Articles | Volume 16, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2539-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
10 May 2023
Model evaluation paper |
| 10 May 2023
| 10 May 2023
Arctic Ocean simulations in the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao, 266061, China
Qiang Wang
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
Chuncheng Guo
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Zhenya Song
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao, 266061, China
Shizhu Wang
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao, 266061, China
Yan He
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao, 266061, China
Fangli Qiao
First Institute of Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao, 266061, China
Viewed
Total article views: 4,406 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 27 Oct 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,001 | 1,292 | 113 | 4,406 | 325 | 140 | 164 |
- HTML: 3,001
- PDF: 1,292
- XML: 113
- Total: 4,406
- Supplement: 325
- BibTeX: 140
- EndNote: 164
Total article views: 3,112 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 10 May 2023)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,190 | 830 | 92 | 3,112 | 175 | 125 | 150 |
- HTML: 2,190
- PDF: 830
- XML: 92
- Total: 3,112
- Supplement: 175
- BibTeX: 125
- EndNote: 150
Total article views: 1,294 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 27 Oct 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 811 | 462 | 21 | 1,294 | 150 | 15 | 14 |
- HTML: 811
- PDF: 462
- XML: 21
- Total: 1,294
- Supplement: 150
- BibTeX: 15
- EndNote: 14
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 4,406 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,298 with geography defined
and 108 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 3,112 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,042 with geography defined
and 70 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,294 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,256 with geography defined
and 38 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
12 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Opportunities for Earth Observation to Inform Risk Management for Ocean Tipping Points R. Wood et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-024-09859-3
- Overview of the studies on the interactions between atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean in the Arctic Ocean and its climatic effects: contributions from Chinese scientists R. Lei et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-025-2466-4
- Ocean stratification in a warming climate L. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00715-5
- Dominant inflation of the Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre in a warming climate Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02028-3
- FUTURE SEA-ICE PROJECTIONS BY USING CESM2 WITH CONFIGURATION OF THE CMIP6-OMIP2 EXPERIMENT Y. OGURA & R. NAKAMURA https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.24-18080
- Climate change and terrigenous inputs decrease the efficiency of the future Arctic Ocean’s biological carbon pump L. Oziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02233-6
- More Frequent Abrupt Marine Environmental Changes Expected C. Heinze et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106192
- Sensitivity of winter Arctic amplification in NorESM2 L. Seland Graff et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025
- Impact of increased resolution on Arctic Ocean simulations in Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2) Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024
- Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024 P. Neale et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-025-00687-x
- A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages: Past Changes, Mechanisms, and Future Projections Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0013
- Arctic freshwater impact on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: status and prospects T. Haine et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0185
12 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Opportunities for Earth Observation to Inform Risk Management for Ocean Tipping Points R. Wood et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-024-09859-3
- Overview of the studies on the interactions between atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean in the Arctic Ocean and its climatic effects: contributions from Chinese scientists R. Lei et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-025-2466-4
- Ocean stratification in a warming climate L. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00715-5
- Dominant inflation of the Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Gyre in a warming climate Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02028-3
- FUTURE SEA-ICE PROJECTIONS BY USING CESM2 WITH CONFIGURATION OF THE CMIP6-OMIP2 EXPERIMENT Y. OGURA & R. NAKAMURA https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.24-18080
- Climate change and terrigenous inputs decrease the efficiency of the future Arctic Ocean’s biological carbon pump L. Oziel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02233-6
- More Frequent Abrupt Marine Environmental Changes Expected C. Heinze et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106192
- Sensitivity of winter Arctic amplification in NorESM2 L. Seland Graff et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025
- Impact of increased resolution on Arctic Ocean simulations in Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP-2) Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-347-2024
- Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024 P. Neale et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-025-00687-x
- A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages: Past Changes, Mechanisms, and Future Projections Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0013
- Arctic freshwater impact on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: status and prospects T. Haine et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0185
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 25 Jun 2026
Short summary
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean simulations by state-of-the-art global ocean–sea-ice models participating in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) were evaluated. The simulations on Arctic Ocean hydrography, freshwater content, stratification, sea surface height, and gateway transports were assessed and the common biases were detected. The simulations forced by different atmospheric forcing were also evaluated.
Ocean models are often used for scientific studies on the Arctic Ocean. Here the Arctic Ocean...
