Articles | Volume 14, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3511-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3511-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
10 Jun 2021
Model description paper |
| 10 Jun 2021
| 10 Jun 2021
Building indoor model in PALM-4U: indoor climate, energy demand, and the interaction between buildings and the urban microclimate
Jens Pfafferott
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Energy Systems Technology, Offenburg, 77652, Germany
Sascha Rißmann
Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Energy Systems Technology, Offenburg, 77652, Germany
Matthias Sühring
Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Hanover, 30419, Germany
Farah Kanani-Sühring
Harz Energie GmbH & Co. KG, Goslar, 38640, Germany
Björn Maronga
Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Hanover, 30419, Germany
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Cited
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Can Areawide Building Retrofitting Affect the Urban Microclimate? An LES Study for Berlin, Germany B. Maronga et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0216.1
- SanDyPALM v1.0: static and dynamic drivers for the PALM model to facilitate urban microclimate simulations J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6063-2025
- Heat stress resilience assessment of urban form from physical space dimension: A case study of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101905
- Modelling the impact of an urban development project on microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort in a mid-latitude city J. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113324
- A high-resolution urban CO2 transport model with anthropogenic and biogenic fluxes L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6417-2026
- Energy efficiency and hygrothermal performance of hemp clay walls for Moroccan residential buildings: An integrated lab-scale, in-situ and simulation-based assessment N. Es-sakali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121967
- Refrigerant charge fault diagnosis in VRF systems using Kolmogorov-Arnold networks and their convolutional variants: A comparative analysis with traditional models X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115608
- Evaluation of a novel WRF/PALM-4U coupling scheme incorporating a roughness-corrected surface layer representation J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101311
- Static and dynamic glazing integration for enhanced building efficiency and indoor comfort with thermochromic and electrochromic windows N. Es-sakali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102681
- A microscale UV radiation model for urban environments: Model description and evaluation based on measurements M. Sühring et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112961
- Challenges of constructing and selecting the “perfect” boundary conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM J. Radović et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024
- Capability of the building-resolving PALM model system to capture micrometeorological characteristics of an urban environment in Vienna, Austria B. Hollósi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100152
- Performance of PALM-4U/WRF model for simulating the urban meteorology of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia R. Thiruridathil et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102162
- Comparative assessment of evaporator and condenser-side PCM integration via validated reduced-order modeling in building-HVAC systems Y. El Ouakour et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2026.104906
- Multi-scale assessment of urban heat and mitigation strategies using meso-to-micro-scale coupled modelling in a tropical city environment J. Chalakkal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scsadv.2026.100086
- The optimum model of horizontal canopies on reducing building energy consumption K. Almutairi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102519
- Advanced predictive maintenance and fault diagnosis strategy for enhanced HVAC efficiency in buildings N. Es-sakali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123910
- palm_csd 25.10: a processing tool for static input data in the PALM model system S. Schubert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5515-2026
- Adaptation of High Spatio-Temporal Resolution Weather/Load Forecast in Real-World Distributed Energy-System Operation A. Safaei Pirooz et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083477
- Urban microclimate prediction based on weather station data and artificial neural network S. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114283
- Multiscale numerical assessment of urban overheating under climate projections: A review J. Zou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101551
- Towards a Generic Residential Building Model for Heat–Health Warning Systems J. Pfafferott et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413050
- PALM-SLUrb v24.04: a single-layer urban canopy model for the PALM model system – model description and first evaluation S. Karttunen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025
- Rooftop photovoltaics in urban microscale LES modeling: Implementation and validation J. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117511
- Urban microscale simulations based on a Local Climate Zone wizard: Concept and validation using the PALM model system J. Anders & B. Maronga https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102576
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Can Areawide Building Retrofitting Affect the Urban Microclimate? An LES Study for Berlin, Germany B. Maronga et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0216.1
- SanDyPALM v1.0: static and dynamic drivers for the PALM model to facilitate urban microclimate simulations J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6063-2025
- Heat stress resilience assessment of urban form from physical space dimension: A case study of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101905
- Modelling the impact of an urban development project on microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort in a mid-latitude city J. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113324
- A high-resolution urban CO2 transport model with anthropogenic and biogenic fluxes L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6417-2026
- Energy efficiency and hygrothermal performance of hemp clay walls for Moroccan residential buildings: An integrated lab-scale, in-situ and simulation-based assessment N. Es-sakali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121967
- Refrigerant charge fault diagnosis in VRF systems using Kolmogorov-Arnold networks and their convolutional variants: A comparative analysis with traditional models X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115608
- Evaluation of a novel WRF/PALM-4U coupling scheme incorporating a roughness-corrected surface layer representation J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101311
- Static and dynamic glazing integration for enhanced building efficiency and indoor comfort with thermochromic and electrochromic windows N. Es-sakali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102681
- A microscale UV radiation model for urban environments: Model description and evaluation based on measurements M. Sühring et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112961
- Challenges of constructing and selecting the “perfect” boundary conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM J. Radović et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024
- Capability of the building-resolving PALM model system to capture micrometeorological characteristics of an urban environment in Vienna, Austria B. Hollósi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100152
- Performance of PALM-4U/WRF model for simulating the urban meteorology of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia R. Thiruridathil et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102162
- Comparative assessment of evaporator and condenser-side PCM integration via validated reduced-order modeling in building-HVAC systems Y. El Ouakour et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2026.104906
- Multi-scale assessment of urban heat and mitigation strategies using meso-to-micro-scale coupled modelling in a tropical city environment J. Chalakkal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scsadv.2026.100086
- The optimum model of horizontal canopies on reducing building energy consumption K. Almutairi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102519
- Advanced predictive maintenance and fault diagnosis strategy for enhanced HVAC efficiency in buildings N. Es-sakali et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123910
- palm_csd 25.10: a processing tool for static input data in the PALM model system S. Schubert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5515-2026
- Adaptation of High Spatio-Temporal Resolution Weather/Load Forecast in Real-World Distributed Energy-System Operation A. Safaei Pirooz et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083477
- Urban microclimate prediction based on weather station data and artificial neural network S. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114283
- Multiscale numerical assessment of urban overheating under climate projections: A review J. Zou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101551
- Towards a Generic Residential Building Model for Heat–Health Warning Systems J. Pfafferott et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413050
- PALM-SLUrb v24.04: a single-layer urban canopy model for the PALM model system – model description and first evaluation S. Karttunen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025
- Rooftop photovoltaics in urban microscale LES modeling: Implementation and validation J. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117511
- Urban microscale simulations based on a Local Climate Zone wizard: Concept and validation using the PALM model system J. Anders & B. Maronga https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102576
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 22 Jul 2026
Short summary
The building model is integrated via an urban surface model into the urban climate model.
There is a strong interaction between the built environment and the urban climate.
According to the building energy concept, the energy demand results in a waste heat; this is directly transferred to the urban environment.
The impact of buildings on the urban climate is defined by different physical building parameters with different technical facilities for ventilation, heating and cooling.
The building model is integrated via an urban surface model into the urban climate model.
There...
