Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7189-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7189-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
26 Nov 2021
Model evaluation paper |
| 26 Nov 2021
| 26 Nov 2021
A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks on air quality
Kai Wang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern
University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Yang Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern
University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health,
Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College
of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
David C. Wong
Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Jonathan Pleim
Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Rohit Mathur
Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
James T. Kelly
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Michelle Bell
School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New
Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Intercomparison of multiple two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models (WRF v4.1.1–CMAQ v5.3.1, WRF–Chem v4.1.1, and WRF v3.7.1–CHIMERE v2020r1) in eastern China C. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2471-2024
- High-resolution air quality simulations of ozone exceedance events during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study R. Pierce et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9613-2023
- The effectiveness of solar radiation management using fine sea spray across multiple climatic regions Z. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2473-2025
- Updated In-Cloud Secondary Aerosol Production in the Northern Hemisphere Predicted by the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System K. Fahey et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00370
- Multi-scale concurrent modeling of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over greater Boston. Part 1: Methodology and meteorological evaluation Y. Yang & Y. Zhang https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.102777
- Ambient air quality and health impacts of PM 2.5 from US residential wood combustion K. Shlipak et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz0189
- Simulation of Neighborhood‐Scale Air Quality With Two‐Way Coupled WRF‐CMAQ Over Southern Lake Michigan‐Chicago Region A. Montgomery et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037942
- The impact of aerosol-cloud interaction on mesoscale numerical weather prediction when low-cloud and haze coexist in winter over major polluted regions of China W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120270
- Subgrid-scale aerosol–cloud interaction in the atmospheric chemistry model CMA_Meso5.1/CUACE and its impacts on mesoscale meteorology prediction W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9005-2025
- Assessment of quasi-global surface ozone simulations with WRF-chem using multi-dataset evaluation L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128230
- Effects of agricultural sources on air quality in Lahore, Pakistan, based on CMAQ simulation A. Abbasi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-37010-1
- Decoupling the effects of ecological restoration and climate variability on air quality improvement over China's loess plateau: A decade-long observational assessment (2015–2024) Z. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114822
- Aerosol–cloud interaction in the atmospheric chemistry model GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE and its impacts on mesoscale numerical weather prediction under haze pollution conditions in Jing–Jin–Ji in China W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15207-2022
- Deep Learning-Based Medium- and Long-Term Ozone Forecasting for Megacity Shanghai, China Q. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44408-026-00126-1
- Intercomparison of multiple chemical mechanisms in simulating severe haze event over the North China plain Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121439
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Intercomparison of multiple two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models (WRF v4.1.1–CMAQ v5.3.1, WRF–Chem v4.1.1, and WRF v3.7.1–CHIMERE v2020r1) in eastern China C. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2471-2024
- High-resolution air quality simulations of ozone exceedance events during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study R. Pierce et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9613-2023
- The effectiveness of solar radiation management using fine sea spray across multiple climatic regions Z. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2473-2025
- Updated In-Cloud Secondary Aerosol Production in the Northern Hemisphere Predicted by the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System K. Fahey et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00370
- Multi-scale concurrent modeling of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over greater Boston. Part 1: Methodology and meteorological evaluation Y. Yang & Y. Zhang https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.102777
- Ambient air quality and health impacts of PM 2.5 from US residential wood combustion K. Shlipak et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz0189
- Simulation of Neighborhood‐Scale Air Quality With Two‐Way Coupled WRF‐CMAQ Over Southern Lake Michigan‐Chicago Region A. Montgomery et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037942
- The impact of aerosol-cloud interaction on mesoscale numerical weather prediction when low-cloud and haze coexist in winter over major polluted regions of China W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120270
- Subgrid-scale aerosol–cloud interaction in the atmospheric chemistry model CMA_Meso5.1/CUACE and its impacts on mesoscale meteorology prediction W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9005-2025
- Assessment of quasi-global surface ozone simulations with WRF-chem using multi-dataset evaluation L. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128230
- Effects of agricultural sources on air quality in Lahore, Pakistan, based on CMAQ simulation A. Abbasi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-37010-1
- Decoupling the effects of ecological restoration and climate variability on air quality improvement over China's loess plateau: A decade-long observational assessment (2015–2024) Z. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114822
- Aerosol–cloud interaction in the atmospheric chemistry model GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE and its impacts on mesoscale numerical weather prediction under haze pollution conditions in Jing–Jin–Ji in China W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15207-2022
- Deep Learning-Based Medium- and Long-Term Ozone Forecasting for Megacity Shanghai, China Q. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44408-026-00126-1
- Intercomparison of multiple chemical mechanisms in simulating severe haze event over the North China plain Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121439
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 May 2026
Short summary
The two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model accounting for complex chemistry–meteorology feedbacks has been applied to the long-term predictions of regional meteorology and air quality over the US. The model results show superior performance and importance of chemistry–meteorology feedbacks when compared to the offline coupled WRF and CMAQ simulations, which suggests that feedbacks should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.
The two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model accounting for complex chemistry–meteorology feedbacks has...
