Articles | Volume 15, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
PyCO2SYS v1.8: marine carbonate system calculations in Python
Matthew P. Humphreys
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Ocean Systems (OCS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, the Netherlands
Ernie R. Lewis
Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
Jonathan D. Sharp
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
Denis Pierrot
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, USA
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Cited
99 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Rates of Future Climate Change in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea: Implications for Coral Reef Ecosystems A. Lawman et al.
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- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al.
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- Differences between potassium and sodium incorporation in foraminiferal shell carbonate L. Pacho et al.
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- Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations L. Jiang et al.
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- Emergence of an oceanic CO2 uptake hole under global warming H. Lee et al.
- QUANTIFICATION OF CO<sub>2</sub> UPTAKE BY PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL SEAWALLS WITH TIDAL FLATS AND ROCKY SHORES IN URBAN PORT AREAS S. NISHIMOTO et al.
- A trend-based ecological indicator framework for spatially classifying ocean acidification risk to global coral reefs W. Chen et al.
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- Global surface ocean calcite saturation (Ω ) estimation using satellite and in-situ observations I. Shaik et al.
- Carbon fixation of a temperate plankton community in response to calcium- and silicate-based Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement using air-sea gas exchange measurements J. Schneider et al.
- Macroalgae Farming Increases DO and pH, Reduces pCO2 and Nutrients, and Enhances Blue Carbon Potential Z. Wu et al.
- Management considerations for establishing a coastal acidification monitoring system from U.S. Coastal Acidification Networks E. Wright-Fairbanks et al.
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- Coastal eutrophication and freshwater inputs drive acidification in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida M. Conkling et al.
- Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al.
- Deep Pacific carbonate chemistry since the Last Glacial Maximum A. Jacobel et al.
- Multidecadal trends in CO2 evasion and aquatic metabolism in a large temperate river A. Nguyen et al.
- A practical pCO2 estimation and carbonate dynamics at an event of hypoxic water upwelling in Tokyo Bay M. Endo et al.
- Neglecting organic alkalinity introduces greater error than assuming boron to salinity ratios in Arctic sea ice brine carbonate system calculations S. Rush et al.
- Dissolution of a submarine carbonate platform by a submerged lake of acidic seawater M. Humphreys et al.
- Respiration and CO2 evasion dynamics in moving streambeds as a response to flow regimes H. Schulz et al.
- Moving Bedforms Control CO2 Production and Distribution in Sandy River Sediments H. Schulz et al.
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al.
- Substantial Limitations of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in Mitigating the Negative Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Calcifiers H. van de Mortel et al.
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- Methane- and hydrogen-dependent prokaryotic deep biosphere at the Suwa Basin, Japan: impacts of hydrogeological processes on subsurface prokaryotic ecology at the boundary between the North American and the Eurasian Plates H. Nishimura et al.
- The influence of tides on the marine carbonate chemistry of a coastal polynya in the south-eastern Weddell Sea E. Droste et al.
- Diel variability affects the inorganic carbon system in the sea-surface microlayer and influences air-sea CO2 flux estimates A. López-Puertas et al.
- Air-sea CO2 flux in the Gulf of Mexico from observations and multiple machine-learning data products Z. Wu et al.
- Current Trends of Analytical Techniques for Total Alkalinity Measurement in Water Samples: A Review M. Ahmad et al.
- Water quality assessment in a megacity river: Water chemical analysis integrated with AHP-Entropy weighted fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model J. Ren et al.
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- Biocement from the ocean: Hybrid microbial-electrochemical mineralization of CO2 A. Kludze et al.
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- What goes in must come out: the oceanic outgassing of anthropogenic carbon D. Couespel & J. Tjiputra
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- Random and systematic uncertainty in ship‐based seawater carbonate chemistry observations B. Carter et al.
- Boron isotope pH calibration of a shallow dwelling benthic nummulitid foraminifera D. Coenen et al.
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- Ocean carbon from space: Current status and priorities for the next decade R. Brewin et al.
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- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an estuary M. Ho et al.
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- OceanSODA-UNEXE: a multi-year gridded Amazon and Congo River outflow surface ocean carbonate system dataset R. Sims et al.
- Predicting Carbonate Chemistry on the Northwest Atlantic Shelf Using Neural Networks I. Lima et al.
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- From small-scale variability to mesoscale stability in surface ocean pH: implications for air–sea CO2 equilibration L. Delaigue et al.
- Hydrological cycle amplification imposes spatial patterns on the climate change response of ocean pH and carbonate chemistry A. Hogikyan & L. Resplandy
- Seasonal to long-term variability of natural and anthropogenic carbon concentrations and transports in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean R. Bajon et al.
- pCO2 decrement through alkalinity enhancement and biological production in a shallow-water ecosystem constructed using steelmaking slag W. Nakamura et al.
- Large scale hydrogeochemical and isotopic observations in the Baltic Sea system T. McKenzie et al.
- Resilience of pH to seasonal change in a large subtropical lagoonal estuary P. Quintana et al.
- Summertime net community production (NCP) via underway measurements of O2/Ar and its control on CO2 flux in the northern Gulf of Mexico E. Roberts et al.
- Hindcast (back to 1955) and forecast (up to 2100) of sea-surface pH at BATS and hydrostation S (Bermuda area) N. Ben Hadid et al.
- A critical review on ocean acidification driven by disinfection by-products discharge from ships' ballast water management systems: Impacts on carbon chemistry N. Prabhakaran et al.
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- RADIv2: an adaptable and versatile diagenetic model for coastal and open-ocean sediments H. van der Zant et al.
- PyCO2SYS v1.8: marine carbonate system calculations in Python M. Humphreys et al.
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al.
- Core-top constraints on the ecology and paleothermometry of planktic foraminifera in the Indian Ocean R. Glaubke et al.
- Unraveling natural carbonate variability in Narragansett Bay, RI using multiple high temporal resolution pH time series A. Baskind et al.
- More Than Marine Heatwaves: A New Regime of Heat, Acidity, and Low Oxygen Compound Extreme Events in the Gulf of Alaska C. Hauri et al.
- Impact of dissolved CO2 on calcification in two large, benthic foraminiferal species L. Dämmer et al.
- Sediment-water fluxes of inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Pacific Arctic during the sea ice melt season L. Barrett et al.
- Biological export production controls upper ocean calcium carbonate dissolution and CO 2 buffer capacity E. Kwon et al.
- Physiological and molecular insights into the CO2-concentrating mechanism in Saccharina japonica: Implications for carbon fixation and sustainable bioengineering Y. Bi et al.
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- Mineral formation during shipboard ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments in the North Atlantic M. Hashim et al.
- Chemical controls on iron distributions across the subsurface South Pacific Ocean M. Gledhill et al.
- Amplified Subsurface Signals of Ocean Acidification A. Fassbender et al.
- Mixing and dilution controls on marine CO2 removal using alkalinity enhancement T. Khangaonkar et al.
- A process-based geochemical framework for carbonate sediments during marine diagenesis M. Hashim et al.
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- Variable organic matter stoichiometry enhances the biological drawdown of CO2 in the northwest European shelf seas K. Demir et al.
- The effect of carbonic anhydrase on foraminiferal Mg/Ca S. De Goeyse et al.
- A high-precision differentiable numerical framework for ocean dynamics based on automatic differentiation Y. He et al.
99 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Rates of Future Climate Change in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea: Implications for Coral Reef Ecosystems A. Lawman et al.
- Changes in DIC/TA ratio by tidal asymmetry control <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> over a spring-neap tidal cycle in a subtropical mangrove forest in Japan W. Nakamura et al.
- A high-resolution nested model to study the effects of alkalinity additions in Halifax Harbour, a mid-latitude coastal fjord A. Laurent et al.
- Sea ice controls net ocean uptake of carbon dioxide by regulating wintertime stratification E. Droste et al.
- Assessing the influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement on a coastal phytoplankton community A. Ferderer et al.
- Differences between potassium and sodium incorporation in foraminiferal shell carbonate L. Pacho et al.
- Towards a universal scaling method for predicting equilibrium constants of polyoxometalates J. Buils et al.
- Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations L. Jiang et al.
- Advancing best practices for assessing trends of ocean acidification time series A. Sutton et al.
- Reconstruction of the marine carbonate system at the Western Tropical Atlantic: trends and variabilities from 20 years of the PIRATA program C. Musetti de Assis et al.
- Physics-guided machine-learning forecasting and analysis of carbonate changes in the surface Western Mediterranean O. Bouanani et al.
- RADIv1: a non-steady-state early diagenetic model for ocean sediments in Julia and MATLAB/GNU Octave O. Sulpis et al.
- Emergence of an oceanic CO2 uptake hole under global warming H. Lee et al.
- QUANTIFICATION OF CO<sub>2</sub> UPTAKE BY PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL SEAWALLS WITH TIDAL FLATS AND ROCKY SHORES IN URBAN PORT AREAS S. NISHIMOTO et al.
- A trend-based ecological indicator framework for spatially classifying ocean acidification risk to global coral reefs W. Chen et al.
- Synthesis of data products for ocean carbonate chemistry L. Jiang et al.
- Global surface ocean calcite saturation (Ω ) estimation using satellite and in-situ observations I. Shaik et al.
- Carbon fixation of a temperate plankton community in response to calcium- and silicate-based Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement using air-sea gas exchange measurements J. Schneider et al.
- Macroalgae Farming Increases DO and pH, Reduces pCO2 and Nutrients, and Enhances Blue Carbon Potential Z. Wu et al.
- Management considerations for establishing a coastal acidification monitoring system from U.S. Coastal Acidification Networks E. Wright-Fairbanks et al.
- ESTIMATED PRECISION OF pCO<sub>2</sub> BASED ON CARBONATE CHEMISTRY IN BRACKISH WATERS W. NAKAMURA et al.
- Coastal eutrophication and freshwater inputs drive acidification in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida M. Conkling et al.
- Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al.
- Deep Pacific carbonate chemistry since the Last Glacial Maximum A. Jacobel et al.
- Multidecadal trends in CO2 evasion and aquatic metabolism in a large temperate river A. Nguyen et al.
- A practical pCO2 estimation and carbonate dynamics at an event of hypoxic water upwelling in Tokyo Bay M. Endo et al.
- Neglecting organic alkalinity introduces greater error than assuming boron to salinity ratios in Arctic sea ice brine carbonate system calculations S. Rush et al.
- Dissolution of a submarine carbonate platform by a submerged lake of acidic seawater M. Humphreys et al.
- Respiration and CO2 evasion dynamics in moving streambeds as a response to flow regimes H. Schulz et al.
- Moving Bedforms Control CO2 Production and Distribution in Sandy River Sediments H. Schulz et al.
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al.
- Substantial Limitations of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in Mitigating the Negative Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Calcifiers H. van de Mortel et al.
- Spectrophotometric determination of bicarbonate dissociation constants (K2) for freshwater, estuarine, and marine waters over a wide range of temperatures M. Martin-Mayor et al.
- Methane- and hydrogen-dependent prokaryotic deep biosphere at the Suwa Basin, Japan: impacts of hydrogeological processes on subsurface prokaryotic ecology at the boundary between the North American and the Eurasian Plates H. Nishimura et al.
- The influence of tides on the marine carbonate chemistry of a coastal polynya in the south-eastern Weddell Sea E. Droste et al.
- Diel variability affects the inorganic carbon system in the sea-surface microlayer and influences air-sea CO2 flux estimates A. López-Puertas et al.
- Air-sea CO2 flux in the Gulf of Mexico from observations and multiple machine-learning data products Z. Wu et al.
- Current Trends of Analytical Techniques for Total Alkalinity Measurement in Water Samples: A Review M. Ahmad et al.
- Water quality assessment in a megacity river: Water chemical analysis integrated with AHP-Entropy weighted fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model J. Ren et al.
- Climate warming risk assessment for underwater cultural heritage: Quantifying environmental parameters on historic shipwrecks in the Taiwan Strait W. Tseng et al.
- Biocement from the ocean: Hybrid microbial-electrochemical mineralization of CO2 A. Kludze et al.
- Spatio-temporal dynamics of the carbonate system during macroalgae farming season in a semi-closed bay in southeast China Z. Zhang et al.
- What goes in must come out: the oceanic outgassing of anthropogenic carbon D. Couespel & J. Tjiputra
- SURFER v3.0: a fast model with ice sheet tipping points and carbon cycle feedbacks for short- and long-term climate scenarios V. Couplet et al.
- Temperature effect on seawater fCO2 revisited: theoretical basis, uncertainty analysis and implications for parameterising carbonic acid equilibrium constants M. Humphreys
- Variable responses to ocean acidification among mixotrophic protists with different lifestyles S. Slomka et al.
- Random and systematic uncertainty in ship‐based seawater carbonate chemistry observations B. Carter et al.
- Boron isotope pH calibration of a shallow dwelling benthic nummulitid foraminifera D. Coenen et al.
- French coastal network for carbonate system monitoring: the CocoriCO2 dataset S. Petton et al.
- Ocean carbon from space: Current status and priorities for the next decade R. Brewin et al.
- The Earth Science Box Modeling Toolkit (ESBMTK 0.14.0.11): a Python library for research and teaching U. Wortmann et al.
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an estuary M. Ho et al.
- Evaluating ocean alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the North Sea F. Liu et al.
- OceanSODA-UNEXE: a multi-year gridded Amazon and Congo River outflow surface ocean carbonate system dataset R. Sims et al.
- Predicting Carbonate Chemistry on the Northwest Atlantic Shelf Using Neural Networks I. Lima et al.
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al.
- Hybrid-Energy-Powered Electrochemical Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Model: Plant Operation, Cost, and Profitability J. Niffenegger et al.
- Regionally different marine heatwave ocean carbon sink responses are consistent with carbonate understanding D. Ford et al.
- Advanced deep learning technique for estimating global surface ocean calcium carbonate saturation (Ω ) I. Shaik et al.
- Carbonate chemistry fitness landscapes inform diatom resilience to future perturbations A. Ferderer et al.
- Air-sea CO2 exchange in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea based on autonomous surface measurements R. Martellucci et al.
- Advancing real-time pH sensing capabilities to monitor coastal acidification as measured in a productive and dynamic estuary (Ría de Arousa, NW Spain) A. Velo & X. Padin
- Droughts and deluges: changes in river discharge and the carbonate chemistry of an urbanized temperate estuary L. Barrett et al.
- Thallium toxicity to temperate and tropical marine organisms: Derivation of water quality guidelines to protect marine life S. Markich et al.
- Contrasts in the marine inorganic carbon chemistry of the Benguela Upwelling System since the Last Glacial Maximum S. Karancz et al.
- Variability of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Most Extensive Karst Estuarine-Lagoon System of the Southern Gulf of Mexico J. Martínez-Trejo et al.
- Quantifying Net Community Production and Calcification at Station ALOHA Near Hawai'i: Insights and Limitations From a Dual Tracer Carbon Budget Approach L. Knor et al.
- Influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement with olivine or steel slag on a coastal plankton community in Tasmania J. Guo et al.
- From small-scale variability to mesoscale stability in surface ocean pH: implications for air–sea CO2 equilibration L. Delaigue et al.
- Hydrological cycle amplification imposes spatial patterns on the climate change response of ocean pH and carbonate chemistry A. Hogikyan & L. Resplandy
- Seasonal to long-term variability of natural and anthropogenic carbon concentrations and transports in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean R. Bajon et al.
- pCO2 decrement through alkalinity enhancement and biological production in a shallow-water ecosystem constructed using steelmaking slag W. Nakamura et al.
- Large scale hydrogeochemical and isotopic observations in the Baltic Sea system T. McKenzie et al.
- Resilience of pH to seasonal change in a large subtropical lagoonal estuary P. Quintana et al.
- Summertime net community production (NCP) via underway measurements of O2/Ar and its control on CO2 flux in the northern Gulf of Mexico E. Roberts et al.
- Hindcast (back to 1955) and forecast (up to 2100) of sea-surface pH at BATS and hydrostation S (Bermuda area) N. Ben Hadid et al.
- A critical review on ocean acidification driven by disinfection by-products discharge from ships' ballast water management systems: Impacts on carbon chemistry N. Prabhakaran et al.
- Element ∕ Ca ratios in Nodosariida (Foraminifera) and their potential application for paleoenvironmental reconstructions L. Pacho et al.
- Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing and nutrient load reduced by a well-ventilated glacial North Pacific M. Shankle et al.
- RADIv2: an adaptable and versatile diagenetic model for coastal and open-ocean sediments H. van der Zant et al.
- PyCO2SYS v1.8: marine carbonate system calculations in Python M. Humphreys et al.
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al.
- Core-top constraints on the ecology and paleothermometry of planktic foraminifera in the Indian Ocean R. Glaubke et al.
- Unraveling natural carbonate variability in Narragansett Bay, RI using multiple high temporal resolution pH time series A. Baskind et al.
- More Than Marine Heatwaves: A New Regime of Heat, Acidity, and Low Oxygen Compound Extreme Events in the Gulf of Alaska C. Hauri et al.
- Impact of dissolved CO2 on calcification in two large, benthic foraminiferal species L. Dämmer et al.
- Sediment-water fluxes of inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Pacific Arctic during the sea ice melt season L. Barrett et al.
- Biological export production controls upper ocean calcium carbonate dissolution and CO 2 buffer capacity E. Kwon et al.
- Physiological and molecular insights into the CO2-concentrating mechanism in Saccharina japonica: Implications for carbon fixation and sustainable bioengineering Y. Bi et al.
- Hybrid Energy-Powered Electrochemical Direct Ocean Capture Model J. Niffenegger et al.
- Mineral formation during shipboard ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments in the North Atlantic M. Hashim et al.
- Chemical controls on iron distributions across the subsurface South Pacific Ocean M. Gledhill et al.
- Amplified Subsurface Signals of Ocean Acidification A. Fassbender et al.
- Mixing and dilution controls on marine CO2 removal using alkalinity enhancement T. Khangaonkar et al.
- A process-based geochemical framework for carbonate sediments during marine diagenesis M. Hashim et al.
- Estuarine acidification mirrors the ocean trend and correlates with the El Niño Southern Oscillation J. Grear
- Variable organic matter stoichiometry enhances the biological drawdown of CO2 in the northwest European shelf seas K. Demir et al.
- The effect of carbonic anhydrase on foraminiferal Mg/Ca S. De Goeyse et al.
- A high-precision differentiable numerical framework for ocean dynamics based on automatic differentiation Y. He et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Apr 2026
Short summary
The ocean helps to mitigate our impact on Earth's climate by absorbing about a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by human activities each year. However, once absorbed, chemical reactions between CO2 and water reduce seawater pH (
ocean acidification), which may have adverse effects on marine ecosystems. Our Python package, PyCO2SYS, models the chemical reactions of CO2 in seawater, allowing us to quantify the corresponding changes in pH and related chemical properties.
The ocean helps to mitigate our impact on Earth's climate by absorbing about a quarter of the...