Articles | Volume 17, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
16 Apr 2024
Model experiment description paper |
| 16 Apr 2024
| 16 Apr 2024
Challenges of constructing and selecting the “perfect” boundary conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM
Jelena Radović
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Prague, Czech Republic
ATEM – Studio of Ecological Models, Prague, Czech Republic
Michal Belda
Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Prague, Czech Republic
Jaroslav Resler
Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodárenskou věží 271/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Kryštof Eben
Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodárenskou věží 271/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Martin Bureš
Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodárenskou věží 271/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
ATEM – Studio of Ecological Models, Prague, Czech Republic
Jan Geletič
Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodárenskou věží 271/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Pavel Krč
Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodárenskou věží 271/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Hynek Řezníček
Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodárenskou věží 271/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Vladimír Fuka
Department of Atmospheric Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Prague, Czech Republic
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A city-scale turbulence-resolving model as an essential element of integrated urban services I. Esau et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102059
- Evaluation and comparison of PALM-4U/WRF and urbanMicroclimateFOAM in tropical high-rise urban areas G. Magalhaes et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06573-5
- Digital Twin-Driven Intelligent Transformation of Solid Waste Treatment J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030070
- Urban Boundary Layer Growth and Turbulence in Paris Using Large-Eddy Simulations J. Strömberg et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00980-x
- Advancing urban atmospheric modeling with coupled mesoscale–LES: A Bologna heatwave case study T. Landi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.103031
- A conservative immersed boundary method for the multi-physics urban large-eddy simulation model uDALES v2.0 S. Owens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6277-2024
- Challenges of high-fidelity air quality modeling in urban environments – PALM sensitivity study during stable conditions J. Resler et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024
- Numerical Simulations of the Impacts of Coherent Vortices on Wind Hazards in Urban Blocks D. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-025-00935-8
- On the suitability of dispersion models of varying degree of complexity for air quality assessment and urban planning W. Patiño et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111892
- Evaluating the radiative fidelity of WRF-driven PALM (v25.04) in high-resolution using RTM: impact of diverse urban morphology and vegetation on short-wave radiation J. Radović et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6001-2026
- Recent progress, bottlenecks, and outlook of multiscale air quality modelling: a review Y. Dai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2026.100435
- Sensitivity of cloud structure and precipitation to cloud microphysics schemes in ICON and implications for global km-scale simulations M. Sela et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8191-2026
- Building Energy Thermal Resilience under Compound Long-and-Short-Term Climate Disturbances: Impact Mechanisms, Quantitative Evaluation, and Energy Storage Enhancement R. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.59717/ipj.energy-use.2026.100059
- SanDyPALM v1.0: static and dynamic drivers for the PALM model to facilitate urban microclimate simulations J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6063-2025
- PALM-meteo 2.8: Processor of PALM meteorological input data P. Krč et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4071-2026
- Quantitative evaluation of turbulence reconstruction algorithms for flux estimation based on the characteristics of atmospheric turbulence Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0279166
- Impact of Wind Turbines on Near-Surface Microclimate and Soil Moisture Under Different Stability Regimes S. Weerappulli Hewage et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00996-3
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A city-scale turbulence-resolving model as an essential element of integrated urban services I. Esau et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102059
- Evaluation and comparison of PALM-4U/WRF and urbanMicroclimateFOAM in tropical high-rise urban areas G. Magalhaes et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06573-5
- Digital Twin-Driven Intelligent Transformation of Solid Waste Treatment J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030070
- Urban Boundary Layer Growth and Turbulence in Paris Using Large-Eddy Simulations J. Strömberg et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00980-x
- Advancing urban atmospheric modeling with coupled mesoscale–LES: A Bologna heatwave case study T. Landi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.103031
- A conservative immersed boundary method for the multi-physics urban large-eddy simulation model uDALES v2.0 S. Owens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6277-2024
- Challenges of high-fidelity air quality modeling in urban environments – PALM sensitivity study during stable conditions J. Resler et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024
- Numerical Simulations of the Impacts of Coherent Vortices on Wind Hazards in Urban Blocks D. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-025-00935-8
- On the suitability of dispersion models of varying degree of complexity for air quality assessment and urban planning W. Patiño et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111892
- Evaluating the radiative fidelity of WRF-driven PALM (v25.04) in high-resolution using RTM: impact of diverse urban morphology and vegetation on short-wave radiation J. Radović et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6001-2026
- Recent progress, bottlenecks, and outlook of multiscale air quality modelling: a review Y. Dai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2026.100435
- Sensitivity of cloud structure and precipitation to cloud microphysics schemes in ICON and implications for global km-scale simulations M. Sela et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8191-2026
- Building Energy Thermal Resilience under Compound Long-and-Short-Term Climate Disturbances: Impact Mechanisms, Quantitative Evaluation, and Energy Storage Enhancement R. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.59717/ipj.energy-use.2026.100059
- SanDyPALM v1.0: static and dynamic drivers for the PALM model to facilitate urban microclimate simulations J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6063-2025
- PALM-meteo 2.8: Processor of PALM meteorological input data P. Krč et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4071-2026
- Quantitative evaluation of turbulence reconstruction algorithms for flux estimation based on the characteristics of atmospheric turbulence Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0279166
- Impact of Wind Turbines on Near-Surface Microclimate and Soil Moisture Under Different Stability Regimes S. Weerappulli Hewage et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00996-3
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Oct 2026
Short summary
Boundary conditions are of crucial importance for numerical model (e.g., PALM) validation studies and have a large influence on the model results, especially when studying the atmosphere of real, complex, and densely built urban environments. Our experiments with different driving conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM show its strong dependency on boundary conditions, which is important for the proper separation of errors coming from the boundary conditions and the model itself.
Boundary conditions are of crucial importance for numerical model (e.g., PALM) validation...
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