Modelling framework for asynchronous land-atmosphere coupling using NASA GISS ModelE (NASA-GISS E2.1) and LPJ-LMfire  (v1.4.0): design, application and evaluation for the 2.5&thinsp;ka period

Singh, Ram; Koch, Alexander; LeGrande, Allegra N.; Tsigaridis, Kostas; Ramos, Riovie D.; Ludlow, Francis; Aleinov, Igor; Ruedy, Reto; Kaplan, Jed O.

doi:10.5194/gmd-19-1405-2026

Articles | Volume 19, issue 3

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1405-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1405-2026

© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 19, issue 3

Model experiment description paper

|

16 Feb 2026

Model experiment description paper |

| 16 Feb 2026

Modelling framework for asynchronous land-atmosphere coupling using NASA GISS ModelE (NASA-GISS E2.1) and LPJ-LMfire (v1.4.0): design, application and evaluation for the 2.5 ka period

Ram Singh, Alexander Koch, Allegra N. LeGrande, Kostas Tsigaridis, Riovie D. Ramos, Francis Ludlow, Igor Aleinov, Reto Ruedy, and Jed O. Kaplan

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1405-2026-supplement

Data sets

Modelling framework for asynchronous land-atmosphere coupling using NASA GISS ModelE and LPJ-LMfire: Design, Application and Evaluation for the 2.5 ka period R. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13626434

Model code and software

ARVE-Research/LPJ-LMfire: LPJ-LMfire (tropical forest restoration) J. O. Kaplan et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5831747

Short summary

This study presents an experimental framework for asynchronous land-atmosphere coupling to include biogeophysical feedbacks using a dynamic vegetation model with an Earth system model that lacks a fully dynamic vegetation component. The framework is implemented for the 2.5 ka period and also illustrates the role of model performance metrics (bias, variability), while evaluating the simulated climate against the multi-proxy paleoclimate reconstructions.