Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
27 Apr 2023
Model description paper |
| 27 Apr 2023
| 27 Apr 2023
Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB): a model of firn processes for cryosphere research
Alex S. Gardner
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Eric Larour
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Cited
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Predicting mean depth and area fraction of Antarctic supraglacial melt lakes with physics-based parameterizations D. Grau et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61798-8
- Retrieval and validation of total seasonal liquid water amounts in the percolation zone of the Greenland ice sheet using L-band radiometry A. Hossan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4237-2025
- A State-Space Model for Monitoring Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Elevation Change from CryoSat-2 N. Andersen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4327-2026
- Assessing spatiotemporal variability in melt–refreeze patterns in firn over Greenland with CryoSat-2 W. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3419-2025
- Toward improved comparability of glacier mass-balance estimates: Challenges and recommendations R. Hock et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2026.10158
- Evaluating surface mass balance variability from climate models using GPS Bedrock Vertical Time Series data J. Rajavarathan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5099-2026
- Design and implementation of a robust data logging and satellite telemetry system for remote cryospheric research S. Oulkar et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-15-75-2026
- A global–land snow scheme (GLASS) v1.0 for the GFDL Earth System Model: formulation and evaluation at instrumented sites E. Zorzetto et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024
- A Sparse Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Constellation Concept for Remote Sensing of Antarctic Ice Sheet Temperature A. Akins et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3534466
- Retrieving climatic insights from the Last Glacial Maximum in the Alps using an inverted glacier model K. Lleshi et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10083
- Evaluation of wet snow dielectric mixing models for L-band radiometric measurement of liquid water content in Greenland's percolation zone A. Hossan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6077-2025
- Sea-level contribution from Thwaites Glacier doubles in an observation-constrained ice-sheet model M. Poinelli et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77976-1
- Widespread slowdown in thinning rates of West Antarctic ice shelves F. Paolo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3409-2023
- Basal reflectance and melt rates across the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, from grounding line to ice shelf front D. Price et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10
- Projecting the response of Greenland's peripheral glaciers to future climate change: glacier losses, sea level impact, freshwater contributions, and peak water timing M. Shafeeque et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-875-2026
- Firn air content changes on Antarctic ice shelves under three future warming scenarios S. Veldhuijsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1983-2024
- Elevation change of the Greenland Ice Sheet and its peripheral glaciers: 1992–2023 J. Nilsson & A. Gardner https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1729-2026
- Mass changes of the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet and peripheral glaciers, 2007–2021 M. Bernat et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3025-2026
- Reconstruction of glacier mass balance in a data-scarce Himalayan environment using reanalysis climate data and machine learning S. Sambyal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2026.101224
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Predicting mean depth and area fraction of Antarctic supraglacial melt lakes with physics-based parameterizations D. Grau et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61798-8
- Retrieval and validation of total seasonal liquid water amounts in the percolation zone of the Greenland ice sheet using L-band radiometry A. Hossan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4237-2025
- A State-Space Model for Monitoring Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Elevation Change from CryoSat-2 N. Andersen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4327-2026
- Assessing spatiotemporal variability in melt–refreeze patterns in firn over Greenland with CryoSat-2 W. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3419-2025
- Toward improved comparability of glacier mass-balance estimates: Challenges and recommendations R. Hock et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2026.10158
- Evaluating surface mass balance variability from climate models using GPS Bedrock Vertical Time Series data J. Rajavarathan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5099-2026
- Design and implementation of a robust data logging and satellite telemetry system for remote cryospheric research S. Oulkar et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-15-75-2026
- A global–land snow scheme (GLASS) v1.0 for the GFDL Earth System Model: formulation and evaluation at instrumented sites E. Zorzetto et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7219-2024
- A Sparse Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Constellation Concept for Remote Sensing of Antarctic Ice Sheet Temperature A. Akins et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3534466
- Retrieving climatic insights from the Last Glacial Maximum in the Alps using an inverted glacier model K. Lleshi et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10083
- Evaluation of wet snow dielectric mixing models for L-band radiometric measurement of liquid water content in Greenland's percolation zone A. Hossan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6077-2025
- Sea-level contribution from Thwaites Glacier doubles in an observation-constrained ice-sheet model M. Poinelli et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77976-1
- Widespread slowdown in thinning rates of West Antarctic ice shelves F. Paolo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3409-2023
- Basal reflectance and melt rates across the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, from grounding line to ice shelf front D. Price et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10
- Projecting the response of Greenland's peripheral glaciers to future climate change: glacier losses, sea level impact, freshwater contributions, and peak water timing M. Shafeeque et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-875-2026
- Firn air content changes on Antarctic ice shelves under three future warming scenarios S. Veldhuijsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1983-2024
- Elevation change of the Greenland Ice Sheet and its peripheral glaciers: 1992–2023 J. Nilsson & A. Gardner https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1729-2026
- Mass changes of the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet and peripheral glaciers, 2007–2021 M. Bernat et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3025-2026
- Reconstruction of glacier mass balance in a data-scarce Himalayan environment using reanalysis climate data and machine learning S. Sambyal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2026.101224
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 04 Nov 2026
Short summary
This is the first description of the open-source Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB) model. GEMB models the ice sheet and glacier surface–atmospheric energy and mass exchange, as well as the firn state. The model is evaluated against the current state of the art and in situ observations and is shown to perform well.
This is the first description of the open-source Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB) model....
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