Articles | Volume 18, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7735-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| Highlight paper
| 
23 Oct 2025
Development and technical paper | Highlight paper |
| 23 Oct 2025
| 23 Oct 2025
nextGEMS: entering the era of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Philipp Weiss
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Sebastian K. Müller
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
University of Trento, Trento, Italy
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Edgar Dolores-Tesillos
Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Imme Benedict
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Matthias Aengenheyster
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Razvan Aguridan
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
Gabriele Arduini
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Alexander J. Baker
National Centre for Atmospheric Science and Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Jiawei Bao
Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
Swantje Bastin
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Eulàlia Baulenas
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
Tobias Becker
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Sebastian Beyer
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Hendryk Bockelmann
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Nils Brüggemann
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Lukas Brunner
Department of Earth System Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Suvarchal K. Cheedela
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Sushant Das
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
Jasper Denissen
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Ian Dragaud
Department of Earth System Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Piotr Dziekan
Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Madeleine Ekblom
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Jan Frederik Engels
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Monika Esch
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Richard Forbes
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Claudia Frauen
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Lilli Freischem
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Diego García-Maroto
Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Philipp Geier
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Paul Gierz
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Álvaro González-Cervera
Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Katherine Grayson
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
Matthew Griffith
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Oliver Gutjahr
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Helmuth Haak
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Ioan Hadade
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Kerstin Haslehner
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Shabeh ul Hasson
HAREME Lab, Earth and Society Research Hub (ESRAH), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Jan Hegewald
Gauß-IT-Zentrum, Braunschweig University of Technology (GITZ), Braunschweig, Germany
Lukas Kluft
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Aleksei Koldunov
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Nikolay Koldunov
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Tobias Kölling
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Shunya Koseki
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Sergey Kosukhin
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Josh Kousal
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Peter Kuma
Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Arjun U. Kumar
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Rumeng Li
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Nicolas Maury
LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
Maximilian Meindl
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Sebastian Milinski
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Kristian Mogensen
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Bimochan Niraula
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Jakub Nowak
Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Divya Sri Praturi
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Ulrike Proske
Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Dian Putrasahan
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
René Redler
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
David Santuy
Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Domokos Sármány
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Reiner Schnur
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Patrick Scholz
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Dmitry Sidorenko
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Dorian Spät
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Birgit Sützl
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Daisuke Takasuka
Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Adrian Tompkins
Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
Alejandro Uribe
Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Mirco Valentini
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Menno Veerman
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Aiko Voigt
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Sarah Warnau
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
Fabian Wachsmann
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Marta Wacławczyk
Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Nils Wedi
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Karl-Hermann Wieners
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Jonathan Wille
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Marius Winkler
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Yuting Wu
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Florian Ziemen
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Janos Zimmermann
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Frida A.-M. Bender
Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Dragana Bojovic
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
Sandrine Bony
LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
Simona Bordoni
University of Trento, Trento, Italy
Patrice Brehmer
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal
Marcus Dengler
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Emanuel Dutra
Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Lisbon, Portugal
Saliou Faye
Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar, Senegal
Erich Fischer
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Chiel van Heerwaarden
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Cathy Hohenegger
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Heikki Järvinen
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Markus Jochum
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Thomas Jung
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Johann H. Jungclaus
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Noel S. Keenlyside
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Daniel Klocke
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Heike Konow
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Martina Klose
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Szymon Malinowski
Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Olivia Martius
Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Thorsten Mauritsen
Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Juan Pedro Mellado
Department of Earth System Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Theresa Mieslinger
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Elsa Mohino
Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Hanna Pawłowska
Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Karsten Peters-von Gehlen
German Climate Computing Center, Hamburg, Germany
Abdoulaye Sarré
Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar, Senegal
Pajam Sobhani
Latest Thinking GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
Philip Stier
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Lauri Tuppi
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Pier Luigi Vidale
National Centre for Atmospheric Science and Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Irina Sandu
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany
Bjorn Stevens
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
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Cited
4 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Statistical summaries for streamed data from climate simulations: one-pass algorithms K. Grayson et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-5873-2025
- A physics-informed machine learning parameterization for cloud microphysics in ICON E. Sarauer et al. 10.1017/eds.2025.10016
- A global perspective on the spatial representation of climate extremes from km-scale models L. Brunner et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ade1ef
- Implementation and validation of a supermodeling framework into Community Earth System Model version 2.1.5 W. Chapman et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-5451-2025
4 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Statistical summaries for streamed data from climate simulations: one-pass algorithms K. Grayson et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-5873-2025
- A physics-informed machine learning parameterization for cloud microphysics in ICON E. Sarauer et al. 10.1017/eds.2025.10016
- A global perspective on the spatial representation of climate extremes from km-scale models L. Brunner et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ade1ef
- Implementation and validation of a supermodeling framework into Community Earth System Model version 2.1.5 W. Chapman et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-5451-2025
Latest update: 23 Oct 2025
Executive editor
Kilometre-scale global climate models are pivotal for delivering nuanced regional climate insights and informing climate action, though they face the formidable challenge of balancing computational demands with the precision required to simulate complex subgrid processes. This paper is one of the landmarks in climate modelling, demonstrating the potential of kilometre-scale models to enhance regional climate understanding. It overcomes computational hurdles to achieve high-resolution simulations, crucial for capturing mesoscale phenomena. The authors' transparent exploration of challenges and successes makes this a vital read for climate scientists, offering insights into the future of climate modelling and its applications in climate action.
Kilometre-scale global climate models are pivotal for delivering nuanced regional climate...
Short summary
The Next Generation of Earth Modeling Systems project (nextGEMS) developed two Earth system models that use horizontal grid spacing of 10 km and finer, giving more fidelity to the representation of local phenomena, globally. In its fourth cycle, nextGEMS simulated the Earth System climate over the 2020–2049 period under the SSP3-7.0 scenario. Here, we provide an overview of nextGEMS, insights into the model development, and the realism of multi-decadal, kilometer-scale simulations.
The Next Generation of Earth Modeling Systems project (nextGEMS) developed two Earth system...
