Articles | Volume 19, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3053-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-3053-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Impact of vertical coordinate systems on simulations of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the Yellow Sea using a regional MOM6 configuration for the Northwest Pacific
Inseong Chang
Division of Earth & Environmental System Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Sciences and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
Division of Earth & Environmental System Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Young-Gyu Park
Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Sciences and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
Hyunkeun Jin
Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Sciences and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
Gyundo Pak
Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Sciences and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
Andrew C. Ross
NOAA OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
Robert Hallberg
NOAA OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Claire K. Yung, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Alistair Adcroft, Christopher Y. S. Bull, Jan De Rydt, Michael S. Dinniman, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Daniel Goldberg, David E. Gwyther, Robert Hallberg, Matthew Harrison, Tore Hattermann, David M. Holland, Denise Holland, Paul R. Holland, James R. Jordan, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Kazuya Kusahara, Gustavo Marques, Pierre Mathiot, Dimitris Menemenlis, Adele K. Morrison, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Olga Sergienko, Robin S. Smith, Alon Stern, Ralph Timmermann, and Qin Zhou
The Cryosphere, 20, 2053–2088, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2053-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2053-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The second Ice Shelf-Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, ISOMIP+, compares 12 ice shelf-ocean models with a common, idealised, static configuration, aiming to assess inter-model variability. Models show similar basal melt rate patterns, ocean profiles and circulation but differ in ice-ocean boundary layer properties. Ice-ocean boundary layer representation is a key area for future work, as are realistic-domain ice sheet-ocean model intercomparisons.
Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy, Theresa Cordero, Katherine Hedstrom, Michael Alexander, Michael Jacox, Robert Hallberg, Matthew Harrison, and Jessie Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-955, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-955, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
A method for improving sea ice simulations by adjusting ice cover and thickness using observations or analysis data has been implemented in a regional sea ice model. Tests show improved representation of ice along the edges and within the ice-covered area. This suggests the method can provide more accurate initial conditions for forecasts, which is important for predicting ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem conditions in polar regions.
Hong Thi My Tran, Young Gyu Park, and Jun Myoung Choi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-943, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-943, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines debris transport in a semi-enclosed marginal sea using 25 satellite-tracked surface drifters deployed in late autumn. All drifters followed a consistent pathway and beached along the southeastern boundary. By testing geostrophic currents, windage, Ekman currents, and Stokes drift, we identified the most accurate surface forcing scheme, highlighting the value of in situ observations for improving transport modelling and seasonal prediction.
Vimal Koul, Andrew Ross, Charles Stock, Liping Zhang, Andrew Wittenberg, and Thomas Delworth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-481, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-481, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting coastal ocean conditions years ahead has been difficult due to complex regional dynamics. This work shows we can forecast bottom temperature, oxygen, and acidity up to a decade ahead for the Northeast U.S. Shelf. Our forecasts indicate increasing Labrador water may accelerate acidification, threatening shell-forming organisms. This provides a foundation for early warning systems to help communities and fisheries adapt proactively.
Meena Raju, David J. Cannon, Peter Alsip, He Wang, Jia Wang, Theresa Cordero, Robert W. Hallberg, Charles A. Stock, and Joseph A. Langan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6556, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6556, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed the Modular Ocean Model version 6.0 coupled with Sea Ice Simulator version 2.0 for the Great Lakes, validated against observations and an operational model. This study also tested two vertical coordinate systems, z* and hybrid. The model reproduced lake physics with good skill. The hybrid vertical coordinate improved thermocline representation and preserved deep cold-water during stratification, demonstrating the model’s suitability for large freshwater systems.
Inseong Chang, Young Ho Kim, Young-Gyu Park, Hyunkeun Jin, Gyundo Pak, Andrew C. Ross, and Robert Hallberg
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 187–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-187-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-187-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted sensitivity experiments to examine how different vertical coordinates influence the representation of water masses and tides using a high-resolution regional ocean model for the Northwest Pacific. We found that the choice of vertical coordinate strongly affects the degree of artificial mixing, which in turn changes how well the model reproduces key ocean features. This highlights the importance of selecting a vertical coordinate when developing regional ocean models.
Dongmin Kim, Andrew C. Ross, Sang-Ik Shin, Fabian A. Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Denis L. Volkov, Sang-Ki Lee, Michael A. Alexander, and Charles A. Stock
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6449, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6449, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Using high-resolution MOM6, we projected Northwest Atlantic changes under four SSP scenarios. Results show a weakening Gulf Stream reduces upwelling, causing significant shelf warming and salinification. This also leads to dynamic sea-level rise along the U.S. East Coast, particularly in the South Atlantic Bight, with critical implications for marine ecosystems and coastal risks.
Nicole C. Laureanti, Enrique Curchitser, Katherine Hedstrom, Alistair Adcroft, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Raphael Dussin, Sin Chan Chou, Paulo Nobre, Emanuel Giarolla, and Rosio Camayo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3823, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3823, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates changes in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean with a high-resolution ocean model. Particularly in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC), it finds that the southward movement of the BMC, induced by the warming trends in the region, is balanced by northward flow from the Malvinas Current and Pacific Waves, affecting the Atlantic. The results also comment on disparities observed in the simulation, especially concerning the North Brazil Current, which impacts its evolution.
Enhui Liao, Laure Resplandy, Fan Yang, Yangyang Zhao, Sam Ditkovsky, Manon Malsang, Jenna Pearson, Andrew C. Ross, Robert Hallberg, and Charles Stock
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 6553–6596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6553-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6553-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Indian Ocean is central to the livelihoods and economies of countries that comprise about one-third of the world's population. We present a high-resolution (~10 km) ocean model that simulates seasonal and year-to-year variability in ocean, including currents, oxygen levels, and phytoplankton growth. This model is a powerful tool to study how climate change and human activities influence the northern Indian Ocean, which can be used for marine resource applications and management.
Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Yi-Cheng Teng, Theresa Cordero, Wei Cheng, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Raphael Dussin, Robert Hallberg, Claudine Hauri, Katherine Hedstrom, Albert Hermann, Michael G. Jacox, Kelly A. Kearney, Rémi Pagès, Darren J. Pilcher, Mercedes Pozo Buil, Vivek Seelanki, and Niki Zadeh
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5245–5290, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5245-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5245-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We made a new regional ocean model to assist fisheries and ecosystem managers in making decisions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP). We found that the model did well simulating past ocean conditions like temperature and nutrient and oxygen levels and can even reproduce metrics used by, and important to, ecosystem managers.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Vimal Koul, Thomas L. Delworth, Feiyu Lu, Andrew Wittenberg, and Michael A. Alexander
Ocean Sci., 20, 1631–1656, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1631-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1631-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use a high-resolution regional ocean model to downscale seasonal ocean forecasts from the Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research (SPEAR) model of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). We find that the downscaled model has significantly higher prediction skill in many cases.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Fabian A. Gomez, Sang-Ki Lee, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Laure Resplandy, Samantha A. Siedlecki, Filippos Tagklis, and Joseph E. Salisbury
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2223–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a river chemistry and discharge dataset for 140 rivers in the United States, which integrates information from the Water Quality Database of the US Geological Survey (USGS), the USGS’s Surface-Water Monthly Statistics for the Nation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This dataset includes dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, two key properties to characterize the carbonate system, as well as nutrient concentrations, such as nitrate, phosphate, and silica.
Gustavo M. Marques, Nora Loose, Elizabeth Yankovsky, Jacob M. Steinberg, Chiung-Yin Chang, Neeraja Bhamidipati, Alistair Adcroft, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Stephen M. Griffies, Robert W. Hallberg, Malte F. Jansen, Hemant Khatri, and Laure Zanna
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6567–6579, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6567-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6567-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an idealized ocean model configuration and a set of simulations performed using varying horizontal grid spacing. While the model domain is idealized, it resembles important geometric features of the Atlantic and Southern oceans. The simulations described here serve as a framework to effectively study mesoscale eddy dynamics, to investigate the effect of mesoscale eddies on the large-scale dynamics, and to test and evaluate eddy parameterizations.
Cited articles
Accad, Y. and Pekeris, C. L.: Solution of the tidal equations for the M2 and S2 tides in the world oceans from a knowledge of the tidal potential alone, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 290, 235–266, 1978.
Adcroft, A. and Campin, J. M.: Rescaled height coordinates for accurate representation of free-surface flows in ocean circulation models, Ocean Model., 7, 269–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.09.003, 2004.
Adcroft, A., Anderson, W., Balaji, V., Blanton, C., Bushuk, M., Dufour, C. O., Dunne, J. P., Griffies, S. M., Hallberg, R., Harrison, M. J., Held, I. M., Jansen, M. F., John, J. G., Krasting, J. P., Langenhorst, A. R., Legg, S., Liang, Z., McHugh, C., Radhakrishnan, A., Reichl, B. G., Rosati, T., Samuels, B. L., Shao, A., Stouffer, R., Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., Xiang, B., Zadeh, N., and Zhang, R.: The GFDL global ocean and sea ice model OM4.0: Model description and simulation features, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 3167–3211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001726, 2019.
Alfieri, L., Lorini, V., Hirpa, F. A., Harrigan, S., Zsoter, E., Prudhomme, C., and Salamon, P.: A global streamflow reanalysis for 1980–2018, J. Hydrol. X, 6, 100049, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2019.100049, 2020.
An, H. S.: A numerical experiment of the M2 tide in the Yellow Sea, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn., 33, 103–110, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110016, 1977.
Arpaia, L., Ferrarin, C., Bajo, M., and Umgiesser, G.: A flexible z-layers approach for the accurate representation of free surface flows in a coastal ocean model (SHYFEM v. 7_5_71), Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6899–6919, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6899-2023, 2023.
Bleck, R.: An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates, Ocean Model., 4, 55–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9, 2002.
Chang, I., Kim, Y. H., Park, Y.-G., Jin, H., Pak, G., Andrews, C. R., and Hallberg, R.: Model input for “Assessing Vertical Coordinate System Performance in the Regional Modular Ocean Model 6 configuration for Northwest Pacific” (Version v1), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15054536, 2025a.
Chang, I., Kim, Y. H., Young-Gyu, P., Jin, H., Pak, G., Ross, A. C., and Hallberg, R.: Model source code for initial submission of “Assessing Vertical Coordinate System Performance in the Regional Modular Ocean Model 6 configuration for Northwest Pacific” (Version v1), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15054440, 2025b.
Chang, I., Kim, Y. H., Park, Y.-G., Jin, H., Pak, G., Ross, A. C., and Hallberg, R.: Assessing vertical coordinate system performance in the Regional Modular Ocean Model 6 configuration for Northwest Pacific, Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 187–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-187-2026, 2026a.
Chang, I., Kim, Y. H., Park, Y.-G., Jin, H., Pak, G., Andrew C., R., and Hallberg, R.: Model output for “Impact of vertical coordinate systems on simulations of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the Yellow Sea”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18158302, 2026b.
Codiga, D. L.: Unified tidal analysis and prediction using the UTide MATLAB functions, Tech. Rep., Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 59 pp., http://www.po.gso.uri.edu/~codiga/utide/2011Codiga-UTide-Report.pdf (last access: 22 January 2024), 2011.
Dong, J., Robertson, R., Dong, C., Hartlipp, P. S., Zhou, T., Shao, Z., Small, J., Shepherd, A., and Chen, J.: Impacts of mesoscale currents on the diurnal critical latitude dependence of internal tides: A numerical experiment based on Barcoo Seamount, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 2452–2471, 2019.
Drenkard, E. J., Stock, C. A., Ross, A. C., Teng, Y.-C., Cordero, T., Cheng, W., Adcroft, A., Curchitser, E., Dussin, R., Hallberg, R., Hauri, C., Hedstrom, K., Hermann, A., Jacox, M. G., Kearney, K. A., Pagès, R., Pilcher, D. J., Pozo Buil, M., Seelanki, V., and Zadeh, N.: A regional physical–biogeochemical ocean model for marine resource applications in the Northeast Pacific (MOM6-COBALT-NEP10k v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5245–5290, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5245-2025, 2025.
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 183–204, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Egbert, G. D. and Ray, R. D.: Estimates of M2 tidal energy dissipation from TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 22475–22502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000699, 2001.
Flather, R. A.: A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 10, 141–164, 1976.
Fox-Kemper, B., Danabasoglu, G., Ferrari, R., Griffies, S. M., Hallberg, R. W., Holland, M. M., Maltrud, M. E., Peacock, S., and Samuels, B. L.: Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. III: Implementation and impact in global ocean climate simulations, Ocean Model., 39, 61–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.09.002, 2011.
Gibson, A. H., Hogg, A. M., Kiss, A. E., Shakespeare, C. J., and Adcroft, A.: Attribution of horizontal and vertical contributions to spurious mixing in an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian ocean model, Ocean Model., 119, 45–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.09.008, 2017.
Good, S., Fiedler, E., Mao, C., Martin, M. J., Maycock, A., Reid, R., Roberts-Jones, J., Searle, T., Waters, J., While, J., and Worsfold, M.: The current configuration of the OSTIA system for operational production of foundation sea surface temperature and ice concentration analyses, Remote Sens., 12, 720, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040720, 2020.
Griffies, S. M. and Hallberg, R. W.: Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2935–2946, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2935:BFWASL>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Griffies, S. M., Pacanowski, R. C., and Hallberg, R. W.: Spurious diapycnal mixing associated with advection in a z-coordinate ocean model Spurious diapycnal mixing associated with advection in a z-coordinate ocean model, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 538–564, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0538:SDMAWA>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Hallberg, R. and Adcroft, A.: Reconciling estimates of the free surface height in Lagrangian vertical coordinate ocean models with mode-split time stepping, Ocean Model., 29, 15–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.02.008, 2009.
Hallberg, R.: Stable split time stepping schemes for large-scale ocean modeling, J. Comput. Phys., 135, 54–65, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1997.5734, 1997.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J. N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Ilıcak, M., Adcroft, A. J., Griffies, S. M., and Hallberg, R. W.: Spurious dianeutral mixing and the role of momentum closure, Ocean Model., 45, 37–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.10.003, 2012.
Jackson, L., Hallberg, R., and Legg, S.: A parameterization of shear-driven turbulence for ocean climate models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1033–1053, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3779.1, 2008.
Jan, S. and Chen, C. T. A.: Potential biogeochemical effects from vigorous internal tides generated in Luzon Strait: aA case study at the southernmost coast of Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004887, 2009.
Jean-Michel, L., Eric, G., Romain, B. B., Gilles, G., Angélique, M., Marie, D., Clément, B., Mathieu, H., Olivier, L. G., Charly, R., Tony, C., Charles-Emmanuel, T., Florent, G., Giovanni, R., Mounir, B., Yann, D., and Pierre-Yves, L. T.: The Copernicus global oceanic and sea ice GLORYS12 reanalysis, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 698876, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.698876, 2021.
Kang, D. and Fringer, O.: Energetics of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the Monterey Bay area, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 272–290, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-039.1, 2012.
Kang, S. K., Foreman, M. G., Lie, H. J., Lee, J. H., Cherniawsky, J., and Yum, K. D.: Two-layer tidal modeling of the Yellow and East China Seas with application to seasonal variability of the M2 tide, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000838, 2002.
Kang, Y. Q.: An analytic model of tidal waves in the Yellow Sea, J. Mar. Res., 42, 473–485, 1984.
Large, W. G. and Yeager, S. G.: Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean and sea-ice models: The data sets and flux climatologies, NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-460+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6KK98Q6, 2004.
Liao, E., Resplandy, L., Yang, F., Zhao, Y., Ditkovsky, S., Malsang, M., Pearson, J., Ross, A. C., Hallberg, R., and Stock, C.: A high-resolution physical-biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the Northern Indian Ocean (MOM6-COBALT-IND12 v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 6553–6596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6553-2025, 2025.
Lin, F., Asplin, L., and Wei, H.: Summertime M2 internal tides in the Northern Yellow Sea, Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 798504, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.798504, 2021.
Liu, K., Sun, J., Guo, C., Yang, Y., Yu, W., and Wei, Z.: Seasonal and spatial variations of the M2 internal tide in the Yellow Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1115–1138, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014819, 2019.
MacKinnon, J. A., Zhao, Z., Whalen, C. B., Waterhouse, A. F., Trossman, D. S., Sun, O. M., Alford, M. H., Pinkel, R., Talley, L. D., Tandon, A., Torres, D. J., and Simmons, H. L.: Climate Process Team on Internal Wave–Driven Ocean Mixing, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 2429–2454, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0030.1, 2017.
Marchesiello, P., McWilliams, J. C., and Shchepetkin, A.: Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models, Ocean Model., 3, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(00)00013-5, 2001.
Nishida, H.: Improved tidal charts for the western part of the north Pacific Ocean, Rep. Hydrogr. Res., No. 1, 55–70, https://www.sidalc.net/search/Record/dig-aquadocs-1834-16251/Description (last access: 2 January 2026), 1980.
NOAA-GFDL: CEFI-regional-MOM6, GitHub [code], https://github.com/NOAA-GFDL/CEFI-regional-MOM6/, last access: 8 August 2025.
NOAA-GFDL: MOM6, GitHub [code], https://github.com/NOAA-GFDL/MOM6, last access: 2 August 2024a.
NOAA-GFDL: NOAA-GFDL, GitHub [code], https://github.com/NOAA-GFDL, last access: 2 August 2024b.
Orlanski, I.: A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows, J. Comput. Phys., 21, 251–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(76)90023-1, 1976.
Park, J.: Quality Evaluation of long-term shipboard salinity data obtained by NIFS, J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., 26, 49–61, https://doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2021.26.1.049, 2021.
Reichl, B. G. and Hallberg, R.: A simplified energetics based planetary boundary layer (ePBL) approach for ocean climate simulations, Ocean Model., 132, 112–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.10.004, 2018.
Reichl, B. G. and Li, Q.: A parameterization with a constrained potential energy conversion rate of vertical mixing due to Langmuir turbulence, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 2935–2959, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0258.1, 2019.
Ross, A. C., Stock, C. A., Adcroft, A., Curchitser, E., Hallberg, R., Harrison, M. J., Hedstrom, K., Zadeh, N., Alexander, M., Chen, W., Drenkard, E. J., du Pontavice, H., Dussin, R., Gomez, F., John, J. G., Kang, D., Lavoie, D., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Saba, V., Shin, S.-I., Siedlecki, S., and Simkins, J.: A high-resolution physical–biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023.
Seijo-Ellis, G., Giglio, D., Marques, G., and Bryan, F.: CARIB12: a regional Community Earth System Model/Modular Ocean Model 6 configuration of the Caribbean Sea, Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8989–9021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8989-2024, 2024.
Seo, S. N.: Digital 30sec gridded bathymetric data of Korea marginal seas-KorBathy30s, J. Korean Soc. Coast. Ocean Eng., 20, 110–120, 2008.
Sharples, J., Moore, C. M., Hickman, A. E., Holligan, P. M., Tweddle, J. F., Palmer, M. R., and Simpson, J. H.: Internal tidal mixing as a control on continental margin ecosystems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040683, 2009.
Stevens, C. L., Sutton, P. J. H., and Lawn, C. S.: Internal waves downstream of Norfolk Ridge, western Pacific, and their biophysical implications, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 897–911, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.4.0897, 2012.
Wang, H., Hallberg, R., Wallcraft, A. J., Arbic, B. K., and Chassignet, E. P.: Improving global barotropic tides with sub-grid scale topography, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 16, e2023MS004056, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS004056, 2024.
Wilson, C.: Chlorophyll anomalies along the critical latitude at 30° N in the NE Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048210, 2011.
Woo, H. J. and Park, K. A.: Inter-comparisons of daily sea surface temperatures and in-situ temperatures in the coastal regions, Remote Sensing., 12, 1592, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101592, 2020.
Yanagi, T. and Inoue, K.: Tide and tidal current in the Yellow/East China Seas, La Mer, 32, 153–165, 1994.
Short summary
This study assesses how vertical coordinate choice shapes barotropic and baroclinic tide simulations in a high-resolution, MOM6 (Modular Ocean Model version 6) regional model. Focusing on the Yellow Sea under realistic forcing and seasonal stratification, we compare z* and z*-isopycnal hybrid to quantify coordinate-dependent impacts on tidal energetics and vertical structure. The results underscore that vertical representation is critical for accurately reproducing coastal stratification and tide–stratification interactions.
This study assesses how vertical coordinate choice shapes barotropic and baroclinic tide...