Articles | Volume 14, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
GMD perspective: The quest to improve the evaluation of groundwater representation in continental- to global-scale models
Department of Civil Engineering and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
Thorsten Wagener
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Petra Döll
Institut für Physische Geographie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main and Senckenberg Leibniz Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Samuel C. Zipper
Department of Civil Engineering and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Charles West
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Yoshihide Wada
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Richard Taylor
Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
Bridget Scanlon
Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
Rafael Rosolem
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Shams Rahman
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Nurudeen Oshinlaja
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Reed Maxwell
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Min-Hui Lo
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Hyungjun Kim
Moon Soul Graduate School of Future Strategy, Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology, Daejeon, Korea
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology, Daejeon, Korea
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Mary Hill
Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Andreas Hartmann
Chair of Hydrological Modeling and Water Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Graham Fogg
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources and Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
James S. Famiglietti
School of Environment and Sustainability and Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Agnès Ducharne
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, IPSL, UMR 7619 METIS, Paris, France
Inge de Graaf
Chair of Environmental Hydrological Systems, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Mark Cuthbert
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Laura Condon
Department of Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Etienne Bresciani
Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
Marc F. P. Bierkens
Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Deltares, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Viewed
Total article views: 7,416 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 20 Apr 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,343 | 1,947 | 126 | 7,416 | 154 | 217 |
- HTML: 5,343
- PDF: 1,947
- XML: 126
- Total: 7,416
- BibTeX: 154
- EndNote: 217
Total article views: 5,978 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 13 Dec 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,590 | 1,285 | 103 | 5,978 | 138 | 200 |
- HTML: 4,590
- PDF: 1,285
- XML: 103
- Total: 5,978
- BibTeX: 138
- EndNote: 200
Total article views: 1,438 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 20 Apr 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 753 | 662 | 23 | 1,438 | 16 | 17 |
- HTML: 753
- PDF: 662
- XML: 23
- Total: 1,438
- BibTeX: 16
- EndNote: 17
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 7,416 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 7,152 with geography defined
and 264 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 5,978 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,815 with geography defined
and 163 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,438 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,337 with geography defined
and 101 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
78 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Simulating spatial variability of groundwater table in England and Wales M. Rahman et al.
- Hyper-resolution PCR-GLOBWB: opportunities and challenges from refining model spatial resolution to 1 km over the European continent J. Hoch et al.
- Numerical analysis of seawater intrusion problems in coastal aquifers I. Saeedpanah et al.
- Global peak water limit of future groundwater withdrawals H. Niazi et al.
- Are regional groundwater models suitable for simulating wetlands, rivers and intermittence? The example of the French AquiFR platform L. Guillaumot et al.
- Enhancing the representation of water management in global hydrological models G. Abeshu et al.
- Majority of global river flow sustained by groundwater J. Xie et al.
- Quantifying groundwater storage dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay watershed (USA) using a large-scale integrated hydrologic model with detailed three-dimensional subsurface representation A. Seck & C. Welty
- Progress and future directions in constraining uncertainties in sea-level projections using observations D. Felikson et al.
- GLOBGM v1.0: a parallel implementation of a 30 arcsec PCR-GLOBWB-MODFLOW global-scale groundwater model J. Verkaik et al.
- Catchment characterization: Current descriptors, knowledge gaps and future opportunities L. Tarasova et al.
- The ISIMIP groundwater sector: a framework for ensemble modeling of global change impacts on groundwater R. Reinecke et al.
- Calibration of groundwater seepage against the spatial distribution of the stream network to assess catchment-scale hydraulic properties R. Abhervé et al.
- Solid Water Melt Dominates the Increase of Total Groundwater Storage in the Tibetan Plateau Y. Zou et al.
- Diagnosing the causal relationships between groundwater resource characteristics and socio-economic factors in the Heihe river basin, China Z. Lu et al.
- Widespread human footprints on groundwater trends across England Q. Fang et al.
- Unravelling groundwater–stream connections over the continental United States C. Yang et al.
- Checking the consistency of 3D geological models M. Parquer et al.
- Hydrological modelling on atmospheric grids: using graphs of sub-grid elements to transport energy and water J. Polcher et al.
- Effects of hydraulic conductivity on simulating groundwater–land surface interactions over a typical endorheic river basin Z. Lu et al.
- Deciphering the black box of deep learning for multi-purpose dam operation modeling via explainable scenarios E. Lee & J. Kam
- Disentangling coastal groundwater level dynamics in a global dataset A. Nolte et al.
- Simulation of national-scale groundwater dynamics in geologically complex aquifer systems: an example from Great Britain M. Bianchi et al.
- Characterisation of mountain-Mediterranean karst aquifers as lighthouses for the assessment of global change impacts in the Mediterranean region: the Sierra Seca aquifer system (SE Spain) J. Jódar et al.
- Deep learning for groundwater level simulation in unconfined aquifers across the contiguous United States: Analyzing simulations at multiple lead times and integrating groundwater signatures K. Boo et al.
- Assessing a high-resolution integrated hydrologic model (ParFlow-CLM-HRB) in an endorheic basin of China Z. Lu et al.
- Global dryland aridity changes indicated by atmospheric, hydrological, and vegetation observations at meteorological stations H. Shi et al.
- A model comparison assessing the importance of lateral groundwater flows at the global scale I. de Graaf & K. Stahl
- Analysis of Groundwater Storage at The Local Scale in the Missan Region, Iraq, Based on GRACE Satellite and Well Data H. Mohammed et al.
- A prototype hyper-resolution groundwater digital twin for the contiguous United States: integrating physics-based modeling, machine learning, and observations Y. Ma et al.
- CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China C. Yang et al.
- Comparison of groundwater storage changes over losing and gaining aquifers of China using GRACE satellites, modeling and in-situ observations J. Yang et al.
- Projected Climate‐Driven Changes of Water Table Depth in the World's Major Groundwater Basins M. Costantini et al.
- Climatic and anthropogenic controls on groundwater dynamics in the Mekong River Basin T. Kabir et al.
- Using random forests to explore the feasibility of groundwater knowledge transfer between the contiguous US and Denmark Y. Ma et al.
- A groundwater well database for Brazil (GWDBrazil) J. Uchôa et al.
- From coarse resolution to practical solution: GRACE as a science communication and policymaking tool for sustainable groundwater management L. Xu et al.
- Incorporating Plant Access to Groundwater in Existing Global, Satellite‐Based Evaporation Estimates P. Hulsman et al.
- A new approach for joint assimilation of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture and groundwater level data into an integrated terrestrial model F. Li et al.
- Coastal groundwater-level trends reveal global susceptibility to seawater intrusion A. Nolte et al.
- Tackling water table depth modeling via machine learning: From proxy observations to verifiability J. Janssen et al.
- Improved data splitting methods for data-driven hydrological model development based on a large number of catchment samples J. Chen et al.
- Classifying vulnerability to sea-level rise of coastal shallow groundwater at the national scale for New Zealand A. Bosserelle et al.
- The Role of Topography in Controlling Evapotranspiration Age C. Yang et al.
- Groundwater Model Impacts Multiannual Simulations of Heat Waves C. Furusho‐Percot et al.
- Continental-scale evaluation of a fully distributed coupled land surface and groundwater model, ParFlow-CLM (v3.6.0), over Europe B. Naz et al.
- Modeling groundwater dynamics in a low-lying sedimentary island driven by recharge variability, climate change, and water demand M. Mahmood et al.
- Constraining the response of continental-scale groundwater flow to climate change B. Mather et al.
- Groundwater–surface water exchange from temperature time series: A comparative study of heat tracer methods E. Saphores et al.
- Towards water resilience: A multi-stage calibration framework for large-scale integrated surface–subsurface hydrological models L. Sandoval et al.
- Groundwater recharge is sensitive to changing long-term aridity W. Berghuijs et al.
- Understanding process controls on groundwater recharge variability across Africa through recharge landscapes C. West et al.
- Modeling Groundwater Resources in Data-Scarce Regions for Sustainable Management: Methodologies and Limits I. Borzì
- Improving the depth-to-bedrock maps for groundwater-to-atmosphere modeling in Africa F. Oussou et al.
- On the challenges of global entity-aware deep learning models for groundwater level prediction B. Heudorfer et al.
- Coupling a large-scale hydrological model (CWatM v1.1) with a high-resolution groundwater flow model (MODFLOW 6) to assess the impact of irrigation at regional scale L. Guillaumot et al.
- Eine Übersicht über die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Grundwasser in Deutschland und der Schweiz C. Moeck & S. Schulz
- Global groundwater modeling: Proof-of-concept of 3D variably saturated flow simulation at kilometer resolution S. Kollet et al.
- Development of a global 5 arcmin groundwater model (H08-GMv1.0): model setup and steady-state simulation Q. He et al.
- Ground truthing global-scale model estimates of groundwater recharge across Africa C. West et al.
- Global analysis of groundwater pumping from increased river capture I. de Graaf et al.
- Assessment of the ParFlow–CLM CONUS 1.0 integrated hydrologic model: evaluation of hyper-resolution water balance components across the contiguous United States M. O'Neill et al.
- Long-term hydro-economic analysis tool for evaluating global groundwater cost and supply: Superwell v1.1 H. Niazi et al.
- HydroBench: Jupyter supported reproducible hydrological model benchmarking and diagnostic tool E. Moges et al.
- A Global-Scale Time Series Dataset for Groundwater Studies within the Earth System A. Bäthge et al.
- Uncertainty in model estimates of global groundwater depth R. Reinecke et al.
- Functional relationships reveal differences in the water cycle representation of global water models S. Gnann et al.
- High resolution US water table depth estimates reveal quantity of accessible groundwater Y. Ma et al.
- Large‐Scale Groundwater Monitoring in Brazil Assisted With Satellite‐Based Artificial Intelligence Techniques C. Renna Camacho et al.
- DECIPHeR-GW v1: a coupled hydrological model with improved representation of surface–groundwater interactions Y. Zheng et al.
- Time-frequency analysis of groundwater depth variation based on the ICA-WTC composite method X. Yin et al.
- Future river exports of nutrients, plastics, and chemicals worldwide under climate-driven hydrological changes M. Bak et al.
- Multi-site deep learning for groundwater level prediction across global datasets: toward scalable applications under data scarcity A. Nolte et al.
- Assessment of pluri-annual and decadal changes in terrestrial water storage predicted by global hydrological models in comparison with the GRACE satellite gravity mission J. Pfeffer et al.
- Ground Truthing Global-Scale Model Estimates of Groundwater Recharge Across Africa C. West et al.
- A high-resolution, 3D groundwater-surface water simulation of the contiguous US: Advances in the integrated ParFlow CONUS 2.0 modeling platform C. Yang et al.
- Past aquifer responses to climate recorded by fossil groundwater A. Seltzer et al.
- The role of secondary data in estimating groundwater levels in the Iberian Peninsula N. Ben-Salem et al.
78 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Simulating spatial variability of groundwater table in England and Wales M. Rahman et al.
- Hyper-resolution PCR-GLOBWB: opportunities and challenges from refining model spatial resolution to 1 km over the European continent J. Hoch et al.
- Numerical analysis of seawater intrusion problems in coastal aquifers I. Saeedpanah et al.
- Global peak water limit of future groundwater withdrawals H. Niazi et al.
- Are regional groundwater models suitable for simulating wetlands, rivers and intermittence? The example of the French AquiFR platform L. Guillaumot et al.
- Enhancing the representation of water management in global hydrological models G. Abeshu et al.
- Majority of global river flow sustained by groundwater J. Xie et al.
- Quantifying groundwater storage dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay watershed (USA) using a large-scale integrated hydrologic model with detailed three-dimensional subsurface representation A. Seck & C. Welty
- Progress and future directions in constraining uncertainties in sea-level projections using observations D. Felikson et al.
- GLOBGM v1.0: a parallel implementation of a 30 arcsec PCR-GLOBWB-MODFLOW global-scale groundwater model J. Verkaik et al.
- Catchment characterization: Current descriptors, knowledge gaps and future opportunities L. Tarasova et al.
- The ISIMIP groundwater sector: a framework for ensemble modeling of global change impacts on groundwater R. Reinecke et al.
- Calibration of groundwater seepage against the spatial distribution of the stream network to assess catchment-scale hydraulic properties R. Abhervé et al.
- Solid Water Melt Dominates the Increase of Total Groundwater Storage in the Tibetan Plateau Y. Zou et al.
- Diagnosing the causal relationships between groundwater resource characteristics and socio-economic factors in the Heihe river basin, China Z. Lu et al.
- Widespread human footprints on groundwater trends across England Q. Fang et al.
- Unravelling groundwater–stream connections over the continental United States C. Yang et al.
- Checking the consistency of 3D geological models M. Parquer et al.
- Hydrological modelling on atmospheric grids: using graphs of sub-grid elements to transport energy and water J. Polcher et al.
- Effects of hydraulic conductivity on simulating groundwater–land surface interactions over a typical endorheic river basin Z. Lu et al.
- Deciphering the black box of deep learning for multi-purpose dam operation modeling via explainable scenarios E. Lee & J. Kam
- Disentangling coastal groundwater level dynamics in a global dataset A. Nolte et al.
- Simulation of national-scale groundwater dynamics in geologically complex aquifer systems: an example from Great Britain M. Bianchi et al.
- Characterisation of mountain-Mediterranean karst aquifers as lighthouses for the assessment of global change impacts in the Mediterranean region: the Sierra Seca aquifer system (SE Spain) J. Jódar et al.
- Deep learning for groundwater level simulation in unconfined aquifers across the contiguous United States: Analyzing simulations at multiple lead times and integrating groundwater signatures K. Boo et al.
- Assessing a high-resolution integrated hydrologic model (ParFlow-CLM-HRB) in an endorheic basin of China Z. Lu et al.
- Global dryland aridity changes indicated by atmospheric, hydrological, and vegetation observations at meteorological stations H. Shi et al.
- A model comparison assessing the importance of lateral groundwater flows at the global scale I. de Graaf & K. Stahl
- Analysis of Groundwater Storage at The Local Scale in the Missan Region, Iraq, Based on GRACE Satellite and Well Data H. Mohammed et al.
- A prototype hyper-resolution groundwater digital twin for the contiguous United States: integrating physics-based modeling, machine learning, and observations Y. Ma et al.
- CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China C. Yang et al.
- Comparison of groundwater storage changes over losing and gaining aquifers of China using GRACE satellites, modeling and in-situ observations J. Yang et al.
- Projected Climate‐Driven Changes of Water Table Depth in the World's Major Groundwater Basins M. Costantini et al.
- Climatic and anthropogenic controls on groundwater dynamics in the Mekong River Basin T. Kabir et al.
- Using random forests to explore the feasibility of groundwater knowledge transfer between the contiguous US and Denmark Y. Ma et al.
- A groundwater well database for Brazil (GWDBrazil) J. Uchôa et al.
- From coarse resolution to practical solution: GRACE as a science communication and policymaking tool for sustainable groundwater management L. Xu et al.
- Incorporating Plant Access to Groundwater in Existing Global, Satellite‐Based Evaporation Estimates P. Hulsman et al.
- A new approach for joint assimilation of cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture and groundwater level data into an integrated terrestrial model F. Li et al.
- Coastal groundwater-level trends reveal global susceptibility to seawater intrusion A. Nolte et al.
- Tackling water table depth modeling via machine learning: From proxy observations to verifiability J. Janssen et al.
- Improved data splitting methods for data-driven hydrological model development based on a large number of catchment samples J. Chen et al.
- Classifying vulnerability to sea-level rise of coastal shallow groundwater at the national scale for New Zealand A. Bosserelle et al.
- The Role of Topography in Controlling Evapotranspiration Age C. Yang et al.
- Groundwater Model Impacts Multiannual Simulations of Heat Waves C. Furusho‐Percot et al.
- Continental-scale evaluation of a fully distributed coupled land surface and groundwater model, ParFlow-CLM (v3.6.0), over Europe B. Naz et al.
- Modeling groundwater dynamics in a low-lying sedimentary island driven by recharge variability, climate change, and water demand M. Mahmood et al.
- Constraining the response of continental-scale groundwater flow to climate change B. Mather et al.
- Groundwater–surface water exchange from temperature time series: A comparative study of heat tracer methods E. Saphores et al.
- Towards water resilience: A multi-stage calibration framework for large-scale integrated surface–subsurface hydrological models L. Sandoval et al.
- Groundwater recharge is sensitive to changing long-term aridity W. Berghuijs et al.
- Understanding process controls on groundwater recharge variability across Africa through recharge landscapes C. West et al.
- Modeling Groundwater Resources in Data-Scarce Regions for Sustainable Management: Methodologies and Limits I. Borzì
- Improving the depth-to-bedrock maps for groundwater-to-atmosphere modeling in Africa F. Oussou et al.
- On the challenges of global entity-aware deep learning models for groundwater level prediction B. Heudorfer et al.
- Coupling a large-scale hydrological model (CWatM v1.1) with a high-resolution groundwater flow model (MODFLOW 6) to assess the impact of irrigation at regional scale L. Guillaumot et al.
- Eine Übersicht über die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Grundwasser in Deutschland und der Schweiz C. Moeck & S. Schulz
- Global groundwater modeling: Proof-of-concept of 3D variably saturated flow simulation at kilometer resolution S. Kollet et al.
- Development of a global 5 arcmin groundwater model (H08-GMv1.0): model setup and steady-state simulation Q. He et al.
- Ground truthing global-scale model estimates of groundwater recharge across Africa C. West et al.
- Global analysis of groundwater pumping from increased river capture I. de Graaf et al.
- Assessment of the ParFlow–CLM CONUS 1.0 integrated hydrologic model: evaluation of hyper-resolution water balance components across the contiguous United States M. O'Neill et al.
- Long-term hydro-economic analysis tool for evaluating global groundwater cost and supply: Superwell v1.1 H. Niazi et al.
- HydroBench: Jupyter supported reproducible hydrological model benchmarking and diagnostic tool E. Moges et al.
- A Global-Scale Time Series Dataset for Groundwater Studies within the Earth System A. Bäthge et al.
- Uncertainty in model estimates of global groundwater depth R. Reinecke et al.
- Functional relationships reveal differences in the water cycle representation of global water models S. Gnann et al.
- High resolution US water table depth estimates reveal quantity of accessible groundwater Y. Ma et al.
- Large‐Scale Groundwater Monitoring in Brazil Assisted With Satellite‐Based Artificial Intelligence Techniques C. Renna Camacho et al.
- DECIPHeR-GW v1: a coupled hydrological model with improved representation of surface–groundwater interactions Y. Zheng et al.
- Time-frequency analysis of groundwater depth variation based on the ICA-WTC composite method X. Yin et al.
- Future river exports of nutrients, plastics, and chemicals worldwide under climate-driven hydrological changes M. Bak et al.
- Multi-site deep learning for groundwater level prediction across global datasets: toward scalable applications under data scarcity A. Nolte et al.
- Assessment of pluri-annual and decadal changes in terrestrial water storage predicted by global hydrological models in comparison with the GRACE satellite gravity mission J. Pfeffer et al.
- Ground Truthing Global-Scale Model Estimates of Groundwater Recharge Across Africa C. West et al.
- A high-resolution, 3D groundwater-surface water simulation of the contiguous US: Advances in the integrated ParFlow CONUS 2.0 modeling platform C. Yang et al.
- Past aquifer responses to climate recorded by fossil groundwater A. Seltzer et al.
- The role of secondary data in estimating groundwater levels in the Iberian Peninsula N. Ben-Salem et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 May 2026
Short summary
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface and hydrologic simulations. However, it is challenging to evaluate these simulations because groundwater is
hiddenunderground and thus hard to measure. We suggest using multiple complementary strategies to assess the performance of a model (
model evaluation).
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface...