Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9289-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9289-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
Development and technical paper
 | 
01 Oct 2026
Development and technical paper |  | 01 Oct 2026

Relativistic runaway electron avalanches: unified density-dependent scaling and transport

Liza Hovhannisyan

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Short summary
This study examines how high-energy particles develop and propagate in thunderstorm electric fields. Simulations at four high-altitude sites show that accounting for air density improves the description of particle avalanche growth across different atmospheric conditions. The study also examines how electrons and gamma rays propagate after leaving the accelerating field, providing a framework for interpreting high-energy atmospheric observations.
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