Articles | Volume 8, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1169-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1169-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
24 Apr 2015
Model description paper |
| 24 Apr 2015
Normal-mode function representation of global 3-D data sets: open-access software for the atmospheric research community
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Physics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
A. Kasahara
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
K. Terasaki
University of Tsukuba, Center for Computational Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
J. Tribbia
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
H. Tanaka
University of Tsukuba, Center for Computational Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
Viewed
Total article views: 8,667 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 10 Dec 2014)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,143 | 3,267 | 257 | 8,667 | 285 | 320 |
- HTML: 5,143
- PDF: 3,267
- XML: 257
- Total: 8,667
- BibTeX: 285
- EndNote: 320
Total article views: 8,077 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 24 Apr 2015)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,865 | 2,968 | 244 | 8,077 | 260 | 296 |
- HTML: 4,865
- PDF: 2,968
- XML: 244
- Total: 8,077
- BibTeX: 260
- EndNote: 296
Total article views: 590 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 10 Dec 2014)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 278 | 299 | 13 | 590 | 25 | 24 |
- HTML: 278
- PDF: 299
- XML: 13
- Total: 590
- BibTeX: 25
- EndNote: 24
Cited
49 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Secular Shift of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and Its Relation to Western Pacific Ocean Warming Y. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095400
- The signature of the tropospheric gravity wave background in observed mesoscale motion C. Stephan & A. Mariaccia https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-359-2021
- Atmospheric Subseasonal Variability and Circulation Regimes: Spectra, Trends, and Uncertainties N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0225.1
- Multivariate analysis of Kelvin wave seasonal variability in ECMWF L91 analyses M. Blaauw & N. Žagar https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8313-2018
- Three-Dimensional Structure of the Equatorial Kelvin Wave: Vertical Structure Functions, Equivalent Depths, and Frequency and Wavenumber Spectra N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0342.1
- Systematic decomposition of the MJO and its Northern Hemispheric extratropical response into Rossby and inertio‐gravity components C. Franzke et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3484
- Stratospheric ozone and quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) interaction with the tropical troposphere on intraseasonal and interannual timescales: a normal-mode perspective B. Raphaldini et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-83-2021
- Normal Modes of Atmospheric Variability in Observations, Numerical Weather Prediction, and Climate Models N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00325.1
- The intricacies of identifying equatorial waves P. Knippertz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4338
- Interpretable neural networks to predict momentum fluxes of orographic gravity waves E. Haslauer et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-4753/ae7df2
- Identification of equatorial waves using Hough function vectors J. Castanheira & C. Marques https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4459
- Estimating Subseasonal Variability and Trends in Global Atmosphere Using Reanalysis Data N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080051
- Uncertainties in Kelvin Waves in ECMWF Analyses and Forecasts: Insights From Aeolus Observing System Experiments N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094716
- Beyond linear decomposition: a nonlinear eigenspace decomposition for a moist atmosphere with clouds A. Remond-Tiedrez et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ae4730
- Scale-dependent estimates of the growth of forecast uncertainties in a global prediction system N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2017.1287492
- Data-driven modeling of equatorial atmospheric waves: The role of moisture and nonlinearity on global-scale instabilities and propagation speeds A. Teruya et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0201716
- On computation of Hough functions H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1477-2016
- A Three-Dimensional Multivariate Modal Analysis of Atmospheric Predictability with Application to the ECMWF Ensemble N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0061.1
- Energy Spectra and Inertia–Gravity Waves in Global Analyses N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0341.1
- Gravity waves excited during a minor sudden stratospheric warming A. Dörnbrack et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12915-2018
- A high‐accuracy global prognostic model for the simulation of Rossby and gravity wave dynamics S. Vasylkevych & N. Žagar https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4006
- Metrics of the Hadley circulation strength and associated circulation trends M. Pikovnik et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-625-2022
- Scale-Dependent Representation of the Information Content of Observations in the Global Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0401.1
- Excitation of mixed Rossby–gravity waves by wave–mean flow interactions on the sphere S. Mahó et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4742
- Local identification of equatorial mixed Rossby–gravity waves J. Cruz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4978
- Wavenumber-Frequency Spectra of Normal Mode Function Decomposed Atmospheric Data: Departures from the Dry Linear Theory A. Teruya et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040622
- A method to derive Fourier–wavelet spectra for the characterization of global-scale waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and its MATLAB and Python software (fourierwavelet v1.1) Y. Yamazaki https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4749-2023
- Quasi-local method of wave decomposition in a slowly varying medium Y. Onuki https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.825
- Normal Mode Perspective on the 2016 QBO Disruption: Evidence for a Basic State Regime Transition B. Raphaldini et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087274
- Real-Time Identification of Equatorial Waves and Evaluation of Waves in Global Forecasts G. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0144.1
- Equatorial wave circulation associated with subseasonal convective variability over the subtropical western North Pacific in boreal summer P. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1629-2025
- Upward and downward atmospheric Kelvin waves over the Indian Ocean A. Shaaban & P. Roundy https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4122
- Atmospheric Energy Spectra in Global Kilometre-Scale Models C. Stephan et al. https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.26
- Challenges of Increased Resolution for the Local Ensemble Tangent Linear Model D. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0016.1
- A Reduced-Order Representation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation Based on Reanalyzed Normal Mode Coherences V. Kitsios et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0197.1
- Mean state and day-to-day variability of tropospheric circulation in planetary-scale barotropic Rossby waves during Eurasian heat extremes in CMIP5 models I. Strigunova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1283-2025
- An assessment of scale-dependent variability and bias in global prediction models N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05001-x
- An Array of Ringing Global Free Modes Discovered in Tropical Surface Pressure Data T. Sakazaki & K. Hamilton https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0053.1
- Analysis of spatially coherent forecast error structures S. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4536
- Signatures of Eurasian heat waves in global Rossby wave spectra I. Strigunova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1399-2022
- Three-dimensional normal mode functions: open-access tools for their computation in isobaric coordinates (p-3DNMF.v1) C. Marques et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2763-2020
- Modal Decomposition of the Global Response to Tropical Heating Perturbations Resembling MJO K. Kosovelj et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0203.1
- Data assimilation errors due to incomplete accounting of balanced versus unbalanced moisture H. Ogrosky et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4942
- Tropical and Subtropical South American Intraseasonal Variability: A Normal-Mode Approach A. Teruya et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3020007
- Linear and Weakly Nonlinear Energetics of Global Nonhydrostatic Normal Modes C. Raupp et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0131.1
- Quantifying 3D Gravity Wave Drag in a Library of Tropical Convection‐Permitting Simulations for Data‐Driven Parameterizations Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003585
- Atmospheric bias teleconnections in boreal winter associated with systematic sea surface temperature errors in the tropical Indian Ocean Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-833-2023
- How I Learned to Love Normal-Mode Rossby–Haurwitz Waves R. Madden https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0293.1
- Systematic decomposition of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation into balanced and inertio‐gravity components N. Žagar & C. Franzke https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065130
49 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Secular Shift of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and Its Relation to Western Pacific Ocean Warming Y. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095400
- The signature of the tropospheric gravity wave background in observed mesoscale motion C. Stephan & A. Mariaccia https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-359-2021
- Atmospheric Subseasonal Variability and Circulation Regimes: Spectra, Trends, and Uncertainties N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0225.1
- Multivariate analysis of Kelvin wave seasonal variability in ECMWF L91 analyses M. Blaauw & N. Žagar https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8313-2018
- Three-Dimensional Structure of the Equatorial Kelvin Wave: Vertical Structure Functions, Equivalent Depths, and Frequency and Wavenumber Spectra N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0342.1
- Systematic decomposition of the MJO and its Northern Hemispheric extratropical response into Rossby and inertio‐gravity components C. Franzke et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3484
- Stratospheric ozone and quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) interaction with the tropical troposphere on intraseasonal and interannual timescales: a normal-mode perspective B. Raphaldini et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-83-2021
- Normal Modes of Atmospheric Variability in Observations, Numerical Weather Prediction, and Climate Models N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00325.1
- The intricacies of identifying equatorial waves P. Knippertz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4338
- Interpretable neural networks to predict momentum fluxes of orographic gravity waves E. Haslauer et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-4753/ae7df2
- Identification of equatorial waves using Hough function vectors J. Castanheira & C. Marques https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4459
- Estimating Subseasonal Variability and Trends in Global Atmosphere Using Reanalysis Data N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080051
- Uncertainties in Kelvin Waves in ECMWF Analyses and Forecasts: Insights From Aeolus Observing System Experiments N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094716
- Beyond linear decomposition: a nonlinear eigenspace decomposition for a moist atmosphere with clouds A. Remond-Tiedrez et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ae4730
- Scale-dependent estimates of the growth of forecast uncertainties in a global prediction system N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2017.1287492
- Data-driven modeling of equatorial atmospheric waves: The role of moisture and nonlinearity on global-scale instabilities and propagation speeds A. Teruya et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0201716
- On computation of Hough functions H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1477-2016
- A Three-Dimensional Multivariate Modal Analysis of Atmospheric Predictability with Application to the ECMWF Ensemble N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0061.1
- Energy Spectra and Inertia–Gravity Waves in Global Analyses N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0341.1
- Gravity waves excited during a minor sudden stratospheric warming A. Dörnbrack et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12915-2018
- A high‐accuracy global prognostic model for the simulation of Rossby and gravity wave dynamics S. Vasylkevych & N. Žagar https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4006
- Metrics of the Hadley circulation strength and associated circulation trends M. Pikovnik et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-625-2022
- Scale-Dependent Representation of the Information Content of Observations in the Global Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0401.1
- Excitation of mixed Rossby–gravity waves by wave–mean flow interactions on the sphere S. Mahó et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4742
- Local identification of equatorial mixed Rossby–gravity waves J. Cruz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4978
- Wavenumber-Frequency Spectra of Normal Mode Function Decomposed Atmospheric Data: Departures from the Dry Linear Theory A. Teruya et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040622
- A method to derive Fourier–wavelet spectra for the characterization of global-scale waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and its MATLAB and Python software (fourierwavelet v1.1) Y. Yamazaki https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4749-2023
- Quasi-local method of wave decomposition in a slowly varying medium Y. Onuki https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.825
- Normal Mode Perspective on the 2016 QBO Disruption: Evidence for a Basic State Regime Transition B. Raphaldini et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087274
- Real-Time Identification of Equatorial Waves and Evaluation of Waves in Global Forecasts G. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0144.1
- Equatorial wave circulation associated with subseasonal convective variability over the subtropical western North Pacific in boreal summer P. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1629-2025
- Upward and downward atmospheric Kelvin waves over the Indian Ocean A. Shaaban & P. Roundy https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4122
- Atmospheric Energy Spectra in Global Kilometre-Scale Models C. Stephan et al. https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.26
- Challenges of Increased Resolution for the Local Ensemble Tangent Linear Model D. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0016.1
- A Reduced-Order Representation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation Based on Reanalyzed Normal Mode Coherences V. Kitsios et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0197.1
- Mean state and day-to-day variability of tropospheric circulation in planetary-scale barotropic Rossby waves during Eurasian heat extremes in CMIP5 models I. Strigunova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-1283-2025
- An assessment of scale-dependent variability and bias in global prediction models N. Žagar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05001-x
- An Array of Ringing Global Free Modes Discovered in Tropical Surface Pressure Data T. Sakazaki & K. Hamilton https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0053.1
- Analysis of spatially coherent forecast error structures S. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4536
- Signatures of Eurasian heat waves in global Rossby wave spectra I. Strigunova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1399-2022
- Three-dimensional normal mode functions: open-access tools for their computation in isobaric coordinates (p-3DNMF.v1) C. Marques et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2763-2020
- Modal Decomposition of the Global Response to Tropical Heating Perturbations Resembling MJO K. Kosovelj et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0203.1
- Data assimilation errors due to incomplete accounting of balanced versus unbalanced moisture H. Ogrosky et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4942
- Tropical and Subtropical South American Intraseasonal Variability: A Normal-Mode Approach A. Teruya et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3020007
- Linear and Weakly Nonlinear Energetics of Global Nonhydrostatic Normal Modes C. Raupp et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0131.1
- Quantifying 3D Gravity Wave Drag in a Library of Tropical Convection‐Permitting Simulations for Data‐Driven Parameterizations Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003585
- Atmospheric bias teleconnections in boreal winter associated with systematic sea surface temperature errors in the tropical Indian Ocean Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-833-2023
- How I Learned to Love Normal-Mode Rossby–Haurwitz Waves R. Madden https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0293.1
- Systematic decomposition of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation into balanced and inertio‐gravity components N. Žagar & C. Franzke https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065130
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 12 Aug 2026
Short summary
The article presents MODES, a new software for the analysis of properties of balanced and inertio-gravity circulations across many scales in (re)analyses, weather forecasts and climate models. The software and real-time results based on ECMWF model can be found at http://meteo.fmf.uni-lj.si/MODES. Evaluation of models' ability to reproduce the unbalanced tropical circulation is expected to provide new insights on model performance that is helpful to diagnose deficiencies and define improvements.
The article presents MODES, a new software for the analysis of properties of balanced and...
