Evaluation of FESOM2.0 coupled to ECHAM6.3: preindustrial and
HighResMIP simulations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 3794–3815,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001696, 2019.
Smith, R., Jones, P., Briegleb, B., Bryan, F., Danabasoglu, G., Dennis, J.,
Dukowicz, J., Eden, C., Fox-Kemper, B., Gent, P., Hecht, M., Jayne, S.,
Jochum, M., Large, W., Lindsay, K., Maltrud, M., Norton, N., Peacock, S.,
Vertenstein, M., and Yeager, S.: The Parallel Ocean Program (POP) reference
manual, ocean component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and
Community Earth System Model (CESM), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Tech.
Rep. LAUR-10-01853, 141 pp., https://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.2/pop2/doc/sci/POPRefManual.pdf (last access: 5 June 2022), 2010.
Smith, R. S. and Gregory, J.: The last glacial cycle: transient simulations
with an AOGCM, Clim. Dyn., 38, 1545–1559, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1283-y,
2012.
Smith, R. S., Gregory, J. M., and Osprey, A.: A description of the FAMOUS (version XDBUA) climate model and control run, Geosci. Model Dev., 1, 53–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-1-53-2008, 2008.
Solomina, O. N., Bradley, R. S., Hodgson, D. A., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jomelli, V.,
Mackintosh, A. N., Nesje, A., Owen, L. A., Wanner, H., Wiles, G. C., and
Young, N. E.: Holocene glacier fluctuation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 111,
9–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.018, 2015.
Song, X. and Zhang, G. J.: The roles of convection parameterization in the
formation of double ITCZ syndrome in the NCAR CESM: I. Atmospheric
processes, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 842–866, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001191,
2018.
Song, X. and Zhang, G. J.: Culprit of the eastern Pacific double ITCZ bias
in the NCAR CESM1.2, J. Clim., 32, 6349–6364, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0580.1,
2019.
Spahni, R., Chappellaz, J., Stocker, T. F., Loulergue, L., Hausammann, G.,
Kawamura, K., Flückiger, J., Schwander, J., Raynaud, D.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., and Jouzel, J.: Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide
of the late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores, Science, 310, 1317–1321,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120132, 2005.
Staubwasser, M.: An overview of Holocene South Asian monsoon records-monsoon
domains and regional contrasts, J. Geolog. Soc. India, 68, 433–446, 2006.
Sun, W., Liu, J., Wan, L., Ning, L., and Yan, M.: Simulation of Northern
Hemisphere mid-latitude precipitation response to different external
forcings during the Holocene (in Chinese), Quaternary Sci., 40, 1588–1596,
https://doi.org/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.06.18, 2020.
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., and Meehl G. A.: An overview of CMIP5 and
the experiment design, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 485–498,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1, 2012.
Tian, Z., Jiang, D., Zhang, R., and Su, B.: HT-11.5 ka transient simulation data of GMST, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6269566, 2022.
Timm, O. and Timmermann, A.: Simulation of the last 21 000 years using
accelerated transient boundary conditions, J. Clim., 20, 4377–4401,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4237.1, 2007.
Timmermann, A., Friedrich, T., Timm, O. E., Chikamoto, M. O., Abe-Ouchi, A.,
and Ganopolski, A.: Modeling obliquity and CO2 effects on Southern
Hemisphere climate during the past 408 ka, J. Clim., 27, 1863–1875,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00311.1, 2014.
Veres, D., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Blayo, E., Blunier, T., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Svensson, A., Vinther, B., and Wolff, E. W.: The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past, 9, 1733–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013, 2013.
Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Johnsen, S.
J., Andersen, K. K., Dahl-Jensen, D., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P.,
and Svensson, A. M.: Synchronizing ice cores from the Renland and Agassiz
ice caps to the Greenland Ice Core Chronology, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D08115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009143, 2008.
Walker, M. J. C., Berkelhammer, M., Björck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Fisher,
D. A., Long, A. J., Lowe, J. J., Newnham, R. M., Rasmussen, S. O., and
Weiss, H.: Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion
Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and
terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy
(International Commission on Stratigraphy), J. Quaternary Sci., 27,
649–659, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2565, 2012.
Wan, L., Liu, J., Gao, C., Sun, W., Ning, L., and Yan, M.: Study about
influence of the Holocene volcanic eruptions on temperature variation trend
by simulation (in Chinese), Quaternary Sci., 40, 1597–1610,
https://doi.org/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.06.19, 2020.
Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., He, Y., Kong, X., An, Z., Wu, J.,
Kelly, M. J., Dykoski, C., and Li, X.: The Holocene Asian monsoon: links to
solar changes and North Atlantic climate, Science, 308, 854–857,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106296, 2005.
Wanner, H.: Late-Holocene: Cooler or warmer?, Holocene, 31, 1501–1506,
https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836211019106, 2021.
Wanner, H. and Ritz, S.: A web-based Holocene Climate Atlas (HOCLAT),
https://www.oeschger.unibe.ch/research/projects_and_databases/web_based_holocene_climate_atlas_hoclat
(last access: 31 December 2021), 2011.
Wanner, H., Beer, J., Bütikofer, J., Crowley, T. J., Cubasch, U.,
Flückiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J. O.,
Küttel, M., Müller, S. A., Prentice, I. C., Solomina, O., Stocker,
T. F., Tarasov, P., Wagner, M., and Widmann, M.: Mid- to Late Holocene
climate change: an overview, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 1791–1828,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.013, 2008.
Wanner, H., Solomina, O., Grosjean, M., Ritz, S. P., and Jetel, M.:
Structure and origin of Holocene cold events, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30,
3109–3123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.010, 2011.
Wu, B., Lang, X., and Jiang, D.: Migration of the northern boundary of the
East Asian summer monsoon over the last 21 000 years, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035078, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035078, 2021.
Yuan, D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Dykoski, C. A., Kelly, M. J., Zhang,
M., Qing, J., Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Dorale, J. A., An, Z., and Cai, Y.:
Timing, duration, and transitions of the last interglacial Asian monsoon,
Science, 304, 575–578, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091220, 2004.
Zhang, J., Chen, F., Holmes, J. A., Li, H., Guo, X., Wang, J., Li, S.,
Lü, Y., Zhao, Y., and Qiang, M.: Holocene monsoon climate documented by
oxygen and carbon isotopes from lake sediments and peat bogs in China: a
review and synthesis, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 1973–1987,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.023, 2011.
Zhang, W., Wu, H., Geng, J., and Cheng, J.: Model-data divergence in global
seasonal temperature response to astronomical insolation during the
Holocene, Sci. Bull., 67, 25–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.004, 2022.
Zhang, Y., Renssen, H., and Seppä, H.: Effects of melting ice sheets and orbital forcing on the early Holocene warming in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, Clim. Past, 12, 1119–1135, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1119-2016, 2016.
Zhang, Y., Renssen, H., Seppä, H., and Valdes, P. J.: Holocene
temperature trends in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere based on
inter-model comparisons, J. Quaternary Sci., 33, 464–476,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3027, 2018.
Zhang, Y., Renssen, H., Seppä, H., Valdes, P. J., and Li, J.: Spatial
contrasts of the Holocene hydroclimate trend between North and East Asia,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 227, 106036, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106036,
2020.
Short summary
We present an experimental design for a new set of transient experiments for the Holocene from 11.5 ka to the preindustrial period (1850) with a relatively high-resolution Earth system model. Model boundary conditions include time-varying full and single forcing of orbital parameters, greenhouse gases, and ice sheets. The simulations will help to study the mean climate trend and abrupt climate changes through the Holocene in response to both full and single external forcings.
We present an experimental design for a new set of transient experiments for the Holocene from...
