Articles | Volume 16, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-479-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-479-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
24 Jan 2023
Model evaluation paper |
| 24 Jan 2023
| 24 Jan 2023
Cross-evaluating WRF-Chem v4.1.2, TROPOMI, APEX, and in situ NO2 measurements over Antwerp, Belgium
Catalina Poraicu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Atmospheric Composition Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3,
1180 Brussels, Belgium
Jean-François Müller
Atmospheric Composition Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3,
1180 Brussels, Belgium
Trissevgeni Stavrakou
Atmospheric Composition Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3,
1180 Brussels, Belgium
Dominique Fonteyn
Atmospheric Composition Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3,
1180 Brussels, Belgium
Frederik Tack
Atmospheric Composition Department, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3,
1180 Brussels, Belgium
Felix Deutsch
Environmental Modelling Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
Quentin Laffineur
Scientific Division Observations, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), Ringlaan 3, 1180
Brussels, Belgium
Roeland Van Malderen
Scientific Division Observations, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), Ringlaan 3, 1180
Brussels, Belgium
Nele Veldeman
Environmental Modelling Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Cited
12 citations as recorded by crossref.
- WRF-Chem simulations of CO2 over Belgium and surrounding countries assessed by ground-based measurements J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3541-2026
- Hyperlocal urban NO2 hotspot modeling driven by microscopic traffic data M. Weger et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01471-z
- Constraining the budget of NOx and volatile organic compounds at a remote tropical island using multi-platform observations and WRF-Chem model simulations C. Poraicu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6903-2025
- Diurnal variation mapping of urban NO2 concentrations at high spatial resolution using mobile phone signaling data S. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109758
- On the influence of vertical mixing, boundary layer schemes, and temporal emission profiles on tropospheric NO2 in WRF-Chem – comparisons to in situ, satellite, and MAX-DOAS observations L. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-185-2024
- Validation of multi-model decadal simulations of present-day central European air-quality A. Prieto Perez et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121077
- Clear-sky and cloudy-sky differences in NO2 concentrations over the United States: implications for satellite measurement applications D. Goldberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16287-2025
- Ground-based Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations of NO2 and H2CO at Kinshasa and comparisons with TROPOMI observations R. Yombo Phaka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5029-2023
- NitroNet – a machine learning model for the prediction of tropospheric NO2 profiles from TROPOMI observations L. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6485-2024
- Dynamic assessment of NO2 plume rise and pollution contributions from steel industry point sources in an energy-intensive region of China C. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.102921
- Validation of TROPOMI and WRF-Chem NO2 across seasons using SWING+ and surface observations over Bucharest A. Pasternak et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5185-2026
- Application of remote sensing and geospatial techniques for forest fire monitoring and air quality impact assessment I. Alvarez et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2026.2684384
12 citations as recorded by crossref.
- WRF-Chem simulations of CO2 over Belgium and surrounding countries assessed by ground-based measurements J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3541-2026
- Hyperlocal urban NO2 hotspot modeling driven by microscopic traffic data M. Weger et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01471-z
- Constraining the budget of NOx and volatile organic compounds at a remote tropical island using multi-platform observations and WRF-Chem model simulations C. Poraicu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6903-2025
- Diurnal variation mapping of urban NO2 concentrations at high spatial resolution using mobile phone signaling data S. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109758
- On the influence of vertical mixing, boundary layer schemes, and temporal emission profiles on tropospheric NO2 in WRF-Chem – comparisons to in situ, satellite, and MAX-DOAS observations L. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-185-2024
- Validation of multi-model decadal simulations of present-day central European air-quality A. Prieto Perez et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121077
- Clear-sky and cloudy-sky differences in NO2 concentrations over the United States: implications for satellite measurement applications D. Goldberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16287-2025
- Ground-based Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations of NO2 and H2CO at Kinshasa and comparisons with TROPOMI observations R. Yombo Phaka et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5029-2023
- NitroNet – a machine learning model for the prediction of tropospheric NO2 profiles from TROPOMI observations L. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6485-2024
- Dynamic assessment of NO2 plume rise and pollution contributions from steel industry point sources in an energy-intensive region of China C. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2026.102921
- Validation of TROPOMI and WRF-Chem NO2 across seasons using SWING+ and surface observations over Bucharest A. Pasternak et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5185-2026
- Application of remote sensing and geospatial techniques for forest fire monitoring and air quality impact assessment I. Alvarez et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2026.2684384
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 16 Sep 2026
Short summary
High-resolution WRF-Chem simulations are conducted over Antwerp, Belgium, in June 2019 and evaluated using meteorological data and in situ, airborne, and spaceborne NO2 measurements. An intercomparison of model, aircraft, and TROPOMI NO2 columns is conducted to characterize biases in versions 1.3.1 and 2.3.1 of the satellite product. A mass balance method is implemented to provide improved emissions for simulating NO2 distribution over the study area.
High-resolution WRF-Chem simulations are conducted over Antwerp, Belgium, in June 2019 and...
