Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1087-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1087-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
18 Mar 2016
Model description paper |
| 18 Mar 2016
ISSM-SESAW v1.0: mesh-based computation of gravitationally consistent sea-level and geodetic signatures caused by cryosphere and climate driven mass change
Surendra Adhikari
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Erik R. Ivins
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Eric Larour
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Cited
53 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Tracking the weight of Hurricane Harvey’s stormwater using GPS data C. Milliner et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2477
- Observation‐Driven Estimation of the Spatial Variability of 20th Century Sea Level Rise B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013486
- Evaluation of the Local Sea‐Level Budget at Tide Gauges Since 1958 J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094502
- Sea-level fingerprints emergent from GRACE mission data S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-629-2019
- Past, Present, and Future Pacific Sea‐Level Change B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001839
- Investigating the Effects of Climate Change on Structural Actions A. Orcesi et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2022.2098894
- 50 Years of Satellite Remote Sensing of the Ocean L. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0010.1
- The increasingly dominant role of climate change on length of day variations M. Shahvandi et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2406930121
- Uncertainty of Low‐Degree Space Gravimetry Observations: Surface Processes Versus Earth's Core Signal H. Lecomte et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB026503
- Resolving glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in response to modern and future ice loss at marine grounding lines in West Antarctica J. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2203-2022
- Understanding of Contemporary Regional Sea‐Level Change and the Implications for the Future B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000672
- Current state and future perspectives on coupled ice-sheet – sea-level modelling B. de Boer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.013
- Slowdown in Antarctic mass loss from solid Earth and sea-level feedbacks E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7908
- Notes on a compressible extended Burgers model of rheology E. Ivins et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab452
- Forced Patterns of Sea Level Rise in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble From 1920 to 2100 J. Fasullo et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC016030
- Uncovering the Pattern of Forced Sea Level Rise in the Satellite Altimeter Record B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081386
- Crustal Strain Patterns Associated With Normal, Drought, and Heavy Precipitation Years in California J. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019560
- Modeling the timing of Patagonian Ice Sheet retreat in the Chilean Lake District from 22–10 ka J. Cuzzone et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1381-2024
- GIA Model Statistics for GRACE Hydrology, Cryosphere, and Ocean Science L. Caron et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076644
- Core-climate coupling: Changes in the Earth’s core dynamics driven by climatic processes M. Kiani Shahvandi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2025.107366
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- Contributions of core, mantle and climatological processes to Earth’s polar motion M. Kiani Shahvandi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01478-2
- Preliminary tide gauge evidence for equilibrium and non-equilibrium pole tide variability after the 2015 Chandler Wobble amplitude reduction T. Jeon et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-026-02461-4
- SELENE: A probabilistic physics-informed machine learning sea-level emulator for geodesy, polar studies, and cryospheric sciences M. Shahvandi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.10.004
- Should coastal planners have concern over where land ice is melting? E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700537
- Missing sea level rise in southeastern Greenland during and since the Little Ice Age S. Woodroffe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1585-2023
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- Variations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in a Coupled Ice Sheet‐Earth‐Sea Level Model: Sensitivity to Viscoelastic Earth Properties D. Pollard et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004371
- Illustrative Analysis of Probabilistic Sea Level Rise Hazard M. Thomas & T. Lin https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0320.1
- Investigating the Acceleration of Regional Sea Level Rise During the Satellite Altimeter Era B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086528
- Progress and future directions in constraining uncertainties in sea-level projections using observations D. Felikson et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02437-4
- Stochastic renewal process model of time-variant tsunami hazard assessment under nonstationary effects of sea-level rise due to climate change A. Alhamid et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2022.102263
- Modeling Sea Level Rise Over 1993–2022: Implications for Understanding Coastal Observations D. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117434
- Are long tide gauge records in the wrong place to measure global mean sea level rise? P. Thompson et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070552
- SELEN4 (SELEN version 4.0): a Fortran program for solving the gravitationally and topographically self-consistent sea-level equation in glacial isostatic adjustment modeling G. Spada & D. Melini https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5055-2019
- A JavaScript API for the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) 4.11: towards an online interactive model for the cryosphere community E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4393-2017
- ISSM-SLPS: geodetically compliant Sea-Level Projection System for the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model v4.17 E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4925-2020
- Framework for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment considering the effects of sea-level rise due to climate change A. Alhamid et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2021.102152
- What drives 20th century polar motion? S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.059
- Love number computation within the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM v4.24) L. Caron et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4031-2026
- Decadal prediction of terrestrial water storage and sea-level change using physics-informed neural networks M. Kiani Shahvandi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.07.002
- Constraining the Earth's Dynamical Ellipticity From Ice Age Dynamics M. Farhat et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023323
- Glacial isostatic adjustment modelling: historical perspectives, recent advances, and future directions P. Whitehouse https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-401-2018
- Causes of accelerating sea level on the East Coast of North America J. Davis & N. Vinogradova https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072845
- Sea Level Rise in the CESM Large Ensemble: The Role of Individual Climate Forcings and Consequences for the Coming Decades J. Fasullo et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1001.1
- A kinematic formalism for tracking ice–ocean mass exchange on the Earth's surface and estimating sea-level change S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2819-2020
- Vertical Land Motion From Present‐Day Deglaciation in the Wider Arctic C. Ludwigsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088144
- Reconstructing sea level rise from global 945 tide gauges since 1900 D. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5507-2025
- Climate-driven polar motion: 2003–2015 S. Adhikari & E. Ivins https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501693
- Reinforced ridges in Thwaites Glacier yield insights into resolution requirements for coupled ice sheet and solid Earth models L. Houriez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4355-2025
- Enabling ice sheet models to capture centennial-scale solid Earth feedback with relative ease and sufficient accuracy S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5041-2026
- Altimeter-era emergence of the patterns of forced sea-level rise in climate models and implications for the future J. Fasullo & R. Nerem https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813233115
53 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Mass transport waves amplified by intense Greenland melt and detected in solid Earth deformation S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073478
- Tracking the weight of Hurricane Harvey’s stormwater using GPS data C. Milliner et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2477
- Observation‐Driven Estimation of the Spatial Variability of 20th Century Sea Level Rise B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013486
- Evaluation of the Local Sea‐Level Budget at Tide Gauges Since 1958 J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094502
- Sea-level fingerprints emergent from GRACE mission data S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-629-2019
- Past, Present, and Future Pacific Sea‐Level Change B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001839
- Investigating the Effects of Climate Change on Structural Actions A. Orcesi et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2022.2098894
- 50 Years of Satellite Remote Sensing of the Ocean L. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0010.1
- The increasingly dominant role of climate change on length of day variations M. Shahvandi et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2406930121
- Uncertainty of Low‐Degree Space Gravimetry Observations: Surface Processes Versus Earth's Core Signal H. Lecomte et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB026503
- Resolving glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in response to modern and future ice loss at marine grounding lines in West Antarctica J. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2203-2022
- Understanding of Contemporary Regional Sea‐Level Change and the Implications for the Future B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000672
- Current state and future perspectives on coupled ice-sheet – sea-level modelling B. de Boer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.013
- Slowdown in Antarctic mass loss from solid Earth and sea-level feedbacks E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7908
- Notes on a compressible extended Burgers model of rheology E. Ivins et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab452
- Forced Patterns of Sea Level Rise in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble From 1920 to 2100 J. Fasullo et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC016030
- Uncovering the Pattern of Forced Sea Level Rise in the Satellite Altimeter Record B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081386
- Crustal Strain Patterns Associated With Normal, Drought, and Heavy Precipitation Years in California J. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019560
- Modeling the timing of Patagonian Ice Sheet retreat in the Chilean Lake District from 22–10 ka J. Cuzzone et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1381-2024
- GIA Model Statistics for GRACE Hydrology, Cryosphere, and Ocean Science L. Caron et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076644
- Core-climate coupling: Changes in the Earth’s core dynamics driven by climatic processes M. Kiani Shahvandi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2025.107366
- Global and regional ocean mass budget closure since 2003 C. Ludwigsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45726-w
- Contributions of core, mantle and climatological processes to Earth’s polar motion M. Kiani Shahvandi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01478-2
- Preliminary tide gauge evidence for equilibrium and non-equilibrium pole tide variability after the 2015 Chandler Wobble amplitude reduction T. Jeon et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-026-02461-4
- SELENE: A probabilistic physics-informed machine learning sea-level emulator for geodesy, polar studies, and cryospheric sciences M. Shahvandi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.10.004
- Should coastal planners have concern over where land ice is melting? E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700537
- Missing sea level rise in southeastern Greenland during and since the Little Ice Age S. Woodroffe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1585-2023
- Length of day variations caused by terrestrial water storage under climate change and direct human influence M. Kiani Shahvandi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.04.002
- Variations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in a Coupled Ice Sheet‐Earth‐Sea Level Model: Sensitivity to Viscoelastic Earth Properties D. Pollard et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004371
- Illustrative Analysis of Probabilistic Sea Level Rise Hazard M. Thomas & T. Lin https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0320.1
- Investigating the Acceleration of Regional Sea Level Rise During the Satellite Altimeter Era B. Hamlington et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086528
- Progress and future directions in constraining uncertainties in sea-level projections using observations D. Felikson et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02437-4
- Stochastic renewal process model of time-variant tsunami hazard assessment under nonstationary effects of sea-level rise due to climate change A. Alhamid et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2022.102263
- Modeling Sea Level Rise Over 1993–2022: Implications for Understanding Coastal Observations D. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117434
- Are long tide gauge records in the wrong place to measure global mean sea level rise? P. Thompson et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070552
- SELEN4 (SELEN version 4.0): a Fortran program for solving the gravitationally and topographically self-consistent sea-level equation in glacial isostatic adjustment modeling G. Spada & D. Melini https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5055-2019
- A JavaScript API for the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) 4.11: towards an online interactive model for the cryosphere community E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4393-2017
- ISSM-SLPS: geodetically compliant Sea-Level Projection System for the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model v4.17 E. Larour et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4925-2020
- Framework for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment considering the effects of sea-level rise due to climate change A. Alhamid et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2021.102152
- What drives 20th century polar motion? S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.059
- Love number computation within the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM v4.24) L. Caron et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4031-2026
- Decadal prediction of terrestrial water storage and sea-level change using physics-informed neural networks M. Kiani Shahvandi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2026.07.002
- Constraining the Earth's Dynamical Ellipticity From Ice Age Dynamics M. Farhat et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023323
- Glacial isostatic adjustment modelling: historical perspectives, recent advances, and future directions P. Whitehouse https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-401-2018
- Causes of accelerating sea level on the East Coast of North America J. Davis & N. Vinogradova https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072845
- Sea Level Rise in the CESM Large Ensemble: The Role of Individual Climate Forcings and Consequences for the Coming Decades J. Fasullo et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1001.1
- A kinematic formalism for tracking ice–ocean mass exchange on the Earth's surface and estimating sea-level change S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2819-2020
- Vertical Land Motion From Present‐Day Deglaciation in the Wider Arctic C. Ludwigsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088144
- Reconstructing sea level rise from global 945 tide gauges since 1900 D. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5507-2025
- Climate-driven polar motion: 2003–2015 S. Adhikari & E. Ivins https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501693
- Reinforced ridges in Thwaites Glacier yield insights into resolution requirements for coupled ice sheet and solid Earth models L. Houriez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4355-2025
- Enabling ice sheet models to capture centennial-scale solid Earth feedback with relative ease and sufficient accuracy S. Adhikari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5041-2026
- Altimeter-era emergence of the patterns of forced sea-level rise in climate models and implications for the future J. Fasullo & R. Nerem https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813233115
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 08 Nov 2026
Short summary
We present a numerically accurate, computationally efficient, (km-scale) high-resolution model for gravitationally consistent relative sea level that, unlike contemporary state-of-the-art models, operates efficiently on an unstructured mesh. The model is useful for earth system modeling and space geodesy. A straightforward and computationally less burdensome coupling to a dynamical ice-sheet model, for example, allows a refined and realistic simulation of fast-flowing outlet glaciers.
We present a numerically accurate, computationally efficient, (km-scale) high-resolution model...
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