Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1937-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1937-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
Development and technical paper
 | 
09 Mar 2026
Development and technical paper |  | 09 Mar 2026

Improving thermodynamic nudging in the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 2 (EAMv2): strategy and hindcast skills on weather systems

Shixuan Zhang, L. Ruby Leung, Bryce E. Harrop, Aniruddha Bora, George Karniadakis, Khemraj Shukla, and Kai Zhang

Data sets

Analysis scripts and dataset for Zhang et. al. (2025) Shixuan Zhang https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18226569

ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1979 to present H. Hersbach et al. https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6

ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present H. Hersbach et al. https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47

Model code and software

E3SM Model Code for Zhang et. al. (2025) Shixuan Zhang https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16815018

E3SM Project: Energy Exascale Earth System Model v2.0 US Department of Energy https://github.com/E3SM-Project/E3SM/releases/tag/v2.0.0

TempestExtremes v2.2.1 P. Ullrich https://github.com/ClimateGlobalChange/tempestextremes/releases/tag/v2.2.1

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Short summary
We developed a new method to guide the simulated atmosphere in an Earth system model so it better reflects real-world weather. By adjusting temperature and humidity, it reduces unwanted side effects and improves the realism of rainfall, energy flows, land–surface conditions, and extreme storms such as cyclones and atmospheric rivers. This makes the model more useful for testing its performance, understanding high-impact weather events, and creating reliable training data for machine learning.
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