Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1615-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1615-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Seasonal and diurnal performance of daily forecasts with WRF V3.8.1 over the United Arab Emirates
Oliver Branch
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, 70593
Stuttgart, Germany
Thomas Schwitalla
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, 70593
Stuttgart, Germany
Marouane Temimi
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering (CEOE),
Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA
Ricardo Fonseca
Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
Narendra Nelli
Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
Michael Weston
Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
Josipa Milovac
Meteorology Group, Instituto de Física de
Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Volker Wulfmeyer
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, 70593
Stuttgart, Germany
Related authors
Syed Saqlain Abbas, Andreas Behrendt, Oliver Branch, and Volker Wulfmeyer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3878, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates turbulence statistics convective boundary layer. For this, we used data of two Doppler lidars, and an eddy covariance station between May to July 2021. We believe that these statistics are important to improve the land-atmosphere characterization in numerical weather prediction models.
Oliver Branch, Lisa Jach, Thomas Schwitalla, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 109–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the United Arab Emirates, water scarcity is reaching a crisis point, and new methods for obtaining freshwater are urgently needed. Regional climate engineering with large artificial heat islands can enhance desert precipitation by increasing cloud development. Through model simulation, we show that heat islands of 20 × 20 km or larger can potentially produce enough annual rainfall to supply thousands of people. Thus, artificial heat islands should be made a high priority for further research.
Lisa Jach, Thomas Schwitalla, Oliver Branch, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 109–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-109-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The land surface can influence the occurrence of local rainfall through different feedback mechanisms. In Europe, this happens most frequently in summer. Here, we examine how differences in atmospheric temperature and moisture change where and how often the land surface can influence rainfall. The results show that the differences barely move the region of strong surface influence over Scandinavia and eastern Europe, but they can change the frequency of coupling events.
Thomas Schwitalla, Lisa Jach, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Kirsten Warrach-Sagi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1405–1424, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During recent decades, Europe has experienced increasing periods of severe drought and heatwave. To provide an overview of how land-surface conditions shape land–atmosphere (LA) coupling, the interannual LA coupling strength variability for the summer seasons of 1991–2022 is investigated by means of ERA5 data. The results clearly reflect ongoing climate change by a shift in the coupling relationships towards reinforced heating and drying by the land surface.
Yesobu Yarragunta, Diana Francis, Ricardo Fonseca, and Narendra Nelli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1685–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1685-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1685-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) in simulating air pollutants over the United Arab Emirates using satellite observations. The model accurately captured ozone and carbon monoxide but showed discrepancies for nitrogen dioxide. WRF-Chem was moderately correlated with aerosol optical depth observations and performed well in simulating meteorological parameters, demonstrating its suitability for atmospheric modelling.
Diana Francis, Ricardo Fonseca, Narendra Nelli, Petra Heil, Jonathan Wille, Irina Gorodetskaya, and Robert Massom
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3535, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3535, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of atmospheric rivers and associated atmospheric dynamics on sea-ice thickness and snow depth at a coastal site in East Antarctica during July–November 2022 using in-situ measurements and numerical modelling. The passage of an atmospheric river induced a reduction of up to 0.06 m in both fields. Precipitation occurred from the convergence of katabatic winds with advected low-latitude moist air.
Syed Saqlain Abbas, Andreas Behrendt, Oliver Branch, and Volker Wulfmeyer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3878, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3878, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates turbulence statistics convective boundary layer. For this, we used data of two Doppler lidars, and an eddy covariance station between May to July 2021. We believe that these statistics are important to improve the land-atmosphere characterization in numerical weather prediction models.
Volker Wulfmeyer, Christoph Senff, Florian Späth, Andreas Behrendt, Diego Lange, Robert M. Banta, W. Alan Brewer, Andreas Wieser, and David D. Turner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1175–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A simultaneous deployment of Doppler, temperature, and water-vapor lidar systems is used to provide profiles of molecular destruction rates and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The results can be used for the parameterization of turbulent variables, TKE budget analyses, and the verification of weather forecast and climate models.
Oliver Branch, Lisa Jach, Thomas Schwitalla, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 109–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-109-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the United Arab Emirates, water scarcity is reaching a crisis point, and new methods for obtaining freshwater are urgently needed. Regional climate engineering with large artificial heat islands can enhance desert precipitation by increasing cloud development. Through model simulation, we show that heat islands of 20 × 20 km or larger can potentially produce enough annual rainfall to supply thousands of people. Thus, artificial heat islands should be made a high priority for further research.
Diana Francis, Ricardo Fonseca, Kyle S. Mattingly, Stef Lhermitte, and Catherine Walker
The Cryosphere, 17, 3041–3062, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3041-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3041-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Role of Foehn Winds in ice and snow conditions at the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica.
Rachid Abida, Narendra Nelli, Diana Francis, Olivier Masson, Ricardo Fonseca, Emmanuel Bosc, and Marouane Temimi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-956, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-956, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first application of the Eddy Covariance (EC) framework to measure the fog droplet deposition velocity in a hyperarid coastal site. The average deposition velocity of fog droplets is around 3 cm s-1. The ratio of the time-integrated ground deposition of 137Cs under foggy conditions to that under clear sky conditions, showed that the fog contributed to the total ground deposition of 137Cs by up to 40 %.
Florian Späth, Verena Rajtschan, Tobias K. D. Weber, Shehan Morandage, Diego Lange, Syed Saqlain Abbas, Andreas Behrendt, Joachim Ingwersen, Thilo Streck, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 12, 25–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-25-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-25-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Important topics in land–atmosphere feedback research are water and energy balances and heterogeneities of fluxes at the land surface and in the atmosphere. To target these questions, the Land–Atmosphere Feedback Observatory (LAFO) has been installed in Germany. The instrumentation allows for comprehensive measurements from the bedrock to the troposphere. The LAFO observation strategy aims for simultaneous measurements in all three compartments: atmosphere, soil and land surface, and vegetation.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Markus Augenstein, Georgy Ayzel, Klemens Barfus, Ribu Cherian, Lisa Dillenardt, Felix Fauer, Hendrik Feldmann, Maik Heistermann, Alexia Karwat, Frank Kaspar, Heidi Kreibich, Etor Emanuel Lucio-Eceiza, Edmund P. Meredith, Susanna Mohr, Deborah Niermann, Stephan Pfahl, Florian Ruff, Henning W. Rust, Lukas Schoppa, Thomas Schwitalla, Stella Steidl, Annegret H. Thieken, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Johannes Quaas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3701–3724, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In a warming climate, extreme precipitation events are becoming more frequent. To advance our knowledge on such phenomena, we present a multidisciplinary analysis of a selected case study that took place on 29 June 2017 in the Berlin metropolitan area. Our analysis provides evidence of the extremeness of the case from the atmospheric and the impacts perspectives as well as new insights on the physical mechanisms of the event at the meteorological and climate scales.
Michael John Weston, Stuart John Piketh, Frédéric Burnet, Stephen Broccardo, Cyrielle Denjean, Thierry Bourrianne, and Paola Formenti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10221–10245, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An aerosol-aware microphysics scheme is evaluated for fog cases in Namibia. AEROCLO-sA campaign observations are used to access and parameterise the model. The model cloud condensation nuclei activation is lower than the observations. The scheme is designed for clouds with updrafts, while fog typically forms in stable conditions. A pseudo updraft speed assigned to the lowest model levels helps achieve more realistic cloud droplet number concentration and size distribution in the model.
Tobias K. D. Weber, Joachim Ingwersen, Petra Högy, Arne Poyda, Hans-Dieter Wizemann, Michael Scott Demyan, Kristina Bohm, Ravshan Eshonkulov, Sebastian Gayler, Pascal Kremer, Moritz Laub, Yvonne Funkiun Nkwain, Christian Troost, Irene Witte, Tim Reichenau, Thomas Berger, Georg Cadisch, Torsten Müller, Andreas Fangmeier, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Thilo Streck
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1153–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1153-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1153-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Presented are measurement results from six agricultural fields operated by local farmers in southwestern Germany over 9 years. Six eddy-covariance stations measuring water, energy, and carbon fluxes between the vegetated soil surface and the atmosphere provided the backbone of the measurement sites and were supplemented by extensive soil and vegetation state monitoring. The dataset is ideal for testing process models characterizing fluxes at the vegetated soil surface and in the atmosphere.
Lisa Jach, Thomas Schwitalla, Oliver Branch, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 109–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-109-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The land surface can influence the occurrence of local rainfall through different feedback mechanisms. In Europe, this happens most frequently in summer. Here, we examine how differences in atmospheric temperature and moisture change where and how often the land surface can influence rainfall. The results show that the differences barely move the region of strong surface influence over Scandinavia and eastern Europe, but they can change the frequency of coupling events.
Chang-Hwan Park, Aaron Berg, Michael H. Cosh, Andreas Colliander, Andreas Behrendt, Hida Manns, Jinkyu Hong, Johan Lee, Runze Zhang, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6407–6420, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we proposed an inversion of the dielectric mixing model for a 50 Hz soil sensor for agricultural organic soil. This model can reflect the variability of soil organic matter (SOM) in wilting point and porosity, which play a critical role in improving the accuracy of SM estimation, using a dielectric-based soil sensor. The results of statistical analyses demonstrated a higher performance of the new model than the factory setting probe algorithm.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Youssef Wehbe, Sarah A. Tessendorf, Courtney Weeks, Roelof Bruintjes, Lulin Xue, Roy Rasmussen, Paul Lawson, Sarah Woods, and Marouane Temimi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12543–12560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12543-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12543-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The role of dust aerosols as ice-nucleating particles is well established in the literature, whereas their role as cloud condensation nuclei is less understood, particularly in polluted desert environments. We analyze coincident aerosol size distributions and cloud particle imagery collected over the UAE with a research aircraft. Despite the presence of ultra-giant aerosol sizes associated with dust, an active collision–coalescence process is not observed within the limited depths of warm cloud.
Ricardo Fonseca, Diana Francis, Michael Weston, Narendra Nelli, Sufian Farah, Youssef Wehbe, Taha AlHosari, Oriol Teixido, and Ruqaya Mohamed
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-597, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-597, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
High-sensitivity of summer convection and precipitation over the United Arab Emirates to aerosols properties and loadings.
Diana Francis, Kyle S. Mattingly, Stef Lhermitte, Marouane Temimi, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 15, 2147–2165, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unexpected September 2019 calving event from the Amery Ice Shelf, the largest since 1963 and which occurred almost a decade earlier than expected, was triggered by atmospheric extremes. Explosive twin polar cyclones provided a deterministic role in this event by creating oceanward sea surface slope triggering the calving. The observed record-anomalous atmospheric conditions were promoted by blocking ridges and Antarctic-wide anomalous poleward transport of heat and moisture.
Thomas Schwitalla, Hans-Stefan Bauer, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, Thomas Bönisch, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4575–4597, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A prototype of an air quality forecasting system (AQFS) on a turbulence-permitting (TP) horizontal resolution of 50 m is developed. AQFS is based on the WRF-Chem model and uses high-resolution emission data from different pollution sources. A simulation case study of a typical winter day in south Germany serves as a test bed. Results indicate that the complex topography plays an important role for the horizontal and vertical pollution distribution over the Stuttgart metropolitan area.
Cited articles
Al Azhar, M., Temimi, M., Zhao, J., and Ghedira, H.: Modeling of circulation
in the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman: Skill assessment and seasonal
thermohaline structure, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 1700–1720,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011038, 2016.
Albergel, C., de Rosnay, P., Balsamo, G., Isaksen, L., and Muñoz-Sabater,
J.: Soil Moisture Analyses at ECMWF: Evaluation Using Global Ground-Based In
Situ Observations, J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 1442–1460,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-0107.1, 2012.
Aldababseh, A. and Temimi, M.: Analysis of the Long-Term Variability of Poor
Visibility Events in the UAE and the Link with Climate Dynamics, Atmosphere
(Basel), 8, 242, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8120242, 2017.
AlEbri, M., Arman, H., and Shalaby, A.: The Impact of El Nino and La Nina on
the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Rainfall, Gen. Sci. Res., 4, 5–10,
https://doi.org/10.21828/gsr-04-01-002, 2016.
Almazroui, M.: Temperature Variability over Saudi Arabia and its Association
with Global Climate Indices, JKAU Met, Env. Arid L. Agric. Sci, 23,
85–108, https://doi.org/10.4197/Met, 2012.
Anthes, R. A.: Enhancement of Convective Precipitation by Mesoscale
Variations in Vegetative Covering in Semiarid Regions, J. Clim. Appl.
Meteorol., 23, 541–554, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0541:EOCPBM>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Balsamo, G., Beljaars, A., Scipal, K., Viterbo, P., van den Hurk, B.,
Hirschi, M., and Betts, A. K.: A Revised Hydrology for the ECMWF Model:
Verification from Field Site to Terrestrial Water Storage and Impact in the
Integrated Forecast System, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 623–643,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM1068.1, 2009.
Bauer, H. S., Weusthoff, T., Dorninger, M., Wulfmeyer, V., Schwitalla, T.,
Gorgas, T., Arpagaus, M., and Warrach-Sagi, K.: Predictive skill of a subset
of models participating in D-PHASE in the COPS region, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 137, 287–305, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.715, 2011.
Bauer, H.-S., Schwitalla, T., Wulfmeyer, V., Bakhshaii, A., Ehret, U.,
Neuper, M., and Caumont, O.: Quantitative precipitation estimation based on
high-resolution numerical weather prediction and data assimilation with WRF
– a performance test, Tellus A, 67, 25047,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.25047, 2015.
Becker, K., Wulfmeyer, V., Berger, T., Gebel, J., and Münch, W.: Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation, Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 237–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-237-2013, 2013.
Böer, B.: An introduction to the climate of the United Arab Emirates, J.
Arid Environ., 35, 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1996.0162, 1997.
Branch, O. and Wulfmeyer, V.: Deliberate enhancement of rainfall using
desert plantations, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 18841–18847,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904754116, 2019.
Branch, O., Warrach-Sagi, K., Wulfmeyer, V., and Cohen, S.: Simulation of semi-arid biomass plantations and irrigation using the WRF-NOAH model – a comparison with observations from Israel, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1761–1783, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1761-2014, 2014.
Branch, O., Behrendt, A., Gong, Z., Schwitalla, T., and Wulfmeyer, V.:
Convection Initiation over the Eastern Arabian Peninsula, Meteorol.
Z., 29, 67–77, https://doi.org/10.1127/METZ/2019/0997, 2020a.
Branch, O., Wulfmeyer, V., Schwitalla, T., Temimi, M., Fonseca, R., Nelli, N., and Milovac, J.: Scripts for publication “Seasonal and diurnal performance of daily forecasts with WRF-NOAHMP over the United Arab Emirates”, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3894491, 2020b.
Branch, O., Wulfmeyer, V., Schwitalla, T., Temimi, M., Fonseca, R., Nelli, N., and Milovac, J.: Verification datasets for publication “Seasonal and diurnal performance of daily forecasts with WRF-NOAHMP over the United Arab Emirates” [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3894544, 2020c.
Branch, O., Temimi, M., Schwitalla, T., Fonseca, R., Nelli, N., Weston, M., and Wulfmeyer, V.: MET tools statistics dataset used for publication “Seasonal and diurnal performance of daily forecasts with WRF-NOAHMP over the United Arab Emirates” [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4004195, 2020d.
Brown, B., Jensen, T., Gotway, J. H., Bullock, R., Gilleland, E., Fowler,
T., Newman, K., Adriaansen, D., Blank, L., Burek, T., Harrold, M., Hertneky,
T., Kalb, C., Kucera, P., Nance, L., Opatz, J., Vigh, J., and Wolff, J.: The
Model Evaluation Tools (MET): More than a decade of community-supported
forecast verification, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 1–68,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0093.1, 2020.
Bruintjes, R. and Yates, D.: Report on review and assessment of the
potential for cloud seeding to enhance rain- fall in the Sultanate of Oman
– NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 2003.
Chandran, A., Basha, G., and Ouarda, T. B. M. J.: Influence of climate
oscillations on temperature and precipitation over the United Arab Emirates,
Int. J. Climatol., 36, 225–235, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4339, 2016.
Chaouch, N., Temimi, M., Weston, M., and Ghedira, H.: Sensitivity of the
meteorological model WRF-ARW to planetary boundary layer schemes during fog
conditions in a coastal arid region, Atmos. Res., 187, 106–127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.12.009, 2017.
Chowdhury, R., Mohamed, M. M. A., and Murad, A.: ScienceDirect Variability of
Extreme Hydro-Climate Parameters in the North-Eastern Region of United Arab
Emirates, Procedia Eng., 154, 639–644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.563,
2016.
Coppola, E., Sobolowski, S., Pichelli, E., Raffaele, F., Ahrens, B., Anders,
I., Ban, N., Bastin, S., Belda, M., Belusic, D., Caldas-Alvarez, A.,
Cardoso, R. M., Davolio, S., Dobler, A., Fernandez, J., Fita, L., Fumiere,
Q., Giorgi, F., Goergen, K., Güttler, I., Halenka, T., Heinzeller, D.,
Hodnebrog, Jacob, D., Kartsios, S., Katragkou, E., Kendon, E., Khodayar, S.,
Kunstmann, H., Knist, S., Lavín-Gullón, A., Lind, P., Lorenz, T.,
Maraun, D., Marelle, L., van Meijgaard, E., Milovac, J., Myhre, G., Panitz,
H. J., Piazza, M., Raffa, M., Raub, T., Rockel, B., Schär, C., Sieck,
K., Soares, P. M. M., Somot, S., Srnec, L., Stocchi, P., Tölle, M. H.,
Truhetz, H., Vautard, R., de Vries, H., and Warrach-Sagi, K.: A
first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for
investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean, Clim.
Dynam., 55, 3–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8, 2020.
Danielson, J. J. and Gesch, D. B.: Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation
Data 2010 (GMTED2010), available at:
http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/GMTED2010 (last access: 18 May
2020), 2011.
Donlon, C. J., Martin, M., Stark, J., Roberts-Jones, J., Fiedler, E., and
Wimmer, W.: The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis
(OSTIA) system, Remote Sens. Environ., 116, 140–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.10.017, 2012.
Eager, R. E., Raman, S., Wootten, A., Westphal, D. L., Reid, J. S., and
Mandoos, A. Al: A climatological study of the sea and land breezes in the
Arabian Gulf region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009710, 2008.
Esri: ArcGIS V10.5 software, available at: https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/overview, last access: 15 March 2021.
Fekih, A. and Mohamed, A.: Evaluation of the WRF model on simulating the
vertical structure and diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer over
Bordj Badji Mokhtar (southwestern Algeria), J. King Saud Univ.-Sci.,
31, 602–611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.12.004, 2017.
Feng, S., Hu, Q., Huang, W., Ho, C. H., Li, R. and Tang, Z.: Projected
climate regime shift under future global warming from multi-model,
multi-scenario CMIP5 simulations, Global Planet. Change, 112, 41–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.11.002, 2014.
Figueroa-Espinoza, B., Salles, P., and Zavala-Hidalgo, J.: On the wind power
potential in the northwest of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, Atmosfera,
27, 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0187-6236(14)71102-6, 2014.
Foken, T.: 50 years of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, Bound.-Lay.
Meteorol., 119, 431–447, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9048-6, 2006.
Fonseca, R., Temimi, M., Thota, M. S., Nelli, N. R., Weston, M. J., Suzuki,
K., Uchida, J., Kumar, K. N., Branch, O., Wehbe, Y., Al Hosari, T., Al
Shamsi, N., and Shalaby, A.: On the Analysis of the Performance of WRF and
NICAM in a Hyperarid Environment, Weather Forecast., 35, 891–919,
https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0210.1, 2020.
Gutowski Jr., W. J., Giorgi, F., Timbal, B., Frigon, A., Jacob, D., Kang, H.-S., Raghavan, K., Lee, B., Lennard, C., Nikulin, G., O'Rourke, E., Rixen, M., Solman, S., Stephenson, T., and Tangang, F.: WCRP COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX): a diagnostic MIP for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4087–4095, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4087-2016, 2016.
Hahmann, A. N., Vincent, C. L., Peña, A., Lange, J., and Hasager, C. B.:
Wind climate estimation using WRF model output: method and model
sensitivities over the sea, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 3422–3439,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4217, 2015.
Hong, S.-Y., Noh, Y., and Dudhia, J.: A New Vertical Diffusion Package with
an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 134,
2318–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1, 2006.
Huang, J., Li, Y., Fu, C., Chen, F., Fu, Q., Dai, A., Shinoda, M., Ma, Z.,
Guo, W., Li, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Yu, H., He, Y., Xie, Y., Guan, X., Ji,
M., Lin, L., Wang, S., Yan, H., and Wang, G.: Dryland climate change: Recent
progress and challenges, Rev. Geophys., 55, 719–778,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000550, 2017.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S.
A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases:
Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
Inness, A., Baier, F., Benedetti, A., Bouarar, I., Chabrillat, S., Clark, H., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P., Engelen, R. J., Errera, Q., Flemming, J., George, M., Granier, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Huijnen, V., Hurtmans, D., Jones, L., Kaiser, J. W., Kapsomenakis, J., Lefever, K., Leitão, J., Razinger, M., Richter, A., Schultz, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Suttie, M., Stein, O., Thépaut, J.-N., Thouret, V., Vrekoussis, M., Zerefos, C., and the MACC team: The MACC reanalysis: an 8 yr data set of atmospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4073–4109, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4073-2013, 2013.
Jacob, D., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S., Katragkou, E., Anders, I., Belda,
M., Benestad, R., Boberg, F., Buonomo, E., Cardoso, R. M., Casanueva, A.,
Christensen, O. B., Christensen, J. H., Coppola, E., De Cruz, L., Davin, E.
L., Dobler, A., Domínguez, M., Fealy, R., Fernandez, J., Gaertner, M.
A., García-Díez, M., Giorgi, F., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K.,
Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Alemán, J. J. G., Gutiérrez, C.,
Gutiérrez, J. M., Güttler, I., Haensler, A., Halenka, T., Jerez, S.,
Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Jones, R. G., Keuler, K., Kjellström, E.,
Knist, S., Kotlarski, S., Maraun, D., van Meijgaard, E., Mercogliano, P.,
Montávez, J. P., Navarra, A., Nikulin, G., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N.,
Panitz, H. J., Pfeifer, S., Piazza, M., Pichelli, E., Pietikäinen, J.
P., Prein, A. F., Preuschmann, S., Rechid, D., Rockel, B., Romera, R.,
Sánchez, E., Sieck, K., Soares, P. M. M., Somot, S., Srnec, L.,
Sørland, S. L., Termonia, P., Truhetz, H., Vautard, R., Warrach-Sagi, K.,
and Wulfmeyer, V.: Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives
from the EURO-CORDEX community, Reg. Environ. Chang., 20, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01606-9, 2020.
Jiménez, P. A., Dudhia, J., González-Rouco, J. F., Navarro, J.,
Montávez, J. P., and García-Bustamante, E.: A Revised Scheme for the
WRF Surface Layer Formulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 898–918,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00056.1, 2012.
Karagulian, F., Temimi, M., Ghebreyesus, D., Weston, M., Kondapalli, N. K.,
Valappil, V. K., Aldababesh, A., Lyapustin, A., Chaouch, N., Al Hammadi, F.
and Al Abdooli, A.: Analysis of a severe dust storm and its impact on air
quality conditions using WRF-Chem modeling, satellite imagery, and ground
observations, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 12, 453–470,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00674-z, 2019.
Koster, R. D., Guo, Z., Dirmeyer, P. A., Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox, P.,
Davies, H., Gordon, C. T., Kanae, S., Kowalczyk, E., Lawrence, D., Liu, P.,
Malyshev, S., Mcavaney, B., Mitchell, K., Mocko, D., Oki, T., Oleson, K. W.,
Pitman, A., Sud, Y. C., Taylor, C. M., Verseghy, D., Vasic, R., Xue, Y. and
Yamada, T.: GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part I: Overview, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 590–610, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM510.1, 2006.
Lelieveld, J., Proestos, Y., Hadjinicolaou, P., Tanarhte, M., Tyrlis, E., and
Zittis, G.: Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North
Africa (MENA) in the 21st century, Climatic Change, 137, 245–260,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1665-6, 2016.
L'Heureux, M. L., Takahashi, K., Watkins, A. B., Barnston, A. G., Becker, E.
J., Di Liberto, T. E., Gamble, F., Gottschalck, J., Halpert, M. S., Huang,
B., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., and Wittenberg, A. T.: Observing and Predicting
the 2015/16 El Niño, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1363–1382,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0009.1, 2017.
Lo, J. C.-F., Yang, Z.-L., and Pielke, R. A.: Assessment of three dynamical
climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)
model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D09112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009216, 2008.
Lu, J., Vecchi, G. A., and Reichler, T.: Expansion of the Hadley cell under
global warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06805,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028443, 2007.
Mahmood, R., Pielke, R. A., Hubbard, K. G., Niyogi, D., Dirmeyer, P. A.,
Mcalpine, C., Carleton, A. M., Hale, R., Gameda, S., Beltrán-Przekurat,
A., Baker, B., Mcnider, R., Legates, D. R., Shepherd, M., Du, J., Blanken,
P. D., Frauenfeld, O. W., Nair, U. S., and Fall, S.: Land cover changes and
their biogeophysical effects on climate, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 929–953,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3736, 2014.
Milovac, J., Warrach-Sagi, K., Behrendt, A., Späth, F., Ingwersen, J.,
and Wulfmeyer, V.: Investigation of PBL schemes combining the WRF model
simulations with scanning water vapor differential absorption lidar
measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 624–649,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023927, 2016.
Milovac, J., Ingwersen, J., and Warrach-Sagi, K.: Global top soil texture
data compatible with the WRF model based on the Harmonized World Soil
Database (HWSD) at 30 arc-second horizontal resolution Version 1.21, available at:
https://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/cerasearch/entry?acronym=WRF_NOAH_HWSD_world_TOP_ST_v121 (last access: 15 August 2021), 2018.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S.
A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated
correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102,
16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd00237, 1997.
Moody, E. G., King, M. D., Platnick, S., Schaaf, C. B., and Gao, F.:
Spatially complete global spectral surface albedos: Value-added datasets
derived from terra MODIS land products, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
43, 144–157, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.838359, 2005.
Nakanishi, M. and Niino, H.: An improved Mellor-Yamada Level-3 model: Its
numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection
fog, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 119, 397–407,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8, 2006.
Nelli, N. R., Temimi, M., Fonseca, R. M., Weston, M. J., Thota, M. S.,
Valappil, V. K., Branch, O., Wulfmeyer, V., Wehbe, Y., Al Hosary, T.,
Shalaby, A., Al Shamsi, N., and Al Naqbi, H.: Impact of Roughness Length on
WRF Simulated Land-Atmosphere Interactions Over a Hyper-Arid Region, Earth
Sp. Sci., 7, e2020EA001165, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ea001165, 2020a.
Nelli, N. R., Temimi, M., Fonseca, R. M., Weston, M. J., Thota, M. S.,
Valappil, V. K., Branch, O., Wizemann, H. D., Wulfmeyer, V., and Wehbe, Y.:
Micrometeorological measurements in an arid environment: Diurnal
characteristics and surface energy balance closure, Atmos. Res., 234,
104745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104745, 2020b.
Nielson, J., Ebba, D., Hahmann, A. N. and Boegh, E.: Representing vegetation
processes in hydrometeorological simulations using the WRF mode,
available at:
https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/69208136/JoakimRefslundThesis.pdf (last access: 15 March 2021), 2013.
Niu, G.-Y.: The community Noah land surface model (LSM) with Multi-physics
options, USer Guide, Heritage, 1–21, 2011.
Niu, G. Y., Yang, Z. L., Mitchell, K. E., Chen, F., Ek, M. B., Barlage, M.,
Kumar, A., Manning, K., Niyogi, D., Rosero, E., Tewari, M., and Xia, Y.: The
community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options
(Noah-MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale
measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139, 2011.
OriginLab Corporation: Originlab, Origin(Pro), Version 9.7.0.185, Northampton, MA, USA available at: https://www.originlab.com/index.aspx?go=Products/Origin, last access: 15 March 2021.
Pielkel, R. and Avissar, R.: Influence of landscape structure on local and
regional climate, Landsc. Ecol., 4, 133–155, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00132857,
1990.
Powers, J. G., Klemp, J. B., Skamarock, W. C., Davis, C. A., Dudhia, J.,
Gill, D. O., Coen, J. L., Gochis, D. J., Ahmadov, R., Peckham, S. E., Grell,
G. A., Michalakes, J., Trahan, S., Benjamin, S. G., Alexander, C. R.,
Dimego, G. J., Wang, W., Schwartz, C. S., Romine, G. S., Liu, Z., Snyder,
C., Chen, F., Barlage, M. J., Yu, W., and Duda, M. G.: The weather research
and forecasting model: Overview, system efforts, and future directions,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 1717–1737, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1,
2017.
Prein, A. F. and Gobiet, A.: Impacts of uncertainties in European gridded
precipitation observations on regional climate analysis, Int. J. Climatol.,
37, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4706, 2017.
Prein, A. F., Langhans, W., Fosser, G., Ferrone, A., Ban, N., Goergen, K.,
Keller, M., Tölle, M., Gutjahr, O., Feser, F., Brisson, E., Kollet, S.,
Schmidli, J., Van Lipzig, N. P. M., and Leung, R.: A review on regional
convection-permitting climate modeling: Demonstrations, prospects, and
challenges, Rev. Geophys., 53, 323–361, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000475, 2015.
Quan, J., Di, Z., Duan, Q., Gong, W., Wang, C., Gan, Y., Ye, A., and Miao,
C.: An evaluation of parametric sensitivities of different meteorological
variables simulated by the WRF model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142,
2925–2934, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2885, 2016.
Schwitalla, T., Bauer, H. S., Wulfmeyer, V., and Aoshima, F.: High-resolution
simulation over central Europe: Assimilation experiments during COPS IOP 9c,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 156–175, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.721, 2011.
Schwitalla, T., Bauer, H.-S., Wulfmeyer, V., and Warrach-Sagi, K.: Continuous high-resolution midlatitude-belt simulations for July–August 2013 with WRF, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2031–2055, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2031-2017, 2017.
Schwitalla, T., Branch, O., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Sensitivity study of the
planetary boundary layer and microphysical schemes to the initialization of
convection over the Arabian Peninsula, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146,
846–869, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3711, 2020.
Sherif, M., Almulla, M., Shetty, A., and Chowdhury, R. K.: Analysis of
rainfall, PMP and drought in the United Arab Emirates, Int. J. Climatol.,
34, 1318–1328, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3768, 2014.
Shimada, S., Ohsawa, T., Chikaoka, S., and Kozai, K.: Accuracy of the wind
speed profile in the lower PBL as simulated by the WRF model, Sci. Online
Lett. Atmos., 7, 109–112, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2011-028, 2011.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M.,
Duda, M. G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A Description of the
Advanced Research WRF Version 3, https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MV, 2008.
Smith, V. H., Mobbs, S. D., Burton, R. R., Hobby, M., Aoshima, F.,
Wulfmeyer, V., and Di Girolamo, P.: The role of orography in the regeneration
of convection: A case study from the convective and orographically-induced
precipitation study, Meteorol. Z., 24, 83–97,
https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2014/0418, 2014.
Sørland, S. L., Schär, C., Lüthi, D., and Kjellström, E.: Bias
patterns and climate change signals in GCM-RCM model chains, Environ. Res.
Lett., 13, 074017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacc77, 2018.
Steinhoff, D. F., Bruintjes, R., Hackera, J., Keller, T., Williams, C.,
Jensen, T., Al Mandous, A., and Al Yazeedi, O. A.: Influences of the monsoon
trough and Arabian heat low on summer rainfall over the United Arab
Emirates, Mon. Weather Rev., 146, 1383–1403,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0296.1, 2018.
The NCAR Command Language (Version 6.6.2): Software,
Boulder, Colorado, UCAR/NCAR/CISL/TDD, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6WD3XH5, 2019.
Thompson, G. and Eidhammer, T.: A Study of Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and
Precipitation Development in a Large Winter Cyclone, J. Atmos. Sci., 71,
3636–3658, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0305.1, 2014.
Valappil, V. K., Temimi, M., Weston, M., Fonseca, R., Nelli, N. R., Thota,
M., and Kumar, K. N.: Assessing Bias Correction Methods in Support of
Operational Weather Forecast in Arid Environment, Asia-Pacific J. Atmos.
Sci., 56, 333–347, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-019-00139-4, 2020.
Warrach-Sagi, K., Schwitalla, T., Wulfmeyer, V., and Bauer, H. S.: Evaluation
of a climate simulation in Europe based on the WRF-NOAH model system:
Precipitation in Germany, Clim. Dynam., 41, 755–774,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1727-7, 2013.
Wehbe, Y., Temimi, M., Weston, M., Chaouch, N., Branch, O., Schwitalla, T., Wulfmeyer, V., Zhan, X., Liu, J., and Al Mandous, A.: Analysis of an extreme weather event in a hyper-arid region using WRF-Hydro coupling, station, and satellite data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1129–1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1129-2019, 2019.
Weston, M., Chaouch, N., Valappil, V., Temimi, M., Ek, M., and Zheng, W.:
Assessment of the Sensitivity to the Thermal Roughness Length in Noah and
Noah-MP Land Surface Model Using WRF in an Arid Region, Pure Appl. Geophys.,
176, 2121–2137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1901-2, 2019.
Wood, L. A.: The use of dew-point temperature in humidity calculations, J.
Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. C Eng. Instrum., 74C, 117,
https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.074c.014, 1970.
Wulfmeyer, V., Branch, O., Warrach-Sagi, K., Bauer, H. S., Schwitalla, T.,
and Becker, K.: The impact of plantations on weather and climate in coastal
desert regions, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 53, 1143–1169,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0208.1, 2014.
Wulfmeyer, V., Turner, D. D., Baker, B., Banta, R., Behrendt, A., Bonin, T.,
Brewer, W. A., Buban, M., Choukulkar, A., Dumas, R., Hardesty, R. M., Heus,
T., Ingwersen, J., Lange, D., Lee, T. R., Metzendorf, S., Muppa, S. K.,
Meyers, T., Newsom, R., Osman, M., Raasch, S., Santanello, J., Senff, C.,
SpäTh, F., Wagner, T., and Weckwerth, T.: A new research approach for
observing and characterizing land?atmosphere feedback, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 99, 1639–1667, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0009.1, 2018.
Yang, B., Qian, Y., Berg, L. K., Ma, P. L., Wharton, S., Bulaevskaya, V.,
Yan, H., Hou, Z., and Shaw, W. J.: Sensitivity of Turbine-Height Wind Speeds
to Parameters in Planetary Boundary-Layer and Surface-Layer Schemes in the
Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 162,
117–142, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-016-0185-2, 2017.
Yousef, L. A., Temimi, M., Wehbe, Y., and Al Mandous, A.: Total cloud cover
climatology over the United Arab Emirates, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 20, e883,
https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.883, 2019.
Zhang, H., Pu, Z., and Zhang, X.: Examination of Errors in Near-Surface
Temperature and Wind from WRF Numerical Simulations in Regions of Complex
Terrain, Weather Forecast., 28, 893–914, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-12-00109.1,
2013.
Zhao, C., Gong, J., Wang, H., Wei, S., Song, Q., and Zhou, Y.: Changes of
temperature and precipitation extremes in a typical arid and semiarid zone:
Observations and multi-model ensemble projections, Int. J. Climatol., 40, 5128–5153,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6510, 2020.
Short summary
Effective numerical weather forecasting is vital in arid regions like the United Arab Emirates where extreme events like heat waves, flash floods, and dust storms are becoming more severe. This study employs a high-resolution simulation with the WRF-NOAHMP model, and the output is compared with seasonal observation data from 50 weather stations. This type of verification is vital to identify model deficiencies and improve forecasting systems for arid regions.
Effective numerical weather forecasting is vital in arid regions like the United Arab Emirates...