Articles | Volume 14, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review and perspective paper
| 
13 Dec 2021
Review and perspective paper |
| 13 Dec 2021
| 13 Dec 2021
GMD perspective: The quest to improve the evaluation of groundwater representation in continental- to global-scale models
Department of Civil Engineering and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
Thorsten Wagener
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Petra Döll
Institut für Physische Geographie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main and Senckenberg Leibniz Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Samuel C. Zipper
Department of Civil Engineering and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Charles West
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Yoshihide Wada
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Richard Taylor
Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
Bridget Scanlon
Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
Rafael Rosolem
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Shams Rahman
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Nurudeen Oshinlaja
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Reed Maxwell
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Min-Hui Lo
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Hyungjun Kim
Moon Soul Graduate School of Future Strategy, Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology, Daejeon, Korea
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology, Daejeon, Korea
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Mary Hill
Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Andreas Hartmann
Chair of Hydrological Modeling and Water Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Graham Fogg
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources and Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
James S. Famiglietti
School of Environment and Sustainability and Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Agnès Ducharne
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, IPSL, UMR 7619 METIS, Paris, France
Inge de Graaf
Chair of Environmental Hydrological Systems, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Mark Cuthbert
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Laura Condon
Department of Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Etienne Bresciani
Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
Marc F. P. Bierkens
Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Deltares, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Viewed
Total article views: 6,607 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 20 Apr 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,730 | 1,769 | 108 | 6,607 | 125 | 178 |
- HTML: 4,730
- PDF: 1,769
- XML: 108
- Total: 6,607
- BibTeX: 125
- EndNote: 178
Total article views: 5,229 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 13 Dec 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,012 | 1,128 | 89 | 5,229 | 112 | 163 |
- HTML: 4,012
- PDF: 1,128
- XML: 89
- Total: 5,229
- BibTeX: 112
- EndNote: 163
Total article views: 1,378 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 20 Apr 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 718 | 641 | 19 | 1,378 | 13 | 15 |
- HTML: 718
- PDF: 641
- XML: 19
- Total: 1,378
- BibTeX: 13
- EndNote: 15
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 6,607 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 6,341 with geography defined
and 266 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 5,229 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,063 with geography defined
and 166 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,378 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,278 with geography defined
and 100 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Latest update: 01 Dec 2025
Short summary
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface and hydrologic simulations. However, it is challenging to evaluate these simulations because groundwater is
hiddenunderground and thus hard to measure. We suggest using multiple complementary strategies to assess the performance of a model (
model evaluation).
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface...
