Articles | Volume 14, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3437-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3437-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
08 Jun 2021
Model evaluation paper |
| 08 Jun 2021
| 08 Jun 2021
Evaluating the physical and biogeochemical state of the global ocean component of UKESM1 in CMIP6 historical simulations
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
Julien Palmiéri
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
Colin G. Jones
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Lee de Mora
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
Till Kuhlbrodt
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
Ekatarina E. Popova
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
A. J. George Nurser
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
Joel Hirschi
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
Adam T. Blaker
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
Andrew C. Coward
National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
Edward W. Blockley
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, UK
Alistair A. Sellar
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, UK
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Cited
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Impact of Spatial Variability in Zooplankton Grazing Rates on Carbon Export Flux S. Meyjes et al.
- NutGEnIE 1.0: nutrient cycle extensions to the cGEnIE Earth system model to examine the long-term influence of nutrients on oceanic primary production D. Stappard et al.
- Persistent Uncertainties in Ocean Net Primary Production Climate Change Projections at Regional Scales Raise Challenges for Assessing Impacts on Ecosystem Services A. Tagliabue et al.
- Evaluation of CMIP6 model performance in simulating historical biogeochemistry across the southern South China Sea W. Marshal et al.
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al.
- UKESM1.1: development and evaluation of an updated configuration of the UK Earth System Model J. Mulcahy et al.
- Biogeochemical and Physical Assessment of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Ocean Components for the Southwest Pacific Ocean G. Rickard et al.
- The simulation of mineral dust in the United Kingdom Earth System Model UKESM1 S. Woodward et al.
- Decreasing importance of carbon-climate feedbacks in the Southern Ocean in a warming climate T. Jarníková et al.
- Biological pump model for water column as a part of Earth-system model I. Chernov et al.
- Global decline in net primary production underestimated by climate models T. Ryan-Keogh et al.
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al.
- Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories R. Fischer et al.
- Evaluation of metrics for assessing dipolar climate patterns in climate models S. Veiga & H. Yuan
- Surface atmospheric forcing as the driver of long-term pathways and timescales of ocean ventilation A. Marzocchi et al.
- Recommendations for the formulation of grazing in marine biogeochemical and ecosystem models T. Rohr et al.
- Zooplankton grazing is the largest source of uncertainty for marine carbon cycling in CMIP6 models T. Rohr et al.
- Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al.
- Optimization of the World Ocean Model of Biogeochemistry and Trophic dynamics (WOMBAT) using surrogate machine learning methods P. Buchanan et al.
- A causality-based method for multi-model comparison: application to relationships between atmospheric, oceanic and marine biogeochemical variables G. Bénard et al.
- Using Global-Scale Earth System Models for Regional Fisheries Applications K. Kearney et al.
- In Situ Particle Measurements Deemphasize the Role of Size in Governing the Sinking Velocity of Marine Particles J. Williams & S. Giering
- Overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic: a review M. Lozier
- The south–north equatorial asymmetrical distribution of Chlorophyll in El Niño events in the observations and CMIP6 models L. Pan et al.
- Influences of Antarctic Ozone Depletion on Southern Ocean Aerosols Y. Bhatti et al.
- Climate change impacts on ocean light in Arctic ecosystems T. Kristiansen et al.
- Physics-informed deep learning reveals climate-driven snowpack decline and threatens ecological water availability in a Californian snow-fed catchment S. Maharjan et al.
- The sensitivity of Southern Ocean atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to modeled oceanic DMS concentrations and emissions Y. Bhatti et al.
- Simulation of the Land and Ocean Carbon Cycle with the INM-CM6 Earth System Model A. Chernenkov et al.
- The Antarctic contribution to 21st-century sea-level rise predicted by the UK Earth System Model with an interactive ice sheet A. Siahaan et al.
- Assessment and Constraint of Mesozooplankton in CMIP6 Earth System Models C. Petrik et al.
- An Assessment of the Oceanic Physical and Biogeochemical Components of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models for the Ross Sea Region G. Rickard et al.
- Simulations of ocean deoxygenation in the historical era: insights from forced and coupled models Y. Takano et al.
33 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Impact of Spatial Variability in Zooplankton Grazing Rates on Carbon Export Flux S. Meyjes et al.
- NutGEnIE 1.0: nutrient cycle extensions to the cGEnIE Earth system model to examine the long-term influence of nutrients on oceanic primary production D. Stappard et al.
- Persistent Uncertainties in Ocean Net Primary Production Climate Change Projections at Regional Scales Raise Challenges for Assessing Impacts on Ecosystem Services A. Tagliabue et al.
- Evaluation of CMIP6 model performance in simulating historical biogeochemistry across the southern South China Sea W. Marshal et al.
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al.
- UKESM1.1: development and evaluation of an updated configuration of the UK Earth System Model J. Mulcahy et al.
- Biogeochemical and Physical Assessment of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Ocean Components for the Southwest Pacific Ocean G. Rickard et al.
- The simulation of mineral dust in the United Kingdom Earth System Model UKESM1 S. Woodward et al.
- Decreasing importance of carbon-climate feedbacks in the Southern Ocean in a warming climate T. Jarníková et al.
- Biological pump model for water column as a part of Earth-system model I. Chernov et al.
- Global decline in net primary production underestimated by climate models T. Ryan-Keogh et al.
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al.
- Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories R. Fischer et al.
- Evaluation of metrics for assessing dipolar climate patterns in climate models S. Veiga & H. Yuan
- Surface atmospheric forcing as the driver of long-term pathways and timescales of ocean ventilation A. Marzocchi et al.
- Recommendations for the formulation of grazing in marine biogeochemical and ecosystem models T. Rohr et al.
- Zooplankton grazing is the largest source of uncertainty for marine carbon cycling in CMIP6 models T. Rohr et al.
- Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al.
- Optimization of the World Ocean Model of Biogeochemistry and Trophic dynamics (WOMBAT) using surrogate machine learning methods P. Buchanan et al.
- A causality-based method for multi-model comparison: application to relationships between atmospheric, oceanic and marine biogeochemical variables G. Bénard et al.
- Using Global-Scale Earth System Models for Regional Fisheries Applications K. Kearney et al.
- In Situ Particle Measurements Deemphasize the Role of Size in Governing the Sinking Velocity of Marine Particles J. Williams & S. Giering
- Overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic: a review M. Lozier
- The south–north equatorial asymmetrical distribution of Chlorophyll in El Niño events in the observations and CMIP6 models L. Pan et al.
- Influences of Antarctic Ozone Depletion on Southern Ocean Aerosols Y. Bhatti et al.
- Climate change impacts on ocean light in Arctic ecosystems T. Kristiansen et al.
- Physics-informed deep learning reveals climate-driven snowpack decline and threatens ecological water availability in a Californian snow-fed catchment S. Maharjan et al.
- The sensitivity of Southern Ocean atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to modeled oceanic DMS concentrations and emissions Y. Bhatti et al.
- Simulation of the Land and Ocean Carbon Cycle with the INM-CM6 Earth System Model A. Chernenkov et al.
- The Antarctic contribution to 21st-century sea-level rise predicted by the UK Earth System Model with an interactive ice sheet A. Siahaan et al.
- Assessment and Constraint of Mesozooplankton in CMIP6 Earth System Models C. Petrik et al.
- An Assessment of the Oceanic Physical and Biogeochemical Components of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models for the Ross Sea Region G. Rickard et al.
- Simulations of ocean deoxygenation in the historical era: insights from forced and coupled models Y. Takano et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 May 2026
Short summary
The ocean plays a key role in modulating the Earth’s climate. Understanding this role is critical when using models to project future climate change. Consequently, it is necessary to evaluate their realism against the ocean's observed state. Here we validate UKESM1, a new Earth system model, focusing on the realism of its ocean physics and circulation, as well as its biological cycles and productivity. While we identify biases, generally the model performs well over a wide range of properties.
The ocean plays a key role in modulating the Earth’s climate. Understanding this role is...
