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Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3041-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3041-2025
Model evaluation paper
 | 
27 May 2025
Model evaluation paper |  | 27 May 2025

CMIP6 models overestimate sea ice melt, growth and conduction relative to ice mass balance buoy estimates

Alex E. West and Edward W. Blockley

Data sets

Arctic ice mass balance buoy data for use in calculating quantities to evaluate climate models Alex E. West https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773811

Monthly mean variables derived from Arctic Ice Mass Balance Buoy data, for evaluation of sea ice models Alex E. West https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773997

Observing and understanding climate change: Monitoring the mass balance, motion, and thickness of Arctic sea ice D. Perovich et al. http://imb-crrel-dartmouth.org/results/

NCC NorESM2-MM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191108 Mats Bentsen et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.506

IPSL IPSL-CM6A-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20180803 Olivier Boucher et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1534

IPSL IPSL-CM6A-LR-INCA model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20210216 Olivier Boucher et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.13582

NCAR CESM2-WACCM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190917 (sidmassmelttop, sidmassmeltbot and sidmassgrowthbot); Version 20190227 (all other diagnostics) Gokhan Danabasoglu https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.10024

NCAR CESM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190919 (sidmassmelttop, sidmassmeltbot and sidmassgrowthbot); Version 20190308 (all other diagnostics) Gokhan Danabasoglu https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2185

CSIRO-ARCCSS ACCESS-CM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200817 Martin Dix et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2281

CMCC CMCC-CM2-SR5 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200616 Tomas Lovato and Daniele Peano https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1362

CMCC CMCC-ESM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20210114 Tomas Lovato et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.13164

MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200330 Jeff Ridley et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.419

MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-MM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191207 Jeff Ridley et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.420

CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-ESM2-1 model output prepared for CMIP6 LS3MIP. Version 20181206 Roland Seferian https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.9564

NCC NorESM2-LM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191108 (siflcondtop and siflcondbot); Version 20190815 (all other diagnostics) Øyvind Seland et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.502

NIMS-KMA UKESM1.0-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200611 Sungbo Shim et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2245

CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-CM6-1 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20180917 Aurore Voldoire https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1375

CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-CM6-1-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Version 20191021 Aurore Voldoire https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1387

ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present Hans Hersbach et al. https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6

NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.0 (gridded) Boyin Huang et al. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ncdc%3AC01704/html

CryoSat-2 Level-4 Sea Ice Elevation, Freeboard, and Thickness, Version 1 Nathan Kurtz and Jeremy Harbeck https://doi.org/10.5067/96JO0KIFDAS8

MOHC UKESM1.0-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200309 Yongming Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1569

MRI MRI-ESM2.0 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20210311 Seiji Yukimoto et al. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.621

Model code and software

alex-west-met-office/IMBS_MO: Stage 1 IMB code - production version 1.1 Alex E. West https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3975692

alex-west-met-office/IMBS_Stage2_modeleval_MO: Stage 2 IMB code - production version Alex E. West https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971736

Figure & analysis code for paper 'CMIP6 models overestimate melt, growth & conduction relative to ice mass balance buoy estimates' Alex E. West https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12518762

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Short summary
This study uses ice mass balance buoys – temperature- and height-measuring devices frozen into...
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