Articles | Volume 18, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7603-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7603-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
22 Oct 2025
Model description paper |
| 22 Oct 2025
| 22 Oct 2025
PHOREAU v1.0: a new process-based model to predict forest functioning, from tree ecophysiology to forest dynamics and biogeography
CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
François de Coligny
AMAP UMR931, Botany and Computational Plant Architecture, INRAE, TA A-51/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
Isabelle Chuine
CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
Louis Devresse
CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
Daniel Berveiller
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Société Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hervé Cochard
INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Matthias Cuntz
Université de Lorrain, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
Nicolas Delpierre
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Société Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Émilie Joetzjer
Université de Lorrain, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
Jean-Marc Limousin
CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
Jean-Marc Ourcival
CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
François Pimont
INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
Julien Ruffault
INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
Guillaume Simioni
INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
INRAE, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRAE Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
Xavier Morin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Anna T. Schackow, Susan C. Steele-Dunne, David T. Milodowski, Jean-Marc Limousin, and Ana Bastos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4884, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4884, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Plants regulate how much water they lose and how much carbon they take in, but rising heat and dryness make this balance harder. We studied how water movement inside plant stems changes during the day and relates to dryness in the air and soil. By analyzing these daily patterns, we identified signals of stress that could be tracked not only with sensors in plants but also from satellites, offering new ways to monitor global vegetation health.
Michael Meier, Christof Bigler, and Isabelle Chuine
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 6963–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6963-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6963-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The DP3 model of leaf coloring, formulated according to the leaf development process, considerably contrasts previous models and allows to set up new hypotheses, e.g., regarding earlier onset and longer duration of senescence predicted for warmer conditions. Comparing the accuracy of the DP3 model to that of previous models and the Null model (average observed date of leaf coloring) suggests that leaf coloring data are noisy, which is why observation protocols and methods should be revised.
John D. Marshall, Maren Dubbert, Teresa E. Gimeno, Ruth-Kristina Magh, Kathrin Kühnhammer, David Dubbert, Paul Koeniger, Matthias Cuntz, and Matthias Beyer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3025, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3025, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Water transport in forest soils occurs partly through roots, both vertically and horizontally. We added a stable isotope label to a small forest plot and monitored its passage vertically into the soil and horizontally into stems of surrounding trees. The labelled water was detected in trees up to 6.7 m away, but was mostly taken up by one tree adjacent to the plot. These results affect how we think about summing over individual trees to describe the water economy of a whole forest.
Kaiyan Hu, Bertille Loiseau, Simon D. Carrière, Nolwenn Lesparre, Cédric Champollion, Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul, Niklas Linde, and Damien Jougnot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2997–3018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2997-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2997-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the potential of the electrical self-potential (SP) method, a passive geophysical technique, to provide additional insights into tree transpiration rates. We measured SP and sap velocity in three tree species over a year in a Mediterranean climate. Results indicate SP may characterize transpiration rates, especially during dry seasons. Additionally, the electrokinetic coupling coefficients of these trees align with values typically found in porous geological media.
Gabriel Destouet, Nikola Besic, Emilie Joetzjer, and Matthias Cuntz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3193–3215, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3193-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3193-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past two decades, global flux tower networks have provided valuable insights into ecosystem functioning. However, the standard eddy-covariance method used for processing flux data has limitations, leading to data loss and limited resolution due to fixed time steps. This paper introduces a new method using wavelet analysis to increase temporal resolution and improve data retention. Applied at the Hesse forest flux tower in France, this approach provides high-resolution flux estimates, enhancing the accuracy of flux measurements.
Arsène Druel, Julien Ruffault, Hendrik Davi, André Chanzy, Olivier Marloie, Miquel De Cáceres, Albert Olioso, Florent Mouillot, Christophe François, Kamel Soudani, and Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul
Biogeosciences, 22, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate radiation data are essential for understanding ecosystem functions and dynamics. Traditional large-scale data lack the precision needed for complex terrain. This study introduces a new model, which accounts for sub-daily direct and diffuse radiation effects caused by terrain features, to enhance the radiation data resolution using elevation maps. Tested on a mountainous area, this method significantly improved radiation estimates, benefiting predictions of forest functions.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Marco M. Lehmann, Josie Geris, Ilja van Meerveld, Daniele Penna, Youri Rothfuss, Matteo Verdone, Pertti Ala-Aho, Matyas Arvai, Alise Babre, Philippe Balandier, Fabian Bernhard, Lukrecija Butorac, Simon Damien Carrière, Natalie C. Ceperley, Zuosinan Chen, Alicia Correa, Haoyu Diao, David Dubbert, Maren Dubbert, Fabio Ercoli, Marius G. Floriancic, Teresa E. Gimeno, Damien Gounelle, Frank Hagedorn, Christophe Hissler, Frédéric Huneau, Alberto Iraheta, Tamara Jakovljević, Nerantzis Kazakis, Zoltan Kern, Karl Knaebel, Johannes Kobler, Jiří Kocum, Charlotte Koeber, Gerbrand Koren, Angelika Kübert, Dawid Kupka, Samuel Le Gall, Aleksi Lehtonen, Thomas Leydier, Philippe Malagoli, Francesca Sofia Manca di Villahermosa, Chiara Marchina, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Hannu Marttila, Aline Meyer Oliveira, Gaël Monvoisin, Natalie Orlowski, Kadi Palmik-Das, Aurel Persoiu, Andrei Popa, Egor Prikaziuk, Cécile Quantin, Katja T. Rinne-Garmston, Clara Rohde, Martin Sanda, Matthias Saurer, Daniel Schulz, Michael Paul Stockinger, Christine Stumpp, Jean-Stéphane Venisse, Lukas Vlcek, Stylianos Voudouris, Björn Weeser, Mark E. Wilkinson, Giulia Zuecco, and Katrin Meusburger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a unique large-scale isotope dataset to study water dynamics in European forests. Researchers collected data from 40 beech and spruce forest sites in spring and summer 2023, using a standardized method to ensure consistency. The results show that water sources for trees change between seasons and vary by tree species. This large dataset offers valuable information for understanding plant water use, improving ecohydrological models, and mapping water cycles across Europe.
Guohua Liu, Mirco Migliavacca, Christian Reimers, Basil Kraft, Markus Reichstein, Andrew D. Richardson, Lisa Wingate, Nicolas Delpierre, Hui Yang, and Alexander J. Winkler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6683–6701, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to model canopy greenness and phenology, integrating meteorological memory effects. The LSTM model outperforms traditional methods, enhancing accuracy in predicting greenness dynamics and phenological transitions across plant functional types. Highlighting the importance of multi-variate meteorological memory effects, our research pioneers unlock the secrets of vegetation phenology responses to climate change with deep learning techniques.
Yitong Yao, Philippe Ciais, Emilie Joetzjer, Wei Li, Lei Zhu, Yujie Wang, Christian Frankenberg, and Nicolas Viovy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 763–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-763-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-763-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2) is critical for shaping the future path of forest carbon uptake, while uncertainties remain about concurrent carbon loss. Here, we found that eCO2 might amplify competition-induced carbon loss, while the extent of drought-induced carbon loss hinges on the balance between heightened biomass density and water-saving benefits. This is the first time that such carbon loss responses to ongoing climate change have been quantified separately over the Amazon rainforest.
Hamadou Balde, Gabriel Hmimina, Yves Goulas, Gwendal Latouche, Abderrahmane Ounis, Daniel Berveiller, and Kamel Soudani
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-657, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-657, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the drivers of GPP and SIF changes and of their links, we examined how SIF and GPP changed at daily and seasonal scales considering canopy structure and abiotic conditions in a deciduous oak forest. The data show that leaf and canopy properties variations, seasonal cycle of PAR, and abiotic factors control not only SIF and GPP changes, but also their links. Further, during the heatwaves in 2022, we noticed that SIF was a proxy of GPP, while VIs were not.
Jianhong Lin, Daniel Berveiller, Christophe François, Heikki Hänninen, Alexandre Morfin, Gaëlle Vincent, Rui Zhang, Cyrille Rathgeber, and Nicolas Delpierre
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 865–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Currently, the high variability of budburst between individual trees is overlooked. The consequences of this neglect when projecting the dynamics and functioning of tree communities are unknown. Here we develop the first process-oriented model to describe the difference in budburst dates between individual trees in plant populations. Beyond budburst, the model framework provides a basis for studying the dynamics of phenological traits under climate change, from the individual to the community.
Yuan Yan, Anne Klosterhalfen, Fernando Moyano, Matthias Cuntz, Andrew C. Manning, and Alexander Knohl
Biogeosciences, 20, 4087–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of O2 fluxes, their exchange ratios with CO2 and their interrelations with environmental conditions would provide further insights into biogeochemical ecosystem processes. We, therefore, used the multilayer canopy model CANVEG to simulate and analyze the flux exchange for our forest study site for 2012–2016. Based on these simulations, we further successfully tested the application of various micrometeorological methods and the prospects of real O2 flux measurements.
Ivan Cornut, Nicolas Delpierre, Jean-Paul Laclau, Joannès Guillemot, Yann Nouvellon, Otavio Campoe, Jose Luiz Stape, Vitoria Fernanda Santos, and Guerric le Maire
Biogeosciences, 20, 3093–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3093-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potassium is an essential element for living organisms. Trees are dependent upon this element for certain functions that allow them to build their trunks using carbon dioxide. Using data from experiments in eucalypt plantations in Brazil and a simplified computer model of the plantations, we were able to investigate the effect that a lack of potassium can have on the production of wood. Understanding nutrient cycles is useful to understand the response of forests to environmental change.
Ivan Cornut, Guerric le Maire, Jean-Paul Laclau, Joannès Guillemot, Yann Nouvellon, and Nicolas Delpierre
Biogeosciences, 20, 3119–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
After simulating the effects of low levels of potassium on the canopy of trees and the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by leaves in Part 1, here we tried to simulate the way the trees use the carbon they have acquired and the interaction with the potassium cycle in the tree. We show that the effect of low potassium on the efficiency of the trees in acquiring carbon is enough to explain why they produce less wood when they are in soils with low levels of potassium.
Miquel De Cáceres, Roberto Molowny-Horas, Antoine Cabon, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Maurizio Mencuccini, Raúl García-Valdés, Daniel Nadal-Sala, Santiago Sabaté, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Xavier Morin, Francesco D'Adamo, Enric Batllori, and Aitor Améztegui
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3165–3201, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Regional-level applications of dynamic vegetation models are challenging because they need to accommodate the variation in plant functional diversity. This can be done by estimating parameters from available plant trait databases while adopting alternative solutions for missing data. Here we present the design, parameterization and evaluation of MEDFATE (version 2.9.3), a novel model of forest dynamics for its application over a region in the western Mediterranean Basin.
Julien Ruffault, François Pimont, Hervé Cochard, Jean-Luc Dupuy, and Nicolas Martin-StPaul
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5593–5626, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5593-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5593-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A widespread increase in tree mortality has been observed around the globe, and this trend is likely to continue because of ongoing climate change. Here we present SurEau-Ecos, a trait-based plant hydraulic model to predict tree desiccation and mortality. SurEau-Ecos can help determine the areas and ecosystems that are most vulnerable to drying conditions.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Anthony P. Walker, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 5639–5668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Australian continent is included in global assessments of the carbon cycle such as the global carbon budget, yet the performance of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) over Australia has rarely been evaluated. We assessed simulations by an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models over Australia and highlighted a number of key areas that lead to model divergence on both short (inter-annual) and long (decadal) timescales.
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Kamel Soudani, Nicolas Delpierre, Daniel Berveiller, Gabriel Hmimina, Jean-Yves Pontailler, Lou Seureau, Gaëlle Vincent, and Éric Dufrêne
Biogeosciences, 18, 3391–3408, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3391-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3391-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an exhaustive comparative survey of eight proximal methods to estimate forest phenology. We focused on methodological aspects and thoroughly assessed deviations between predicted and observed phenological dates and pointed out their main causes. We show that proximal methods provide robust phenological metrics. They can be used to retrieve long-term phenological series at flux measurement sites and help interpret the interannual variability and trends of mass and energy exchanges.
Zichong Chen, Junjie Liu, Daven K. Henze, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Kelley C. Wells, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Emilie Joetzjer, Vladislav Bastrikov, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Danica L. Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Benjamin Poulter, Hanqin Tian, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Sönke Zaehle, and Scot M. Miller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6663–6680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6663-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6663-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite observes atmospheric CO2 globally. We use a multiple regression and inverse model to quantify the relationships between OCO-2 and environmental drivers within individual years for 2015–2018 and within seven global biomes. Our results point to limitations of current space-based observations for inferring environmental relationships but also indicate the potential to inform key relationships that are very uncertain in process-based models.
Daniele Peano, Deborah Hemming, Stefano Materia, Christine Delire, Yuanchao Fan, Emilie Joetzjer, Hanna Lee, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Taejin Park, Philippe Peylin, David Wårlind, Andy Wiltshire, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 2405–2428, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models are the scientist’s tools used for studying past, present, and future climate conditions. This work examines the ability of a group of our tools in reproducing and capturing the right timing and length of the season when plants show their green leaves. This season, indeed, is fundamental for CO2 exchanges between land, atmosphere, and climate. This work shows that discrepancies compared to observations remain, demanding further polishing of these tools.
Jan Pisek, Angela Erb, Lauri Korhonen, Tobias Biermann, Arnaud Carrara, Edoardo Cremonese, Matthias Cuntz, Silvano Fares, Giacomo Gerosa, Thomas Grünwald, Niklas Hase, Michal Heliasz, Andreas Ibrom, Alexander Knohl, Johannes Kobler, Bart Kruijt, Holger Lange, Leena Leppänen, Jean-Marc Limousin, Francisco Ramon Lopez Serrano, Denis Loustau, Petr Lukeš, Lars Lundin, Riccardo Marzuoli, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Johan Neirynck, Matthias Peichl, Corinna Rebmann, Eva Rubio, Margarida Santos-Reis, Crystal Schaaf, Marius Schmidt, Guillaume Simioni, Kamel Soudani, and Caroline Vincke
Biogeosciences, 18, 621–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-621-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-621-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understory vegetation is the most diverse, least understood component of forests worldwide. Understory communities are important drivers of overstory succession and nutrient cycling. Multi-angle remote sensing enables us to describe surface properties by means that are not possible when using mono-angle data. Evaluated over an extensive set of forest ecosystem experimental sites in Europe, our reported method can deliver good retrievals, especially over different forest types with open canopies.
Richard Essery, Hyungjun Kim, Libo Wang, Paul Bartlett, Aaron Boone, Claire Brutel-Vuilmet, Eleanor Burke, Matthias Cuntz, Bertrand Decharme, Emanuel Dutra, Xing Fang, Yeugeniy Gusev, Stefan Hagemann, Vanessa Haverd, Anna Kontu, Gerhard Krinner, Matthieu Lafaysse, Yves Lejeune, Thomas Marke, Danny Marks, Christoph Marty, Cecile B. Menard, Olga Nasonova, Tomoko Nitta, John Pomeroy, Gerd Schädler, Vladimir Semenov, Tatiana Smirnova, Sean Swenson, Dmitry Turkov, Nander Wever, and Hua Yuan
The Cryosphere, 14, 4687–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are uncertain in predicting how warming changes snow cover. This paper compares 22 snow models with the same meteorological inputs. Predicted trends agree with observations at four snow research sites: winter snow cover does not start later, but snow now melts earlier in spring than in the 1980s at two of the sites. Cold regions where snow can last until late summer are predicted to be particularly sensitive to warming because the snow then melts faster at warmer times of year.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Cited articles
Adler, P. B., Fajardo, A., Kleinhesselink, A. R., and Kraft, N. J. B.: Trait-based tests of coexistence mechanisms, Ecol. Lett., 16, 1294–1306, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12157, 2013.
Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigling, A., Breshears, D. D., Hogg, E. H. (Ted), Gonzalez, P., Fensham, R., Zhang, Z., Castro, J., Demidova, N., Lim, J.-H., Allard, G., Running, S. W., Semerci, A., and Cobb, N.: A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests, Forest Ecol. Manage., 259, 660–684, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001, 2010.
Ammer, C.: Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate, New Phytol., 221, 50–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15263, 2019.
Anderegg, W. R. L., Plavcová, L., Anderegg, L. D. L., Hacke, U. G., Berry, J. A., and Field, C. B.: Drought's legacy: multiyear hydraulic deterioration underlies widespread aspen forest die-off and portends increased future risk, Global Change Biol., 19, 1188–1196, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12100, 2013.
Anderegg, W. R. L., Konings, A. G., Trugman, A. T., Yu, K., Bowling, D. R., Gabbitas, R., Karp, D. S., Pacala, S., Sperry, J. S., Sulman, B. N., and Zenes, N.: Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience during drought, Nature, 561, 538–541, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0539-7, 2018.
Augspurger, C. K. and Bartlett, E. A.: Differences in leaf phenology between juvenile and adult trees in a temperate deciduous forest, Tree Physiol., 23, 517–525, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/23.8.517, 2003.
Baldocchi, D. D.: Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future, Global Change Biol., 9, 479–492, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x, 2003.
Bartlett, M. K., Scoffoni, C., and Sack, L.: The determinants of leaf turgor loss point and prediction of drought tolerance of species and biomes: a global meta-analysis, Ecol. Lett., 15, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01751.x, 2012.
Bertness, M. D. and Callaway, R.: Positive interactions in communities, Trends Ecol. Evol., 9, 191–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90088-4, 1994.
Bertrand, R., Lenoir, J., Piedallu, C., Riofrío-Dillon, G., de Ruffray, P., Vidal, C., Pierrat, J.-C., and Gégout, J.-C.: Changes in plant community composition lag behind climate warming in lowland forests, Nature, 479, 517–520, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10548, 2011.
Betsch, P., Bonal, D., Breda, N., Montpied, P., Peiffer, M., Tuzet, A., and Granier, A.: Drought effects on water relations in beech: The contribution of exchangeable water reservoirs, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 531–543, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.008, 2011.
Bigler, C. and Bugmann, H.: Climate-induced shifts in leaf unfolding and frost risk of European trees and shrubs, Sci. Rep., 8, 9865, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27893-1, 2018.
Binkley, D., Campoe, O. C., Gspaltl, M., and Forrester, D. I.: Light absorption and use efficiency in forests: Why patterns differ for trees and stands, Forest Ecol. Manage., 288, 5–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.002, 2013.
Black, T. A., Chen, J.-M., Lee, X., and Sagar, R. M.: Characteristics of shortwave and longwave irradiances under a Douglas-fir forest stand, Can. J. Forest Res., 21, 1020–1028, https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-140, 1991.
Blondeel, H., Guillemot, J., Martin-StPaul, N., Druel, A., Bilodeau-Gauthier, S., Bauhus, J., Grossiord, C., Hector, A., Jactel, H., Jensen, J., Messier, C., Muys, B., Serrano-León, H., Auge, H., Barsoum, N., Birhane, E., Bruelheide, H., Cavender-Bares, J., Chu, C., Cumming, J. R., Damtew, A., Eisenhauer, N., Ferlian, O., Fiedler, S., Ganade, G., Godbold, D. L., Gravel, D., Hall, J. S., Hölscher, D., Hulvey, K. B., Koricheva, J., Kreft, H., Lapadat, C., Liang, J., Liu, X., Meredieu, C., Mereu, S., Montgomery, R., Morillas, L., Nock, C., Paquette, A., Parker, J. D., Parker, W. C., Paterno, G. B., Perring, M. P., Ponette, Q., Potvin, C., Reich, P. B., Rentch, J., Rewald, B., Sandén, H., Sinacore, K., Standish, R. J., Stefanski, A., Tobin, P. C., van Breugel, M., Fagundes, M. V., Weih, M., Williams, L. J., Zhou, M., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Verheyen, K., and Baeten, L.: Tree diversity reduces variability in sapling survival under drought, J. Ecol., 112, 1164–1180, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14294, 2024.
Bohn, F. J. and Huth, A.: The importance of forest structure to biodiversity–productivity relationships, R. Soc. Open Sci., 4, 160521, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160521, 2017.
Botkin, D. B., Janak, J. F., and Wallis, J. R.: Some Ecological Consequences of a Computer Model of Forest Growth, J. Ecol., 60, 849–872, https://doi.org/10.2307/2258570, 1972.
Bourdier, T., Cordonnier, T., Kunstler, G., Piedallu, C., Lagarrigues, G., and Courbaud, B.: Tree Size Inequality Reduces Forest Productivity: An Analysis Combining Inventory Data for Ten European Species and a Light Competition Model, PLOS ONE, 11, e0151852, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151852, 2016.
Bréda, N., Soudani, K., and Bergonzini, J.-C.: Mesure de l’indice foliaire en forêt, GIP ECOFOR, Paris, ISBN 2-914770-02-2, https://www.gip-ecofor.org/produit/mesurede-lindice-foliaire-en-foret/ (last access: 4 May 2025), 2002.
Bréda, N., Huc, R., Granier, A., and Dreyer, E.: Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences, Ann. Forest Sci., 63, 625–644, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006042, 2006.
Brethes, A. and Frankreich (Eds.): Renecofor - caracteristiques pedologiques des 102 peuplements du réseau: observations de 1994/95, Département des Recherches Techniques, Fontainebleau, 573 pp., https://appgeodb.nancy.inra.fr/biljou/pdf/RENecoFOR_Caracteristiques_pedologiques_1997.pdf (last access: 22 March 2025), 1997.
Briere, M., François, C., Lebourgeois, F., Seynave, I., Vincent, G., Korboulewsky, N., Ningre, F., Perot, T., Perret, S., Calas, A., and Dufrêne, E.: Leaf area index estimation of even-aged oak (Quercus petraea) forests using in situ stand dendrometric parameters, Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.05.454476, 2021.
Brodribb, T. J. and Holbrook, N. M.: Stomatal Closure during Leaf Dehydration, Correlation with Other Leaf Physiological Traits, Plant Physiol., 132, 2166–2173, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.023879, 2003.
Brodribb, T. J., Holbrook, N. M., Edwards, E. J., and Gutiérrez, M. V.: Relations between stomatal closure, leaf turgor and xylem vulnerability in eight tropical dry forest trees, Plant Cell Environ., 26, 443–450, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00975.x, 2003.
Brodribb, T. J., Bowman, D. J. M. S., Nichols, S., Delzon, S., and Burlett, R.: Xylem function and growth rate interact to determine recovery rates after exposure to extreme water deficit, New Phytol., 188, 533–542, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03393.x, 2010.
Brodribb, T. J., Powers, J., Cochard, H., and Choat, B.: Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought, Science, 368, 261–266, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7631, 2020.
Brunner, I., Herzog, C., Dawes, M. A., Arend, M., and Sperisen, C.: How tree roots respond to drought, Front. Plant Sci., 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00547, 2015.
Bugmann, H.: A review of Forest Gap Models, Climatic Change, 51, 259–305, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012525626267, 2001.
Bugmann, H. and Seidl, R.: The evolution, complexity and diversity of models of long-term forest dynamics, J. Ecol., 110, 2288–2307, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13989, 2022.
Bugmann, H. K. M.: A Simplified Forest Model to Study Species Composition Along Climate Gradients, Ecology, 77, 2055–2074, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265700, 1996.
Bugmann, H. K. M. and Solomon, A. M.: Explaining Forest Composition and Biomass across Multiple Biogeographical Regions, Ecol. Appl., 10, 95–114, https://doi.org/10.2307/2640989, 2000.
Burger, H.: Holz, Blattmenge und Zuwachs. XI. Mitteilung. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Anstalt für das forstliche Versuchswesen, 27, 247–286, https://ubbern.swisscovery.slsp.ch/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma99116733208005511 (last access: 13 May 2025), 1951.
Cabon, A., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Martínez de Aragón, J., Poyatos, R., and De Cáceres, M.: Applying the eco-hydrological equilibrium hypothesis to model root distribution in water-limited forests, Ecohydrology, 11, e2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2015, 2018.
Cabon, A., Fernández-de-Uña, L., Gea-Izquierdo, G., Meinzer, F. C., Woodruff, D. R., Martínez-Vilalta, J., and De Cáceres, M.: Water potential control of turgor-driven tracheid enlargement in Scots pine at its xeric distribution edge, New Phytologist, 225, 209–221, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16146, 2020.
Cailleret, M., Jansen, S., Robert, E. M. R., Desoto, L., Aakala, T., Antos, J. A., Beikircher, B., Bigler, C., Bugmann, H., Caccianiga, M., Cada, V., Camarero, J. J., Cherubini, P., Cochard, H., Coyea, M. R., Cufar, K., Das, A. J., Davi, H., Delzon, S., Dorman, M., Gea-Izquierdo, G., Gillner, S., Haavik, L. J., Hartmann, H., Heres, A.-M., Hultine, K. R., Janda, P., Kane, J. M., Kharuk, V. I., Kitzberger, T., Klein, T., Kramer, K., Lens, F., Levanic, T., Linares Calderon, J. C., Lloret, F., Lobodo-Vale, R., Lombardi, F., Lopez Rodriguez, R., Makinen, H., Mayr, S., Meszaros, I., Metsaranta, J. M., Minunno, F., Oberhuber, W., Papadopoulos, A., Peltoniemi, M., Petritan, A. M., Rohner, B., Sanguesa-Barreda, G., Sarris, D., Smith, J. M., Stan, A. B., Sterck, F., Stojanovic, D. B., Suarez, M. L., Svoboda, M., Tognetti, R., Torres-Ruiz, J. M., Trotsiuk, V., Villalba, R., Vodde, F., Westwood, A. R., Wyckoff, P. H., Zafirov, N., and Martinez-Vilalta, J.: A synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality, Global Change Biol., 23, 1675–1690, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13535, 2017.
Cakpo, C. B., Ruffault, J., Dupuy, J.-L., Pimont, F., Doussan, C., Moreno, M., Jean, N., Jean, F., Burlett, R., Delzon, S., Trueba, S., Torres-Ruiz, J. M., Cochard, H., and Martin-StPaul, N.: Exploring the role of plant hydraulics in canopy fuel moisture content: insights from an experimental drought study on Pinus halepensis Mill. and Quercus ilex L., Ann. Forest Sci., 81, 26, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13595-024-01244-9, 2024.
Canadell, J., Jackson, R. B., Ehleringer, J. B., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E., and Schulze, E.-D.: Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale, Oecologia, 108, 583–595, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329030, 1996.
Caylor, K. K., Scanlon, T. M., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.: Ecohydrological optimization of pattern and processes in water-limited ecosystems: A trade-off-based hypothesis, Water Resour. Res., 45, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007230, 2009.
Chapin III, F. S., Randerson, J. T., McGuire, A. D., Foley, J. A., and Field, C. B.: Changing feedbacks in the climate–biosphere system, Front. Ecol. Environ., 6, 313–320, https://doi.org/10.1890/080005, 2008.
Chen, J. M., Mo, G., Pisek, J., Liu, J., Deng, F., Ishizawa, M., and Chan, D.: Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003996, 2012.
Choat, B., Jansen, S., Brodribb, T. J., Cochard, H., Delzon, S., Bhaskar, R., Bucci, S. J., Feild, T. S., Gleason, S. M., Hacke, U. G., Jacobsen, A. L., Lens, F., Maherali, H., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Mayr, S., Mencuccini, M., Mitchell, P. J., Nardini, A., Pittermann, J., Pratt, R. B., Sperry, J. S., Westoby, M., Wright, I. J., and Zanne, A. E.: Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought, Nature, 491, 752–755, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11688, 2012.
Choat, B., Brodribb, T. J., Brodersen, C. R., Duursma, R. A., López, R., and Medlyn, B. E.: Triggers of tree mortality under drought, Nature, 558, 531–539, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0240-x, 2018.
Chuine, I.: Why does phenology drive species distribution?, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 365, 3149–3160, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0142, 2010.
Chuine, I. and Beaubien, E. G.: Phenology is a major determinant of tree species range, Ecol. Lett., 4, 500–510, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00261.x, 2001.
Chuine, I. and Régnière, J.: Process-Based Models of Phenology for Plants and Animals, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 48, 159–182, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022706, 2017.
Chuine, I., de Cortazar-Atauri, I. G., Kramer, K., and Hänninen, H.: Chapter 15 Plant Phenology Models, in: Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science, vol. 44, edited by: Schwartz, M. D., Springer Nature, 315–338, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75027-4_14, 2024.
Cleland, E. E., Chuine, I., Menzel, A., Mooney, H. A., and Schwartz, M. D.: Shifting plant phenology in response to global change, Trends Ecol. Evol., 22, 357–365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.04.003, 2007.
Cleveland, W. S. and Loader, C.: Smoothing by Local Regression: Principles and Methods, Heidelberg, in: Statistical Theory and Computational Aspects of Smoothing, Springer, 10–49, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48425-4_2, 1996.
Coates, K. D., Canham, C. D., Beaudet, M., Sachs, D. L., and Messier, C.: Use of a spatially explicit individual-tree model (SORTIE/BC) to explore the implications of patchiness in structurally complex forests, Forest Ecol. Manage., 186, 297–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00301-3, 2003.
Cochard, H., Bréda, N., and Granier, A.: Whole tree hydraulic conductance and water loss regulation in Quercus during drought: evidence for stomatal control of embolism?, Ann. Forest Sci., 53, 197–206, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19960203, 1996.
Cochard, H., Coll, L., Le Roux, X., and Améglio, T.: Unraveling the Effects of Plant Hydraulics on Stomatal Closure during Water Stress in Walnut, Plant Physiol., 128, 282–290, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010400, 2002.
Cochard, H., Pimont, F., Ruffault, J., and Martin-StPaul, N.: SurEau: a mechanistic model of plant water relations under extreme drought, Ann. Forest Sci., 78, 55, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-021-01067-y, 2021.
Cole, E. F. and Sheldon, B. C.: The shifting phenological landscape: Within- and between-species variation in leaf emergence in a mixed-deciduous woodland, Ecol. Evol., 7, 1135–1147, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2718, 2017.
Coomes, D. A. and Grubb, P. J.: Impacts of Root Competition in Forests and Woodlands: A Theoretical Framework and Review of Experiments, Ecol. Monogr., 70, 171–207, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0171:IORCIF]2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Cruiziat, P., Cochard, H., and Amiglio, T.: Hydraulic architecture of trees: main concepts and results, Ann. Forest Sci., 59, 723–752, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2002060, 2002.
Cuntz, M., Joetzjer, E., Aiguier, T., Courtois, P., and Lily, J.-B.: ETC L2 Fluxes from Hesse, ICOS RI, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/a_Tk5J472FK2PGnnPsrcvhnN (last access: 27 October 2024), 2023a.
Cuntz, M., Joetzjer, E., Aiguier, T., Courtois, P., and Lily, J.-B.: ETC L2 Fluxnet (half-hourly) from Hesse, ICOS RI, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/mhfXisYxv0_QXRP6hpd1w1Uw (last access: 27 October 2024), 2023b.
Cuntz, M., Joetzjer, E., Aiguier, T., Courtois, P., and Lily, J.-B.: ETC L2 Meteosens from Hesse, ICOS RI, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/YuY9ltn4eYaIrkupuIQDBGEc (last access: 27 October 2024), 2023c.
Cuntz, M., Joetzjer, E., Aiguier, T., Courtois, P., Lily, J.-B., and Naiken, A.: ETC L2 ARCHIVE from Hesse, ICOS RI, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/vPNG-N0HFIjWvP9It3ooQhGD (last access: 27 October 2024), 2024a.
Cuntz, M., Joetzjer, E., Aiguier, T., Courtois, P., Lily, J.-B., and Naiken, A.: ETC L2 Meteo from Hesse, ICOS RI, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/O3IS0hGIzmuZNg8DoeGauiFX (last access: 27 October 2024), 2024b.
Curtis, R. O.: A simple index of stand density for Douglas-fir, For. Sci., 28, 92–94, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/28.1.92, 1982.
Dănescu, A., Albrecht, A. T., and Bauhus, J.: Structural diversity promotes productivity of mixed, uneven-aged forests in southwestern Germany, Oecologia, 182, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3623-4, 2016.
Davi, H., Dufrêne, E., Granier, A., Le Dantec, V., Barbaroux, C., François, C., and Bréda, N.: Modelling carbon and water cycles in a beech forest, Ecol. Model., 185, 387–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.003, 2005a.
Davi, H., Dufrêne, E., Granier, A., Le Dantec, V., Barbaroux, C., François, C., and Bréda, N.: Modelling carbon and water cycles in a beech forest: Part II.: Validation of the main processes from organ to stand scale, Ecol. Model., 185, 387–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.003, 2005b.
De Cáceres, M., Mencuccini, M., Martin-StPaul, N., Limousin, J.-M., Coll, L., Poyatos, R., Cabon, A., Granda, V., Forner, A., Valladares, F., and Martínez-Vilalta, J.: Unravelling the effect of species mixing on water use and drought stress in Mediterranean forests: A modelling approach, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 296, 108233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108233, 2021.
De Cáceres, M., Molowny-Horas, R., Cabon, A., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Mencuccini, M., García-Valdés, R., Nadal-Sala, D., Sabaté, S., Martin-StPaul, N., Morin, X., D'Adamo, F., Batllori, E., and Améztegui, A.: MEDFATE 2.9.3: a trait-enabled model to simulate Mediterranean forest function and dynamics at regional scales, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3165–3201, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3165-2023, 2023.
Decarsin, R., Guillemot, J., Le Maire, G., Blondeel, H., Meredieu, C., Achard, E., Bonal, D., Cochard, H., Corso, D., Delzon, S., Doucet, Z., Druel, A., Grossiord, C., Torres-Ruiz, J. M., Bauhus, J., Godbold, D. L., Hajek, P., Jactel, H., Jensen, J., Mereu, S., Ponette, Q., Rewald, B., Ruffault, J., Sandén, H., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Serrano-León, H., Simioni, G., Verheyen, K., Werner, R., and Martin-StPaul, N.: Tree drought–mortality risk depends more on intrinsic species resistance than on stand species diversity, Global Change Biol., 30, e17503, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17503, 2024.
De Frenne, P., Lenoir, J., Luoto, M., Scheffers, B. R., Zellweger, F., Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M. B., Christiansen, D. M., Decocq, G., De Pauw, K., Govaert, S., Greiser, C., Gril, E., Hampe, A., Jucker, T., Klinges, D. H., Koelemeijer, I. A., Lembrechts, J. J., Marrec, R., Meeussen, C., Ogée, J., Tyystjärvi, V., Vangansbeke, P., and Hylander, K.: Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda, Global Change Biol., 27, 2279–2297, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15569, 2021.
Delagrange, S., Messier, C., Lechowicz, M. J., and Dizengremel, P.: Physiological, morphological and allocational plasticity in understory deciduous trees: importance of plant size and light availability, Tree Physiol., 24, 775–784, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.7.775, 2004.
del Castillo, J., Comas, C., Voltas, J., and Ferrio, J. P.: Dynamics of competition over water in a mixed oak-pine Mediterranean forest: Spatio-temporal and physiological components, Forest Ecol. Manage., 382, 214–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.025, 2016.
Delpierre, N., Dufrêne, E., Soudani, K., Ulrich, E., Cecchini, S., Boé, J., and François, C.: Modelling interannual and spatial variability of leaf senescence for three deciduous tree species in France, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 938–948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.11.014, 2009.
Delpierre, N., Berveiller, D., Granda, E., and Dufrêne, E.: Wood phenology, not carbon input, controls the interannual variability of wood growth in a temperate oak forest, New Phytol., 210, 459–470, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13771, 2016.
Delzon, S. and Cochard, H.: Recent advances in tree hydraulics highlight the ecological significance of the hydraulic safety margin, New Phytol., 203, 355–358, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12798, 2014.
Demarez, V., Duthoit, S., Baret, F., Weiss, M., and Dedieu, G.: Estimation of leaf area and clumping indexes of crops with hemispherical photographs, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 644–655, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.015, 2008.
Devresse, L., de Coligny, F., Way, F., Postic, T., and Morin, X.: Evolutionary rescue in a mixed beech–fir forest: insights from a quantitative-genetics approach in a process-based model, Oikos, e11661, https://doi.org/10.1002/oik.11661, 2025.
de Vries, W., Vel, E., Reinds, G. J., Deelstra, H., Klap, J. M., Leeters, E. E. J. M., Hendriks, C. M. A., Kerkvoorden, M., Landmann, G., Herkendell, J., Haussmann, T., and Erisman, J. W.: Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems in Europe: 1. Objectives, set-up and evaluation strategy, Forest Ecol. Manage., 174, 77–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00029-4, 2003.
Didion, M., Kupferschmid, A. D., Zingg, A., Fahse, L., and Bugmann, H.: Gaining local accuracy while not losing generality – extending the range of gap model applications, Can. J. Forest Res., 39, 1092–1107, https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-041, 2009.
Dobbertin, M. and Brang, P.: Crown defoliation improves tree mortality models, Forest Ecol. Manage., 141, 271–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00335-2, 2001.
du Bus de Warnafe, G. and Angerand, S.: Gestion forestière et changement climatique: une nouvelle approche de la stratégie nationale d'atténuation, FERN & Canopée – Forêts vivantes, 84 pp., https://www.fern.org/fr/publications-insight/gestion-forestiere-etchangement-climatique-une-nouvelle-approche-de-
la-strategie-nationale-dattenuation-2079/ (last access: 18 May 2025), 2020.
Dufour-Kowalski, S., Courbaud, B., Dreyfus, P., Meredieu, C., and De Coligny, F.: Capsis: an open software framework and community for forest growth modelling, Ann. Forest Sci., 69, 221–233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0140-9, 2012.
Dufrêne, E. and Bréda, N.: Estimation of deciduous forest leaf area index using direct and indirect methods, Oecologia, 104, 156–162, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328580, 1995.
Dufrêne, E., Davi, H., François, C., Le Maire, G., Lebourgeois, F., and Granier, A.: Modelling carbon and water cycles in a beech forest. Part I: model description and uncertainty analysis on modelled NEE, Ecol. Model., 185, 407–436, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.004, 2005.
Eagleson, P. S.: Ecological optimality in water-limited natural soil-vegetation systems: 1. Theory and hypothesis, Water Resour. Res., 18, 325–340, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i002p00325, 1982.
Ellenberg, H.: Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer Sicht, 4th edn., Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, ISBN 978-3-8001-3430-4, 1986.
Eller, C. B., Rowland, L., Mencuccini, M., Rosas, T., Williams, K., Harper, A., Medlyn, B. E., Wagner, Y., Klein, T., Teodoro, G. S., Oliveira, R. S., Matos, I. S., Rosado, B. H. P., Fuchs, K., Wohlfahrt, G., Montagnani, L., Meir, P., Sitch, S., and Cox, P. M.: Stomatal optimization based on xylem hydraulics (SOX) improves land surface model simulation of vegetation responses to climate, New Phytol., 226, 1622–1637, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16419, 2020.
Fan, Y., Miguez-Macho, G., Jobbágy, E. G., Jackson, R. B., and Otero-Casal, C.: Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10572–10577, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712381114, 2017.
Fang, H., Baret, F., Plummer, S., and Schaepman-Strub, G.: An Overview of Global Leaf Area Index (LAI): Methods, Products, Validation, and Applications, Rev. Geophys., 57, 739–799, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000608, 2019.
Feng, F., Losso, A., Tyree, M., Zhang, S., and Mayr, S.: Cavitation fatigue in conifers: a study on eight European species, Plant Physiol., 186, 1580–1590, https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab170, 2021.
Fisher, R. A., Muszala, S., Verteinstein, M., Lawrence, P., Xu, C., McDowell, N. G., Knox, R. G., Koven, C., Holm, J., Rogers, B. M., Spessa, A., Lawrence, D., and Bonan, G.: Taking off the training wheels: the properties of a dynamic vegetation model without climate envelopes, CLM4.5(ED), Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3593–3619, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3593-2015, 2015.
Fisher, R. A., Koven, C. D., Anderegg, W. R. L., Christoffersen, B. O., Dietze, M. C., Farrior, C. E., Holm, J. A., Hurtt, G. C., Knox, R. G., Lawrence, P. J., Lichstein, J. W., Longo, M., Matheny, A. M., Medvigy, D., Muller-Landau, H. C., Powell, T. L., Serbin, S. P., Sato, H., Shuman, J. K., Smith, B., Trugman, A. T., Viskari, T., Verbeeck, H., Weng, E., Xu, C., Xu, X., Zhang, T., and Moorcroft, P. R.: Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities, Global Change Biol., 24, 35–54, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13910, 2018.
Forrester, D. I.: The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: From pattern to process, Forest Ecol. Manage., 312, 282–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.003, 2014.
Forrester, D. I. and Bauhus, J.: A Review of Processes Behind Diversity–Productivity Relationships in Forests, Curr. Forest Rep., 2, 45–61, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0031-2, 2016.
Forrester, D. I. and Pretzsch, H.: Tamm Review: On the strength of evidence when comparing ecosystem functions of mixtures with monocultures, Forest Ecol. Manage., 356, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.016, 2015.
Forrester, D. I., Bonal, D., Dawud, S., Gessler, A., Granier, A., Pollastrini, M., and Grossiord, C.: Drought responses by individual tree species are not often correlated with tree species diversity in European forests, J. Appl. Ecol., 53, 1725–1734, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12745, 2016.
Fortin, M., van Couwenberghe, R., Perez, V., and Piedallu, C.: Evidence of climate effects on the height-diameter relationships of tree species, Ann. Forest Sci., 76, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-018-0784-9, 2019.
Freschet, G. T., Pagès, L., Iversen, C. M., Comas, L. H., Rewald, B., Roumet, C., Klimešová, J., Zadworny, M., Poorter, H., Postma, J. A., Adams, T. S., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Bengough, A. G., Blancaflor, E. B., Brunner, I., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Garnier, E., Gessler, A., Hobbie, S. E., Meier, I. C., Mommer, L., Picon-Cochard, C., Rose, L., Ryser, P., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Stokes, A., Sun, T., Valverde-Barrantes, O. J., Weemstra, M., Weigelt, A., Wurzburger, N., York, L. M., Batterman, S. A., Gomes de Moraes, M., Janeček, Š., Lambers, H., Salmon, V., Tharayil, N., and McCormack, M. L.: A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements, New Phytol., 232, 973–1122, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17572, 2021.
Fuchs, S., Hertel, D., Schuldt, B., and Leuschner, C.: Effects of Summer Drought on the Fine Root System of Five Broadleaf Tree Species along a Precipitation Gradient, Forests, 11, 289, https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030289, 2020.
Fuster, B., Sánchez-Zapero, J., Camacho, F., García-Santos, V., Verger, A., Lacaze, R., Weiss, M., Baret, F., and Smets, B.: Quality Assessment of PROBA-V LAI, fAPAR and fCOVER Collection 300 m Products of Copernicus Global Land Service, Remote Sens., 12, 1017, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12061017, 2020.
Fyllas, N. M., Gloor, E., Mercado, L. M., Sitch, S., Quesada, C. A., Domingues, T. F., Galbraith, D. R., Torre-Lezama, A., Vilanova, E., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Higuchi, N., Neill, D. A., Silveira, M., Ferreira, L., Aymard C., G. A., Malhi, Y., Phillips, O. L., and Lloyd, J.: Analysing Amazonian forest productivity using a new individual and trait-based model (TFS v.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1251–1269, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1251-2014, 2014.
Gavinet, J., Ourcival, J.-M., and Limousin, J.-M.: Rainfall exclusion and thinning can alter the relationships between forest functioning and drought, New Phytol., 223, 1267–1279, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15860, 2019b.
Gieger, T. and Thomas, F. M.: Effects of defoliation and drought stress on biomass partitioning and water relations of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, Basic Appl. Ecol., 3, 171–181, https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00091, 2002.
Gielen, B., Acosta, M., Altimir, N., Buchmann, N., Cescatti, A., Ceschia, E., Fleck, S., Hörtnagl, L., Klumpp, K., Kolari, P., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Marañon-Jimenez, S., Manise, T., Matteucci, G., Merbold, L., Metzger, C., Moureaux, C., Montagnani, L., Nilsson, M. B., Osborne, B., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Saunders, M., Simioni, G., Soudani, K., Sonnentag, O., Tallec, T., Tuittila, E.-S., Peichl, M., Pokorny, R., Vincke, C., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Ancillary vegetation measurements at ICOS ecosystem stations, Int. Agrophys., 32, 645–664, https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2017-0048, 2018.
Gill, D. S., Amthor, J. S., and Bormann, F. H.: Leaf phenology, photosynthesis, and the persistence of saplings and shrubs in a mature northern hardwood forest, Tree Physiol., 18, 281–289, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.5.281, 1998.
Givnish, T. J.: Adaptation to Sun and Shade: a Whole-Plant Perspective, Funct. Plant Biol., 15, 63–92, https://doi.org/10.1071/pp9880063, 1988.
Gotelli, N. J. and Graves, G. R.: Null Models in Ecology, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, ISBN 1-56098-645-X, 1996.
Granier, A., Bréda, N., Biron, P., and Villette, S.: A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands, Ecol. Model., 116, 269–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00205-1, 1999.
Granier, A., Biron, P., and Lemoine, D.: Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 100, 291–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00151-3, 2000.
Granier, A., Bréda, N., Longdoz, B., Gross, P., and Ngao, J.: Ten years of fluxes and stand growth in a young beech forest at Hesse, North-eastern France, Ann. Forest Sci., 65, 704–704, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2008052, 2008.
Gratani, L.: Plant Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Environmental Factors, Adv. Bot., 2014, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/208747, 2014.
Greenwood, S., Ruiz-Benito, P., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Lloret, F., Kitzberger, T., Allen, C. D., Fensham, R., Laughlin, D. C., Kattge, J., Bönisch, G., Kraft, N. J. B., and Jump, A. S.: Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area, Ecol. Lett., 20, 539–553, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12748, 2017.
Gressler, E., Jochner, S., Capdevielle-Vargas, R. M., Morellato, L. P. C., and Menzel, A.: Vertical variation in autumn leaf phenology of Fagus sylvatica L. in southern Germany, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 201, 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.013, 2015.
Grier, C. G. and Running, S. W.: Leaf Area of Mature Northwestern Coniferous Forests: Relation to Site Water Balance, Ecology, 58, 893–899, https://doi.org/10.2307/1936225, 1977.
Gril, E., Spicher, F., Greiser, C., Ashcroft, M. B., Pincebourde, S., Durrieu, S., Nicolas, M., Richard, B., Decocq, G., Marrec, R., and Lenoir, J.: Slope and equilibrium: A parsimonious and flexible approach to model microclimate, Meth. Ecol. Evol., 14, 885–897, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14048, 2023a.
Gril, E., Laslier, M., Gallet-Moron, E., Durrieu, S., Spicher, F., Vincent, L. R., Brasseur, B., Haesen, S., Meerbeek, K., Decocq, G., Marrec, R., and Lenoir, J.: Using airborne LiDAR to map forest microclimate temperature buffering or amplification, Remote Sens. Environ., 298, 113820, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113820, 2023b.
Grossiord, C., Granier, A., Ratclife, S., Bouriaud, O., Bruelheide, H., Chećko, E., Forrester, D. I., Dawud, S. M., Finér, L., Pollastrini, M., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Valladares, F., Bonal, D., and Gessler, A.: Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 14812–14815, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411970111, 2014.
Guerrero-Ramírez, N. R., Mommer, L., Freschet, G. T., Iversen, C. M., McCormack, M. L., Kattge, J., Poorter, H., van der Plas, F., Bergmann, J., Kuyper, T. W., York, L. M., Bruelheide, H., Laughlin, D. C., Meier, I. C., Roumet, C., Semchenko, M., Sweeney, C. J., van Ruijven, J., Valverde-Barrantes, O. J., Aubin, I., Catford, J. A., Manning, P., Martin, A., Milla, R., Minden, V., Pausas, J. G., Smith, S. W., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Ammer, C., Butterfield, B., Craine, J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., de Vries, F. T., Isaac, M. E., Kramer, K., König, C., Lamb, E. G., Onipchenko, V. G., Peñuelas, J., Reich, P. B., Rillig, M. C., Sack, L., Shipley, B., Tedersoo, L., Valladares, F., van Bodegom, P., Weigelt, P., Wright, J. P., and Weigelt, A.: Global root traits (GRooT) database, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 30, 25–37, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13179, 2021.
Guillemot, J. and Martin-StPaul, N.: Tree growth strategies mediate drought resistance in species-diverse forests, Tree Physiol., 44, tpae141, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae141, 2024.
Guillemot, J., Martin-StPaul, N. K., Bulascoschi, L., Poorter, L., Morin, X., Pinho, B. X., Le Maire, G., R. L. Bittencourt, P., Oliveira, R. S., Bongers, F., Brouwer, R., Pereira, L., Gonzalez Melo, G. A., Boonman, C. C. F., Brown, K. A., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Schneider, J. V., Sheremetiev, S., and Brancalion, P. H. S.: Small and slow is safe: On the drought tolerance of tropical tree species, Global Change Biol., 28, 2622–2638, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16082, 2022.
Haberstroh, S. and Werner, C.: The role of species interactions for forest resilience to drought, Plant Biol., 24, 1098–1107, https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13415, 2022.
Hammond, W. M., Yu, K., Wilson, L. A., Will, R. E., Anderegg, W. R. L., and Adams, H. D.: Dead or dying? Quantifying the point of no return from hydraulic failure in drought-induced tree mortality, New Phytol., 223, 1834–1843, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15922, 2019.
Hammond, W. M., Williams, A. P., Abatzoglou, J. T., Adams, H. D., Klein, T., López, R., Sáenz-Romero, C., Hartmann, H., Breshears, D. D., and Allen, C. D.: Global field observations of tree die-off reveal hotter-drought fingerprint for Earth's forests, Nat. Commun., 13, 1761, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29289-2, 2022.
Hartmann, H.: Will a 385 million year-struggle for light become a struggle for water and for carbon? – How trees may cope with more frequent climate change-type drought events: Will trees struggle for water and/or carbon?, Global Change Biol., 17, 642–655, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02248.x, 2011.
Hartmann, H., Moura, C. F., Anderegg, W. R. L., Ruehr, N. K., Salmon, Y., Allen, C. D., Arndt, S. K., Breshears, D. D., Davi, H., Galbraith, D., Ruthrof, K. X., Wunder, J., Adams, H. D., Bloemen, J., Cailleret, M., Cobb, R., Gessler, A., Grams, T. E. E., Jansen, S., Kautz, M., Lloret, F., and O'Brien, M.: Research frontiers for improving our understanding of drought-induced tree and forest mortality, New Phytol., 218, 15–28, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15048, 2018.
Hertel, D., Strecker, T., Müller-Haubold, H., and Leuschner, C.: Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water-limited mature trees?, J. Ecol., 101, 1183–1200, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12124, 2013.
Hooper, D. U., Adair, E. C., Cardinale, B. J., Byrnes, J. E. K., Hungate, B. A., Matulich, K. L., Gonzalez, A., Duffy, J. E., Gamfeldt, L., and O'Connor, M. I.: A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change, Nature, 486, 105–108, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11118, 2012.
Hynynen, J.: Predicting tree crown ratio for unthinned and thinned Scots pine stands, Can. J. Forest Res., 25, 57–62, https://doi.org/10.1139/x95-007, 1995.
IGN: Données brutes de l'Inventaire forestier national, https://inventaireforestier.ign.fr/dataIFN/ (last access: 29 May 2025), 2020.
IGN and FCBA: Projection des disponibilités en bois et des stocks et flux de carbone du secteur forestier Francais (IGN), https://www.ign.fr/projections-bois-carbone-foretfrancaise-2023-2024 (last access: 5 May 2025), 2024.
Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R., Mooney, H. A., Sala, O. E., and Schulze, E. D.: A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes, Oecologia, 108, 389–411, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00333714, 1996.
Jactel, H., Bauhus, J., Boberg, J., Bonal, D., Castagneyrol, B., Gardiner, B., Gonzalez-Olabarria, J. R., Koricheva, J., Meurisse, N., and Brockerhof, E. G.: Tree Diversity Drives Forest Stand Resistance to Natural Disturbances, Curr. For. Rep., 3, 223–243, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-017-0064-1, 2017.
Johnson, D. M., McCulloh, K. A., Woodruff, D. R., and Meinzer, F. C.: Hydraulic safety margins and embolism reversal in stems and leaves: Why are conifers and angiosperms so different?, Plant Sci., 195, 48–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.06.010, 2012.
Johnson, D. M., Domec, J.-C., Carter Berry, Z., Schwantes, A. M., McCulloh, K. A., Woodruff, D. R., Wayne Polley, H., Wortemann, R., Swenson, J. J., Scott Mackay, D., McDowell, N. G., and Jackson, R. B.: Co-occurring woody species have diverse hydraulic strategies and mortality rates during an extreme drought, Plant Cell Environ., 41, 576–588, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13121, 2018.
Jolly, W. M., Nemani, R., and Running, S. W.: Enhancement of understory productivity by asynchronous phenology with overstory competitors in a temperate deciduous forest, Tree Physiol., 24, 1069–1071, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.9.1069, 2004.
Jonard, M., André, F., de Coligny, F., de Wergifosse, L., Beudez, N., Davi, H., Ligot, G., Ponette, Q., and Vincke, C.: HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 1: Carbon fluxes and tree dimensional growth, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 905–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-905-2020, 2020.
Jourdan, M., Lebourgeois, F., and Morin, X.: The effect of tree diversity on the resistance and recovery of forest stands in the French Alps may depend on species differences in hydraulic features, Forest Ecol. Manage., 450, 117486, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117486, 2019.
Jourdan, M., Cordonnier, T., Dreyfus, P., Riond, C., de Coligny, F., and Morin, X.: Managing mixed stands can mitigate severe climate change impacts on French alpine forests, Reg. Environ. Change, 21, 78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01805-y, 2021.
Juchheim, J.: Quantifying the impact of forest management intensity and tree species diversity on individual tree shape and three-dimensional stand structure, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, https://doi.org/10.53846/goediss-8272, 2020.
Jucker, T., Bouriaud, O., Avacaritei, D., Dănilă, I., Duduman, G., Valladares, F., and Coomes, D. A.: Competition for light and water play contrasting roles in driving diversity–productivity relationships in Iberian forests, J. Ecol., 102, 1202–1213, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12276, 2014.
Kattge, J., Bönisch, G., Díaz, S., et al.: TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access, Global Change Biol., 26, 119–188, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14904, 2020.
Keane, R. E., Austin, M., Field, C., Huth, A., Lexer, M. J., Peters, D., Solomon, A., and Wyckoff, P.: Tree Mortality in Gap Models: Application to Climate Change, Climatic Change, 51, 509–540, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012539409854, 2001.
Kienast, F.: FORECE: A forest succession model for southern Central Europe, ORNL/TM-10575, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5729437 (last access: 13 October 2024), 1987.
Kinzig, A. P., Pacala, S. W., and Tilman, D. (Eds.): The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity: Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions (Monographs in Population Biology 33), Princeton University Press, Princeton, ISBN 0-691-08821-7, 2002.
Kirchen, G., Calvaruso, C., Granier, A., Redon, P.-O., Van der Heijden, G., Bréda, N., and Turpault, M.-P.: Local soil type variability controls the water budget and stand productivity in a beech forest, Forest Ecol. Manage., 390, 89–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.024, 2017.
Konôpka, B., Pajtík, J., Moravčík, M., and Lukac, M.: Biomass partitioning and growth efficiency in four naturally regenerated forest tree species, Basic Appl. Ecol., 11, 234–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.02.004, 2010.
Körner, C.: Carbon limitation in trees, J. Ecol., 91, 4–17, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00742.x, 2003.
Krůček, M., Trochta, J., Cibulka, M., and Král, K.: Beyond the cones: How crown shape plasticity alters aboveground competition for space and light – Evidence from terrestrial laser scanning, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 264, 188–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.016, 2019.
Kuuluvainen, T. and Pukkala, T.: Simulation of within-tree and between-tree shading of direct radiation in a forest canopy: effect of crown shape and sun elevation, Ecol. Model., 49, 89–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(89)90045-8, 1989.
Lebourgeois, F.: Sensibilité au climat des Chênes sessile et pédonculé dans le réseau RENECOFOR, Comparaison avec les hêtraies, Rev. For. Fr., https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/5720, 2006.
Lebourgeois, F., Gomez, N., Pinto, P., and Mérian, P.: Mixed stands reduce Abies alba treering sensitivity to summer drought in the Vosges mountains, western Europe, For. Ecol. Manag., 303, 61–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.003, 2013.
Ledo, A., Paul, K. I., Burslem, D. F. R. P., Ewel, J. J., Barton, C., Battaglia, M., Brooksbank, K., Carter, J., Eid, T. H., England, J. R., Fitzgerald, A., Jonson, J., Mencuccini, M., Montagu, K. D., Montero, G., Mugasha, W. A., Pinkard, E., Roxburgh, S., Ryan, C. M., Ruiz-Peinado, R., Sochacki, S., Specht, A., Wildy, D., Wirth, C., Zerihun, A., and Chave, J.: Tree size and climatic water deficit control root to shoot ratio in individual trees globally, New Phytol., 217, 8–11, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14863, 2018.
Leinonen, I.: A Simulation Model for the Annual Frost Hardiness and Freeze Damage of Scots Pine, Ann. Bot., 78, 687–693, https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0178, 1996.
le Maire, G., Nouvellon, Y., Christina, M., Ponzoni, F. J., Gonçalves, J. L. M., Bouillet, J.-P., and Laclau, J.-P.: Tree and stand light use efficiencies over a full rotation of single- and mixed-species Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium plantations, Forest Ecol. Manage., 288, 31–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.005, 2013.
Levine, J. I., An, R., Kraft, N. J. B., Pacala, S. W., and Levine, J. M.: Why ecologists struggle to predict coexistence from functional traits, Trends Ecol. Evol., S0169534724002532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.10.002, 2024.
Li, X., Xi, B., Wu, X., Choat, B., Feng, J., Jiang, M., and Tissue, D.: Unlocking Drought-Induced Tree Mortality: Physiological Mechanisms to Modeling, Front. Plant Sci., 13, 835921, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.835921, 2022.
Li, Z., Kurz, W. A., Apps, M. J., and Beukema, S. J.: Belowground biomass dynamics in the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector: recent improvements and implications for the estimation of NPP and NEP, Can. J. Forest Res., 33, 126–136, https://doi.org/10.1139/x02-165, 2003.
Liang, J., Crowther, T. W., Picard, N., Wiser, S., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., Schulze, E.-D., McGuire, A. D., Bozzato, F., Pretzsch, H., de-Miguel, S., Paquette, A., Hérault, B., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Barrett, C. B., Glick, H. B., Hengeveld, G. M., Nabuurs, G.-J., Pfautsch, S., Viana, H., Vibrans, A. C., Ammer, C., Schall, P., Verbyla, D., Tchebakova, N., Fischer, M., Watson, J. V., Chen, H. Y. H., Lei, X., Schelhaas, M.-J., Lu, H., Gianelle, D., Parfenova, E. I., Salas, C., Lee, E., Lee, B., Kim, H. S., Bruelheide, H., Coomes, D. A., Piotto, D., Sunderland, T., Schmid, B., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Sonké, B., Tavani, R., Zhu, J., Brandl, S., Vayreda, J., Kitahara, F., Searle, E. B., Neldner, V. J., Ngugi, M. R., Baraloto, C., Frizzera, L., Bałazy, R., Oleksyn, J., Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T., Bouriaud, O., Bussotti, F., Finér, L., Jaroszewicz, B., Jucker, T., Valladares, F., Jagodzinski, A. M., Peri, P. L., Gonmadje, C., Marthy, W., O'Brien, T., Martin, E. H., Marshall, A. R., Rovero, F., Bitariho, R., Niklaus, P. A., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Chamuya, N., Valencia, R., Mortier, F., Wortel, V., Engone-Obiang, N. L., Ferreira, L. V., Odeke, D. E., Vasquez, R. M., Lewis, S. L., and Reich, P. B.: Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests, Science, 354, aaf8957, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8957, 2016.
Limousin, J., Roussel, A., Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Torres-Ruiz, J. M., Moreno, M., Garcia De Jalon, L., Ourcival, J., Simioni, G., Cochard, H., and Martin-StPaul, N.: Drought acclimation of Quercus ilex leaves improves tolerance to moderate drought but not resistance to severe water stress, Plant Cell Environ., 45, 1967–1984, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.14326, 2022.
Limousin, J.-M., Rambal, S., Ourcival, J.-M., Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Pérez-Ramos, I. M., Rodríguez-Cortina, R., Misson, L., and Joffre, R.: Morphological and phenological shoot plasticity in a Mediterranean evergreen oak facing long-term increased drought, Oecologia, 169, 565–577, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2221-8, 2012.
Longuetaud, F., Piboule, A., Wernsdörfer, H., and Collet, C.: Crown plasticity reduces inter-tree competition in a mixed broadleaved forest, Eur. J. Forest Res., 132, 621–634, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0699-9, 2013.
Lopez, O. R., Farris-Lopez, K., Montgomery, R. A., and Givnish, T. J.: Leaf phenology in relation to canopy closure in southern Appalachian trees, Am. J. Bot., 95, 1395–1407, https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800104, 2008.
Maeght, J.-L., Rewald, B., and Pierret, A.: How to study deep roots – and why it matters, Front. Plant Sci., 4, 299, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00299, 2013.
Maréchaux, I. and Chave, J.: An individual-based forest model to jointly simulate carbon and tree diversity in Amazonia: description and applications, Ecol. Monogr., 87, 632–664, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1271, 2017.
Maréchaux, I., Langerwisch, F., Huth, A., Bugmann, H., Morin, X., Reyer, C. P. O., Seidl, R., Collalti, A., Dantas de Paula, M., Fischer, R., Gutsch, M., Lexer, M. J., Lischke, H., Rammig, A., Rödig, E., Sakschewski, B., Taubert, F., Thonicke, K., Vacchiano, G., and Bohn, F. J.: Tackling unresolved questions in forest ecology: The past and future role of simulation models, Ecol. Evol., 11, 3746–3770, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7391, 2021.
Martínez-Vilalta, J., Sala, A., and Piñol, J.: The hydraulic architecture of Pinaceae – a review, Plant Ecol., 171, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000029378.87169.b1, 2004.
Martin-StPaul, N., Delzon, S., and Cochard, H.: Plant resistance to drought depends on timely stomatal closure, Ecol. Lett., 20, 1437–1447, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12851, 2017.
Martin-StPaul, N. K., Limousin, J.-M., Vogt-Schilb, H., Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Rambal, S., Longepierre, D., and Misson, L.: The temporal response to drought in a Mediterranean evergreen tree: comparing a regional precipitation gradient and a throughfall exclusion experiment, Global Change Biol., 19, 2413–2426, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12215, 2013.
Mas, E., Vilagrosa, A., Morcillo, L., Saurer, M., Valladares, F., and Grossiord, C.: Drought effects in Mediterranean forests are not alleviated by diversity-driven water source partitioning, J. Ecol., 112, 2107–2122, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14387, 2024.
Maysonnave, J., Delpierre, N., François, C., Jourdan, M., Cornut, I., Bazot, S., Vincent, G., Morfin, A., and Berveiller, D.: Contribution of deep soil layers to the transpiration of a temperate deciduous forest: Implications for the modelling of productivity, Sci. Total Environ., 838, 155981, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155981, 2022.
McDowell, N., Pockman, W. T., Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D., Cobb, N., Kolb, T., Plaut, J., Sperry, J., West, A., Williams, D. G., and Yepez, E. A.: Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?, New Phytol., 178, 719–739, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x, 2008.
McDowell, N. G., Allen, C. D., Anderson-Teixeira, K., Aukema, B. H., Bond-Lamberty, B., Chini, L., Clark, J. S., Dietze, M., Grossiord, C., Hanbury-Brown, A., Hurtt, G. C., Jackson, R. B., Johnson, D. J., Kueppers, L., Lichstein, J. W., Ogle, K., Poulter, B., Pugh, T. A. M., Seidl, R., Turner, M. G., Uriarte, M., Walker, A. P., and Xu, C.: Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world, Science, 368, eaaz9463, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9463, 2020.
McDowell, N. G., Sapes, G., Pivovaroff, A., Adams, H. D., Allen, C. D., Anderegg, W. R. L., Arend, M., Breshears, D. D., Brodribb, T., Choat, B., Cochard, H., De Cáceres, M., De Kauwe, M. G., Grossiord, C., Hammond, W. M., Hartmann, H., Hoch, G., Kahmen, A., Klein, T., Mackay, D. S., Mantova, M., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Medlyn, B. E., Mencuccini, M., Nardini, A., Oliveira, R. S., Sala, A., Tissue, D. T., Torres-Ruiz, J. M., Trowbridge, A. M., Trugman, A. T., Wiley, E., and Xu, C.: Mechanisms of woody-plant mortality under rising drought, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 294–308, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00272-1, 2022.
McGill, B. J., Enquist, B. J., Weiher, E., and Westoby, M.: Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits, Trends Ecol. Evol., 21, 178–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002, 2006.
Mehtätalo, L., de Miguel, S., and Gregoire, T.: Modeling height-diameter curves for prediction, Can. J. Forest Res., 45, 826–837, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0054, 2015.
Mencuccini, M., Manzoni, S., and Christoffersen, B.: Modelling water fluxes in plants: from tissues to biosphere, New Phytol., 222, 1207–1222, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15681, 2019.
Messier, C., Bauhus, J., Sousa-Silva, R., Auge, H., Baeten, L., Barsoum, N., Bruelheide, H., Caldwell, B., Cavender-Bares, J., Dhiedt, E., Eisenhauer, N., Ganade, G., Gravel, D., Guillemot, J., Hall, J. S., Hector, A., Hérault, B., Jactel, H., Koricheva, J., Kreft, H., Mereu, S., Muys, B., Nock, C. A., Paquette, A., Parker, J. D., Perring, M. P., Ponette, Q., Potvin, C., Reich, P. B., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schnabel, F., Verheyen, K., Weih, M., Wollni, M., and Zemp, D. C.: For the sake of resilience and multifunctionality, let's diversify planted forests!, Conserv. Lett., 15, e12829, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12829, 2022.
Mette, T., Albrecht, A., Ammer, C., Biber, P., Kohnle, U., and Pretzsch, H.: Evaluation of the forest growth simulator SILVA on dominant trees in mature mixed Silver fir–Norway spruce stands in South-West Germany, Ecol. Model., 220, 1670–1680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.018, 2009.
Mokany, K., Raison, R. J., and Prokushkin, A. S.: Critical analysis of root: shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes, Global Change Biol., 12, 84–96, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001043.x, 2006.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and environment, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 19, 205–234, 1965.
Moora, M., Daniell, T., Kalle, H., Liira, J., Püssa, K., Roosaluste, E., Öpik, M., Wheatley, R., and Zobel, M.: Spatial pattern and species richness of boreonemoral forest understorey and its determinants – A comparison of differently managed forests, Forest Ecol. Manage., 250, 64–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.03.010, 2007.
Morales, P., Sykes, M. T., Prentice, I. C., Smith, P., Smith, B., Bugmann, H., Zierl, B., Friedlingstein, P., Viovy, N., Sabaté, S., Sánchez, A., Pla, E., Gracia, C. A., Sitch, S., Arneth, A., and Ogee, J.: Comparing and evaluating process-based ecosystem model predictions of carbon and water fluxes in major European forest biomes, Global Change Biol., 11, 2211–2233, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01036.x, 2005.
Moreno, M., Simioni, G., Cailleret, M., Ruffault, J., Badel, E., Carrière, S., Davi, H., Gavinet, J., Huc, R., Limousin, J.-M., Marloie, O., Martin, L., Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., Vennetier, M., and Martin-StPaul, N.: Consistently lower sap velocity and growth over nine years of rainfall exclusion in a Mediterranean mixed pine-oak forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 308–309, 108472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108472, 2021.
Moreno, M., Simioni, G., Cochard, H., Doussan, C., Guillemot, J., Decarsin, R., Fernandez-Conradi, P., Dupuy, J.-L., Trueba, S., Pimont, F., Ruffault, J., Jean, F., Marloie, O., and Martin-StPaul, N. K.: Isohydricity and hydraulic isolation explain reduced hydraulic failure risk in an experimental tree species mixture, Plant Physiol., 195, 2668–2682, https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae239, 2024.
Moreno-de-Las-Heras, M., Bochet, E., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Espigares, T., Molina, M. J., Monleón, V., Nicolau, J. M., Tormo, J., and García-Fayos, P.: Drought conditions, aridity and forest structure control the responses of Iberian holm oak woodlands to extreme droughts: A large-scale remote-sensing exploration in eastern Spain, Sci. Total Environ., 901, 165887, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165887, 2023.
Morin, X.: Tree species richness promotes productivity in temperate forests through strong complementarity between species, Ecology Letters, 14, 1211–1219, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01691.x, 2011.
Morin, X., Augspurger, C., and Chuine, I.: Process-based modeling of species' distributions: what limits temperate tree species' range boundaries?, Ecology, 88, 2280–2291, hhttps://doi.org/10.1890/06-1591.1, 2007.
Morin, X., Damestoy, T., Toigo, M., Castagneyrol, B., Jactel, H., de Coligny, F., and Meredieu, C.: Using forest gap models and experimental data to explore long-term effects of tree diversity on the productivity of mixed planted forests, Ann. Forest Sci., 77, 50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-020-00954-0, 2020.
Morin, X., Bugmann, H., Coligny, F., Martin-StPaul, N., Cailleret, M., Limousin, J., Ourcival, J., Prevosto, B., Simioni, G., Toigo, M., Vennetier, M., Catteau, E., and Guillemot, J.: Beyond forest succession: A gap model to study ecosystem functioning and tree community composition under climate change, Funct. Ecol., 35, 955–975, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13760, 2021.
Morin, X., Toigo, M., Fahse, L., Guillemot, J., Cailleret, M., Bertrand, R., Cateau, E., De Coligny, F., García-Valdés, R., Ratcliffe, S., Riotte-Lambert, L., Zavala, M. A., and Vallet, P.: More species, more trees: The role of tree packing in promoting forest productivity, J. Ecol., 1365, 14460, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14460, 2025.
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Dutra, E., Agustí-Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Harrigan, S., Hersbach, H., Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Piles, M., Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J., Zsoter, E., Buontempo, C., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4349–4383, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021, 2021.
Nadrowski, K., Wirth, C., and Scherer-Lorenzen, M.: Is forest diversity driving ecosystem function and service?, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 2, 75–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.003, 2010.
Nemani, R. R. and Running, S. W.: Testing a theoretical climate-soil-leaf area hydrologic equilibrium of forests using satellite data and ecosystem simulation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 44, 245–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(89)90020-8, 1989.
Nicotra, A. B., Chazdon, R. L., and Iriarte, S. V. B.: Spatial Heterogeneity of Light and Woody Seedling Regeneration in Tropical Wet Forests, Ecology, 80, 1908–1926, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1908:SHOLAW]2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Niklaus, P. A., Baruffol, M., He, J.-S., Ma, K., and Schmid, B.: Can niche plasticity promote biodiversity-productivity relationships through increased complementarity?, Ecology, 98, 1104–1116, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1748, 2017.
Nilson, T.: A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands, Agric. Meteorol., 8, 25–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(71)90092-6, 1971.
Oliver, C. and Larson, B.: Forest Stand Dynamics, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-13833-4, 1996.
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Pacala, S. W., McGuire, A. D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., and Hayes, D.: A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests, Science, 333, 988–993, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609, 2011.
Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006, 2006.
Paquette, A. and Messier, C.: The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to boreal forests, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 20, 170–180, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00592.x, 2011.
Parent, S. and Messier, C.: A simple and efficient method to estimate microsite light availability under a forest canopy, Can. J. Forest Res., 26, 151–154, https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-017, 1996.
Park, T., Ganguly, S., Tømmervik, H., Euskirchen, E. S., Høgda, K.-A., Karlsen, S. R., Brovkin, V., Nemani, R. R., and Myneni, R. B.: Changes in growing season duration and productivity of northern vegetation inferred from long-term remote sensing data, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 084001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084001, 2016.
Parmesan, C., Morecroft, M. D., and Trisurat, Y.: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844, 2022.
Peiffer, M., Bréda, N., Badeau, V., and Granier, A.: Disturbances in European beech water relation during an extreme drought, Ann. Forest Sci., 71, 821–829, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0383-3, 2014.
Peters, R. L., Steppe, K., Cuny, H. E., Schaub, M., Rathgeber, C. B. K., Cabon, A., and Fonti, P.: Turgor – a limiting factor for radial growth in mature conifers along an elevational gradient, New Phytologist, 229, 213–229, https://doi.org//10.1111/nph.16872, 2021.
Piedallu, C., Dallery, D., Bresson, C., Legay, M., Gégout, J.-C., and Pierrat, R.: Spatial vulnerability assessment of silver fir and Norway spruce dieback driven by climate warming, Landsc. Ecol., 38, 341–361, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-022-01570-1, 2023.
Pincebourde, S., Murdock, C. C., Vickers, M., and Sears, M. W.: Fine-Scale Microclimatic Variation Can Shape the Responses of Organisms to Global Change in Both Natural and Urban Environments, Integr. Comp. Biol., 56, 45–61, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw016, 2016.
Postic, T. and Morin, X.: Dataset for PHOREAU Evaluation (Postic et al.), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15241618, 2025a.
Postic, T. and Morin, X.: PHOREAU v1.0 standalone (Postic et al.), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15260689, 2025b.
Potkay, A., Hölttä, T., Trugman, A. T., and Fan, Y.: Turgor-limited predictions of tree growth, height and metabolic scaling over tree lifespans, Tree Physiology, 42, 229–252, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab094, 2022.
Poyatos, R., Aguadé, D., Galiano, L., Mencuccini, M., and Martínez-Vilalta, J.: Drought-induced defoliation and long periods of near-zero gas exchange play a key role in accentuating metabolic decline of Scots pine, New Phytol., 200, 388–401, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12278, 2013.
Pregitzer, K. S.: Fine Roots of Trees: A New Perspective, New Phytol., 154, 267–270, 2002.
Pretzsch, H.: Forest Dynamics, Growth, and Yield, in: Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield: From Measurement to Model, edited by: Pretzsch, H., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88307-4_1, 2009.
Pretzsch, H. and Biber, P.: Size-symmetric versus size-asymmetric competition and growth partitioning among trees in forest stands along an ecological gradient in central Europe, Can. J. Forest Res., 40, 370–384, https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-195, 2010.
Pretzsch, H., Rötzer, T., and Forrester, D. I.: Modelling Mixed-Species Forest Stands, in: Mixed-Species Forests: Ecology and Management, edited by: Pretzsch, H., Forrester, D. I., and Bauhus, J., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 383–431, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54553-9_8, 2017.
Price, D. T., Zimmermann, N. E., Lexer, M. J., Leadley, P., Jorritsma, I. T. M., Schaber, J., Clark, D. F., Lasch, P., McNulty, S., Wu, J., and Smith, B.: Regeneration in gap models: priority issues for studying forest responses to climate change, Climatic Change, 51, 475–508, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012579107129, 2001.
Rambal, S., Joffre, R., Ourcival, J. M., Cavender-Bares, J., and Rocheteau, A.: The growth respiration component in eddy CO2 flux from a Quercus ilex mediterranean forest, Global Change Biol., 10, 1460–1469, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00819.x, 2004.
Rambal, S., Lempereur, M., Limousin, J. M., Martin-StPaul, N. K., Ourcival, J. M., and Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J.: How drought severity constrains gross primary production (GPP) and its partitioning among carbon pools in a Quercus ilex coppice?, Biogeosciences, 11, 6855–6869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6855-2014, 2014.
Rameau, J.-C., Mansion, D., and Dume, G.: Flore forestière française. Tome 3: Région méditerranéenne, CNPF-IDF, Paris, 2438 pp., https://librairie.cnpf.fr/produit/146/9782904740930/flore-forestiere-francaise-tome-3-region-mediterraneenne (last access: 12 October 2024), 2008.
Rasche, L., Fahse, L., Zingg, A., and Bugmann, H.: Enhancing gap model accuracy by modeling dynamic height growth and dynamic maximum tree height, Ecol. Model., 232, 133–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.004, 2012.
Ratcliffe, S., Wirth, C., Jucker, T., van der Plas, F., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Verheyen, K., Allan, E., Benavides, R., Bruelheide, H., Ohse, B., Paquette, A., Ampoorter, E., Bastias, C. C., Bauhus, J., Bonal, D., Bouriaud, O., Bussotti, F., Carnol, M., Castagneyrol, B., Chećko, E., Dawud, S. M., Wandeler, H. D., Domisch, T., Finér, L., Fischer, M., Fotelli, M., Gessler, A., Granier, A., Grossiord, C., Guyot, V., Haase, J., Hättenschwiler, S., Jactel, H., Jaroszewicz, B., Joly, F.-X., Kambach, S., Kolb, S., Koricheva, J., Liebersgesell, M., Milligan, H., Müller, S., Muys, B., Nguyen, D., Nock, C., Pollastrini, M., Purschke, O., Radoglou, K., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Roger, F., Ruiz-Benito, P., Seidl, R., Selvi, F., Seiferling, I., Stenlid, J., Valladares, F., Vesterdal, L., and Baeten, L.: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relations in European forests depend on environmental context, Ecol. Lett., 20, 1414–1426, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12849, 2017.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Global Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x, 2005.
Reineke, L. H.: Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forest, J. Agric. Res., 46, 627–638, 1933.
Reyer, C.: Forest Productivity Under Environmental Change – a Review of Stand-Scale Modeling Studies, Curr. Forest Rep., 1, 53–68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-015-0009-5, 2015.
Richard, J.: Caractérisation de la contrainte hydrique des solsàl'aide de cartes numériques pour prendre en compte les effets potentiels du changement climatique dans les catalogues de stations forestières – Applications aux plateaux calcaires de Lorraine et de Bourgogne, https://www.reseau-aforce.fr/document/caracterisation-de-la- contrainte-hydrique-des-sols-l-aide-de-cartes-numeriques-pour (last access: 12 November 2024), 2011.
Ruffault, J., Pimont, F., Cochard, H., Dupuy, J.-L., and Martin-StPaul, N.: SurEau-Ecos v2.0: a trait-based plant hydraulics model for simulations of plant water status and drought-induced mortality at the ecosystem level, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5593–5626, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5593-2022, 2022.
Ruffault, J., Limousin, J.-M., Pimont, F., Dupuy, J.-L., De Càceres, M., Cochard, H., Mouillot, F., Blackman, C. J., Torres-Ruiz, J. M., Parsons, R. A., Moreno, M., Delzon, S., Jansen, S., Olioso, A., Choat, B., and Martin-StPaul, N.: Plant hydraulic modelling of leaf and canopy fuel moisture content reveals increasing vulnerability of a Mediterranean forest to wildfires under extreme drought, New Phytol., 237, 1256–1269, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18614, 2023.
Saarinen, N., Kankare, V., Huuskonen, S., Hynynen, J., Bianchi, S., Yrttimaa, T., Luoma, V., Junttila, S., Holopainen, M., Hyyppä, J., and Vastaranta, M.: Effects of Stem Density on Crown Architecture of Scots Pine Trees, Front. Plant Sci., 13, 817792, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.817792, 2022.
San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Durrant, T. H., and Mauri, A. (Eds.): European Atlas of Forest Tree Species, Publications Ofice of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://doi.org/10.2788/038466, 2016.
Scheiter, S., Langan, L., and Higgins, S. I.: Next-generation dynamic global vegetation models: learning from community ecology, New Phytol., 198, 957–969, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12210, 2013.
Schenk, H. J. and Jackson, R. B.: The Global Biogeography of Roots, Ecol. Monogr., 72, 311–328, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0311:TGBOR]2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Schieber, B.: Spring phenology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a submountain beech stand with different stocking in 1995–2004, J. Forest Sci., 52, 208–216, https://doi.org/10.17221/4503-JFS, 2012.
Schnabel, F., Liu, X., Kunz, M., Barry, K. E., Bongers, F. J., Bruelheide, H., Fichtner, A., Härdtle, W., Li, S., Pfaff, C.-T., Schmid, B., Schwarz, J. A., Tang, Z., Yang, B., Bauhus, J., Von Oheimb, G., Ma, K., and Wirth, C.: Species richness stabilizes productivity via asynchrony and drought-tolerance diversity in a large-scale tree biodiversity experiment, Sci. Adv., 7, eabk1643, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abk1643, 2021.
Schwärzel, K., Granke, O., Ferretti, M., et al.: Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the efects of air pollution on forests. Part I: Objectives, strategy and implementation, Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Eberswalde, Germany, https://www.icp-forests.net/monitoring-and-research/icp-forests-manual (last access: 13 January 2025), 2022.
Seidl, R. and Turner, M. G.: Post-disturbance reorganization of forest ecosystems in a changing world, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2202190119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202190119, 2022.
Serrano-León, H., Blondeel, H., Glenz, P., Steurer, J., Schnabel, F., Baeten, L., Guillemot, J., Martin-StPaul, N., Skiadaresis, G., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Bonal, D., Boone, M., Decarsin, R., Druel, A., Godbold, D. L., Gong, J., Hajek, P., Jactel, H., Koricheva, J., Mereu, S., Ponette, Q., Rewald, B., Sandén, H., Van den Bulcke, J., Verheyen, K., Werner, R., and Bauhus, J.: Multiyear Drought Strengthens Positive and Negative Functional Diversity Effects on Tree Growth Response, Glob. Change Biol., 31, e70394, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70394, 2025.
Simioni, G., Marie, G., and Huc, R.: Influence of vegetation spatial structure on growth and water fluxes of a mixed forest: Results from the NOTG 3D model, Ecol. Model., 328, 119–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.02.004, 2016.
Smith, J. A.: The Lambertian Assumption and Landsat Data, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 46, 1183–1189, https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/1980journal/sep/1980_sep_1183-1189.pdf (last access: 20 April 2025), 1980.
Smith, N. J.: Estimating leaf area index and light extinction coefficients in stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii), Can. J. Forest Res., 23, 317–321, https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-043, 1993.
Sperry, J. S., Hacke, U. G., Oren, R., and Comstock, J. P.: Water deficits and hydraulic limits to leaf water supply, Plant Cell Environ., 25, 251–263, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00799.x, 2002.
Tóth, B., Weynants, M., Pásztor, L., and Hengl, T.: 3D soil hydraulic database of Europe at 250 m resolution, Hydrol. Process., 31, 2662–2666, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11203, 2017.
Tumber-Dávila, S. J., Schenk, H. J., Du, E., and Jackson, R. B.: Plant sizes and shapes above and belowground and their interactions with climate, New Phytol., 235, 1032–1056, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18031, 2022.
Tuzet, A., Granier, A., Betsch, P., Peiffer, M., and Perrier, A.: Modelling hydraulic functioning of an adult beech stand under non-limiting soil water and severe drought condition, Ecol. Model., 348, 56–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.01.007, 2017.
Tymen, B., Vincent, G., Courtois, E. A., Heurtebize, J., Dauzat, J., Marechaux, I., and Chave, J.: Quantifying micro-environmental variation in tropical rainforest understory at landscape scale by combining airborne LiDAR scanning and a sensor network, Ann. Forest Sci., 74, 32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-017-0628-z, 2017.
Tyree, M. T. and Hammel, H. T.: The Measurement of the Turgor Pressure and the Water Relations of Plants by the Pressure-bomb Technique, J. Exp. Bot., 23, 267–282, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/23.1.267, 1972.
Tyree, M. T. and Sperry, J. S.: Do woody plants operate near the point of catastrophic xylem dysfunction caused by dynamic water stress?: answers from a model, Plant Physiol., 88, 574–580, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.88.3.574, 1988.
Tyree, M. T. and Sperry, J. S.: Vulnerability of Xylem to Cavitation and Embolism, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 40, 19–36, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.000315, 1989.
Ulrich, E.: Organization of forest system monitoring in France – the RENECOFOR network, in: XI World Forestry Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 13–22 October 1997, Vol. 2, 95–101, https://www.fao.org/forestry/3083/en/ (last access: 15 October 2024), 1997.
Van der Meersch, V., Armstrong, E., Mouillot, F., Duputié, A., Davi, H., Saltré, F., and Chuine, I.: Paleorecords Reveal Biological Mechanisms Crucial for Reliable Species Range Shift Projections Amid Rapid Climate Change, Ecol. Lett., 28, e70080, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.70080, 2025.
van der Plas, F.: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities, Biol. Rev., 94, 1220–1245, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12499, 2019.
Van Ewijk, K. Y., Treitz, P. M., and Scott, N. A.: Characterizing Forest Succession in Central Ontario using Lidar-derived Indices, Photogram. Eng. Remote Sens., 77, 261–269, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.77.3.261, 2011.
Van Genuchten, M.: A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils1, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x, 1980.
Vanoni, M., Cailleret, M., Hülsmann, L., Bugmann, H., and Bigler, C.: How do tree mortality models from combined tree-ring and inventory data affect projections of forest succession?, Forest Ecol. Manage., 433, 606–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.042, 2019.
Venturas, M. D., Sperry, J. S., Love, D. M., Frehner, E. H., Allred, M. G., Wang, Y., and Anderegg, W. R. L.: A stomatal control model based on optimization of carbon gain versus hydraulic risk predicts aspen sapling responses to drought, New Phytol., 220, 836–850, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15333, 2018.
Vitasse, Y.: Ontogenic changes rather than difference in temperature cause understory trees to leaf out earlier, New Phytol., 198, 149–155, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12130, 2013.
Vose, J. M., Clinton, B. D., Sullivan, N. H., and Bolstad, P. V.: Vertical leaf area distribution, light transmittance, and application of the Beer–Lambert Law in four mature hardwood stands in the southern Appalachians, Can. J. Forest Res., 25, 1036–1043, https://doi.org/10.1139/x95-113, 1995.
Wang, Z., Zhou, Z., and Wang, C.: Defoliation-induced tree growth declines are jointly limited by carbon source and sink activities, Sci. Total Environ., 762, 143077, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143077, 2021.
Wehrli, A., Weisberg, P. J., Schönenberger, W., Brang, P., and Bugmann, H.: Improving the establishment submodel of a forest patch model to assess the long-term protective effect of mountain forests, Eur. J. Forest Res., 126, 131–145, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-006-0142-6, 2006.
Williams, J. W. and Jackson, S. T.: Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecological surprises, Front. Ecol. Environ., 5, 475–482, https://doi.org/10.1890/070037, 2007.
Woodward, F. I. and Osborne, C. P.: The representation of root processes in models addressing the responses of vegetation to global change, New Phytol., 147, 223–232, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00691.x, 2000.
Wullschleger, S. D., Meinzer, F. C., and Vertessy, R. A.: A review of whole-plant water use studies in tree, Tree Physiol., 18, 499–512, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.8-9.499, 1998.
Xie, Y., Wang, X., Wilson, A. M., and Silander, J. A.: Predicting autumn phenology: How deciduous tree species respond to weather stressors, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 250–251, 127–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.12.259, 2018.
Xu, X., Konings, A. G., Longo, M., Feldman, A., Xu, L., Saatchi, S., Wu, D., Wu, J., and Moorcroft, P.: Leaf surface water, not plant water stress, drives diurnal variation in tropical forest canopy water content, New Phytol., 231, 122–136, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17254, 2021.
Zapater, M.: Diversité fonctionnelle de la réponse à la sécheresse édaphique d'espèces feuillues en peuplement mélangé: approches écophysiologique et isotopique, Thèse de doctorat, Université Henri Poincaré – Nancy I, 310 pp., https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2009_0133_ZAPATER.pdf (last access: 28 September 2024), 2009.
Zhang, Y., Chen, H. Y. H., and Reich, P. B.: Forest productivity increases with evenness, species richness and trait variation: a global meta-analysis, J. Ecol., 100, 742–749, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01944.x, 2012.
Zhu, X., Skidmore, A. K., Wang, T., Liu, J., Darvishzadeh, R., Shi, Y., Premier, J., and Heurich, M.: Improving leaf area index (LAI) estimation by correcting for clumping and woody effects using terrestrial laser scanning, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 263, 276–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.026, 2018.
Short summary
PHOREAU is a forest dynamic model that links plant traits with water use, growth, and climate responses to explore how species diversity affects productivity and resilience. Validated across European forests, PHOREAU simulates how tree communities function under drought and warming. Our findings support the use of trait-based modeling to guide forest adaptation strategies under future climate scenarios.
PHOREAU is a forest dynamic model that links plant traits with water use, growth, and climate...
