Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1581-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1581-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 4
Model description paper
 | 
26 Feb 2026
Model description paper |  | 26 Feb 2026

Prognostic simulations of mixed-phase clouds with model AC-1D v1.0: the impact of aerosol types and freezing parameterizations on ice crystal budgets

Yijia Sun, Ann M. Fridlind, Israel Silber, Nicole Riemer, and Daniel A. Knopf

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Short summary
The role of Arctic clouds in the regional climate remains uncertain due to insufficient understanding of the amount of liquid droplets and ice crystals present in these clouds. An aerosol-cloud model is employed to examine the role of different aerosol types and freezing parameterizations on the number of ice crystals. The choice of freezing parameterization significantly changes the number of ice crystals impacting the interpretation of the evolution and warming effect of Arctic clouds.
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