Articles | Volume 16, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The CryoGrid community model (version 1.0) – a multi-physics toolbox for climate-driven simulations in the terrestrial cryosphere
Sebastian Westermann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Center for Biogeochemistry of the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen
DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Johanna Scheer
DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Kristoffer Aalstad
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Juditha Aga
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Center for Biogeochemistry of the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Nitin Chaudhary
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Bernd Etzelmüller
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Simon Filhol
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Andreas Kääb
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Cas Renette
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Louise Steffensen Schmidt
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Thomas Vikhamar Schuler
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Robin B. Zweigel
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Center for Biogeochemistry of the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Léo Martin
Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Sarah Morard
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Matan Ben-Asher
EDYTEM Lab, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
Michael Angelopoulos
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Julia Boike
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Brian Groenke
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Frederieke Miesner
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Jan Nitzbon
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Paul Overduin
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Simone M. Stuenzi
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Moritz Langer
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cited
40 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Advances in Permafrost Representation: Biophysical Processes in Earth System Models and the Role of Offline Models H. Matthes et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2269
- Shelf–fjord-exchange variability in western Svalbard based on Lagrangian particle tracking L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2026.109970
- Isotope-aided frozen soil hydrological modeling reveals freeze–thaw controls on runoff partitioning in a mountainous catchment of the upper Heihe River, China L. Yong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.110272
- Assessment of thermal stabilization measures based on numerical simulations at a Swiss alpine permafrost site E. Sharaborova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4277-2025
- Svalbard’s 2024 record summer: An early view of Arctic glacier meltdown? T. Schuler et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2503806122
- Meltwater runoff and glacier mass balance in the high Arctic: 1991–2022 simulations for Svalbard L. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023
- Simulating ice segregation and thaw consolidation in permafrost environments with the CryoGrid community model J. Aga et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4179-2023
- Modelling the evolution of permafrost temperatures and active layer thickness in King George Island, Antarctica, since 1950 J. Pedro Baptista et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3459-2025
- Climate change is rapidly deteriorating the climatic signal in Svalbard glaciers A. Spolaor et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024
- 20-year permafrost evolution documented through petrophysical joint inversion, thermal and soil moisture data S. Morard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5571
- Mechanisms of warm-water intrusions onto the West Spitsbergen Shelf during winter L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2419-2025
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- Influence of Meltwater Percolation on Preservation of Organic Aerosol Tracers in Glacier Archives C. Huber et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c09791
- Multi-scale variations of subglacial hydro-mechanical conditions at Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard C. Bouchayer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024
- Observed positive feedback between surface ablation and crevasse formation drives glacier acceleration and potential surge U. Nanni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66349-9
- Investigating the thermal state of permafrost with Bayesian inverse modeling of heat transfer B. Groenke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3505-2023
- Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model M. Ben-Asher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023
- Ocean warming drives immediate mass loss from calving glaciers in the high Arctic Ø. Foss et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54825-7
- Monitoring the Multiple Stages of Climate Tipping Systems from Space: Do the GCOS Essential Climate Variables Meet the Needs? S. Loriani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-024-09866-4
- Spatial modelling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution in a Canadian ice wedge polygon tundra landscape R. Lodi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181156
- The role of hydrothermal processes in permafrost degradation on China’s Qilian Eboling Ridge Y. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117759
- Thermal diffusivity of mountain permafrost derived from borehole temperature data in the Swiss Alps S. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6727-2025
- Recent ground thermo-hydrological changes in a southern Tibetan endorheic catchment and implications for lake level changes L. Martin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4409-2023
- Comprendre le rôle du permafrost dans la déstabilisation des versants rocheux de haute montagne. Bilan et perspectives de près de deux décennies d’étude dans les Alpes françaises F. Magnin et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/geotech/2026006
- Predisposing, triggering and runout processes at a permafrost‐affected rock avalanche site in the French Alps (Étache, June 2020) M. Cathala et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5881
- A new approach for evaluating regional permafrost changes: A case study in the Hoh Xil on the interior Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2024.12.005
- Comparison of ground temperature and permafrost conditions in the Arctic simulated by land surface process models of different complexity J. MORI et al. https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.23A02
- TopoPyScale: A Python Package for Hillslope Climate Downscaling S. Filhol et al. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.05059
- A novel numerical implementation for the surface energy budget of melting snowpacks and glaciers K. Fourteau et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024
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- Constrained simulation of permafrost thermal changes from 1980 to 2018 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau H. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105542
- Permafrost landsystems define regional variability in climate change effects on northern environments S. Kokelj et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71216-2
- Glacial isostatic adjustment reduces past and future Arctic subsea permafrost R. Creel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45906-8
- Ensemble numerical simulation of permafrost thermal regimes over the Tibetan Plateau using the Flexible Permafrost Model: 1950–2023 W. Sun & B. Cao https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2681-2026
- Elevation-dependent shift of landslide activity in mountain permafrost regions of the Qilian Mountains J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2024.11.003
- The climatic mass balance of glaciers on Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, 1991–2022 L. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.97
- Potential vegetation greenness changes in the permafrost areas over the Tibetan Plateau under future climate warming R. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.104833
- Changes in the hydrological and thermal regime of permafrost bogs in the past 50 years: synthesis of observational data and modelling. O. Anisimov et al. https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2026-72-1-113-126
- Seasonal vertical surface thaw displacement in 2018 on Samoylov Island (Lena Delta, northeastern Siberia) measured by satellite SAR interferometry with X-, C- and L-band sensors T. Strozzi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115293
40 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The evolution of Arctic permafrost over the last 3 centuries from ensemble simulations with the CryoGridLite permafrost model M. Langer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-363-2024
- Advances in Permafrost Representation: Biophysical Processes in Earth System Models and the Role of Offline Models H. Matthes et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2269
- Shelf–fjord-exchange variability in western Svalbard based on Lagrangian particle tracking L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2026.109970
- Isotope-aided frozen soil hydrological modeling reveals freeze–thaw controls on runoff partitioning in a mountainous catchment of the upper Heihe River, China L. Yong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.110272
- Assessment of thermal stabilization measures based on numerical simulations at a Swiss alpine permafrost site E. Sharaborova et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4277-2025
- Svalbard’s 2024 record summer: An early view of Arctic glacier meltdown? T. Schuler et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2503806122
- Meltwater runoff and glacier mass balance in the high Arctic: 1991–2022 simulations for Svalbard L. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023
- Simulating ice segregation and thaw consolidation in permafrost environments with the CryoGrid community model J. Aga et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4179-2023
- Modelling the evolution of permafrost temperatures and active layer thickness in King George Island, Antarctica, since 1950 J. Pedro Baptista et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3459-2025
- Climate change is rapidly deteriorating the climatic signal in Svalbard glaciers A. Spolaor et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024
- 20-year permafrost evolution documented through petrophysical joint inversion, thermal and soil moisture data S. Morard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5571
- Mechanisms of warm-water intrusions onto the West Spitsbergen Shelf during winter L. Frank et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2419-2025
- Witnessing the transition from cold to temperate firn on Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, through observations and model simulations S. Innanen et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10072
- Influence of Meltwater Percolation on Preservation of Organic Aerosol Tracers in Glacier Archives C. Huber et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c09791
- Multi-scale variations of subglacial hydro-mechanical conditions at Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard C. Bouchayer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024
- Observed positive feedback between surface ablation and crevasse formation drives glacier acceleration and potential surge U. Nanni et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66349-9
- Investigating the thermal state of permafrost with Bayesian inverse modeling of heat transfer B. Groenke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3505-2023
- Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model M. Ben-Asher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023
- Ocean warming drives immediate mass loss from calving glaciers in the high Arctic Ø. Foss et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54825-7
- Monitoring the Multiple Stages of Climate Tipping Systems from Space: Do the GCOS Essential Climate Variables Meet the Needs? S. Loriani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-024-09866-4
- Spatial modelling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution in a Canadian ice wedge polygon tundra landscape R. Lodi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181156
- The role of hydrothermal processes in permafrost degradation on China’s Qilian Eboling Ridge Y. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117759
- Thermal diffusivity of mountain permafrost derived from borehole temperature data in the Swiss Alps S. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6727-2025
- Recent ground thermo-hydrological changes in a southern Tibetan endorheic catchment and implications for lake level changes L. Martin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4409-2023
- Comprendre le rôle du permafrost dans la déstabilisation des versants rocheux de haute montagne. Bilan et perspectives de près de deux décennies d’étude dans les Alpes françaises F. Magnin et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/geotech/2026006
- Predisposing, triggering and runout processes at a permafrost‐affected rock avalanche site in the French Alps (Étache, June 2020) M. Cathala et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5881
- A new approach for evaluating regional permafrost changes: A case study in the Hoh Xil on the interior Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2024.12.005
- Comparison of ground temperature and permafrost conditions in the Arctic simulated by land surface process models of different complexity J. MORI et al. https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.23A02
- TopoPyScale: A Python Package for Hillslope Climate Downscaling S. Filhol et al. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.05059
- A novel numerical implementation for the surface energy budget of melting snowpacks and glaciers K. Fourteau et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024
- Permafrost sensitivity to soil hydro-thermodynamics in historical and scenario simulations with the MPI-ESM F. García-Pereira et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5959-2025
- Constrained simulation of permafrost thermal changes from 1980 to 2018 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau H. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105542
- Permafrost landsystems define regional variability in climate change effects on northern environments S. Kokelj et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71216-2
- Glacial isostatic adjustment reduces past and future Arctic subsea permafrost R. Creel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45906-8
- Ensemble numerical simulation of permafrost thermal regimes over the Tibetan Plateau using the Flexible Permafrost Model: 1950–2023 W. Sun & B. Cao https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2681-2026
- Elevation-dependent shift of landslide activity in mountain permafrost regions of the Qilian Mountains J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2024.11.003
- The climatic mass balance of glaciers on Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, 1991–2022 L. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.97
- Potential vegetation greenness changes in the permafrost areas over the Tibetan Plateau under future climate warming R. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.104833
- Changes in the hydrological and thermal regime of permafrost bogs in the past 50 years: synthesis of observational data and modelling. O. Anisimov et al. https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2026-72-1-113-126
- Seasonal vertical surface thaw displacement in 2018 on Samoylov Island (Lena Delta, northeastern Siberia) measured by satellite SAR interferometry with X-, C- and L-band sensors T. Strozzi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115293
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 May 2026
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and...