Articles | Volume 19, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8995-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8995-2026
Model evaluation paper
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23 Sep 2026
Model evaluation paper | Highlight paper |  | 23 Sep 2026

The North American CORDEX-CMIP6 WRF evaluation run: comparing historical simulations from 25 km to convection-permitting scales

Jacob Stuivenvolt-Allen, Trude Eidhammer, Rachel McCrary, Melissa Bukovsky, Stefan Rahimi, Hsin-I Chang, and Seth McGinnis

Data sets

The North American CORDEX-CMIP6 WRF evaluation run: comparing historical simulations from 25km to convection-permitting scales Jacob Stuivenvolt-Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19010235

ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present (GDEX Subset) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts https://doi.org/10.5065/SNVE-T250

ERA5 Reanalysis Model Level Data European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts https://doi.org/10.5065/XV5R-5344

GPM IMERG Final Precipitation L3 1 month 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V07 G. J. Huffman et al. https://doi.org/10.5065/KRNV-Y644

Daily 4 km Gridded SWE and Snow Depth from Assimilated In-Situ and Modeled Data over the Conterminous US P. Broxton et al. https://doi.org/10.5067/0GGPB220EX6A

International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship ({IBTrACS}) Project J. Gahtan et al. https://doi.org/10.25921/82ty-9e16

Four-kilometer long-term regional hydroclimate reanalysis over the conterminous United States (CONUS) R. M. Rasmussen et al. https://doi.org/10.5065/ZYY0-Y036

The NA-CORDEX dataset L. Mearns et al. https://doi.org/10.5065/D6SJ1JCH

Model code and software

The North American CORDEX-CMIP6 WRF evaluation run: comparing historical simulations from 25km to convection-permitting scales Jacob Stuivenvolt-Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19010235

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Editorial statement
Downscaling climate predictions is an essential requirement for understanding regional climate impacts. This in turn is enabler for decision makers planning climate change adaptation. This paper demonstrates the utility of 12km ensemble climate simulations in providing useful predictions at a cost that enables ensembles large enough to capture some of the uncertainty. This paper is essential reading for those needing to understand the tools available for regional climate predictions.
Short summary

This study presents a new 12 km CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment )-CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) simulation for North America, compared against an earlier 25 km CMIP5 version and a 4 km convection-permitting simulation. The updated run reduces temperature and precipitation biases, improves precipitation timing, and better captures tropical cyclone intensity. Extreme precipitation at 12 km closely matches convection-permitting results, offering a practical resolution for regional climate assessment.

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