Articles | Volume 15, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7121-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7121-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
21 Sep 2022
Development and technical paper |
| 21 Sep 2022
| 21 Sep 2022
Improved representation of the contemporary Greenland ice sheet firn layer by IMAU-FDM v1.2G
Max Brils
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Peter Kuipers Munneke
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Willem Jan van de Berg
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Michiel van den Broeke
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- FDTransformer: A firn density prediction framework combining a self-attention transformer network with firn densification physics X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113869
- Depth of Liquid Water Infiltration in Greenland Firn Based on L-Band Radiometry, a Snow Physics Model, and Machine Learning T. Moon et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2026.3669024
- Long-term development of a perennial firn aquifer on the Lomonosovfonna ice cap, Svalbard T. van den Akker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1513-2025
- Assessing spatiotemporal variability in melt–refreeze patterns in firn over Greenland with CryoSat-2 W. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3419-2025
- Sentinel-1 detection of ice slabs on the Greenland Ice Sheet R. Culberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2531-2024
- Runoff from Greenland's firn area – why do MODIS, RCMs and a firn model disagree? H. Machguth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-427-2026
- Spatial Response of Greenland's Firn Layer to NAO Variability M. Brils et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007082
- Firn air content changes on Antarctic ice shelves under three future warming scenarios S. Veldhuijsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1983-2024
- Greenland Ice Sheet Runoff Observed by Multiple Satellite Radar Altimeters From 1992 to 2023 J. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3584511
- Firn on ice sheets C. Amory et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00507-9
- Recent warming trends of the Greenland ice sheet documented by historical firn and ice temperature observations and machine learning B. Vandecrux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-609-2024
- Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB): a model of firn processes for cryosphere research A. Gardner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023
- Characteristics of the 1979–2020 Antarctic firn layer simulated with IMAU-FDM v1.2A S. Veldhuijsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1675-2023
- Rapid Basal Channel Growth Beneath Greenland's Longest Floating Ice Shelf A. Narkevic et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103226
- Mapping the vertical heterogeneity of Greenland's firn from 2011–2019 using airborne radar and laser altimetry A. Rutishauser et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2455-2024
- De la nieve al hielo, la metamorfosis oculta N. González Santacruz & S. Faria https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.15.30333
- Antarctic-wide ice-shelf firn emulation reveals robust future firn air depletion signal for the Antarctic Peninsula D. Dunmire et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01255-4
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- FDTransformer: A firn density prediction framework combining a self-attention transformer network with firn densification physics X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113869
- Depth of Liquid Water Infiltration in Greenland Firn Based on L-Band Radiometry, a Snow Physics Model, and Machine Learning T. Moon et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2026.3669024
- Long-term development of a perennial firn aquifer on the Lomonosovfonna ice cap, Svalbard T. van den Akker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1513-2025
- Assessing spatiotemporal variability in melt–refreeze patterns in firn over Greenland with CryoSat-2 W. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3419-2025
- Sentinel-1 detection of ice slabs on the Greenland Ice Sheet R. Culberg et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2531-2024
- Runoff from Greenland's firn area – why do MODIS, RCMs and a firn model disagree? H. Machguth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-427-2026
- Spatial Response of Greenland's Firn Layer to NAO Variability M. Brils et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007082
- Firn air content changes on Antarctic ice shelves under three future warming scenarios S. Veldhuijsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1983-2024
- Greenland Ice Sheet Runoff Observed by Multiple Satellite Radar Altimeters From 1992 to 2023 J. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3584511
- Firn on ice sheets C. Amory et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00507-9
- Recent warming trends of the Greenland ice sheet documented by historical firn and ice temperature observations and machine learning B. Vandecrux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-609-2024
- Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB): a model of firn processes for cryosphere research A. Gardner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023
- Characteristics of the 1979–2020 Antarctic firn layer simulated with IMAU-FDM v1.2A S. Veldhuijsen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1675-2023
- Rapid Basal Channel Growth Beneath Greenland's Longest Floating Ice Shelf A. Narkevic et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103226
- Mapping the vertical heterogeneity of Greenland's firn from 2011–2019 using airborne radar and laser altimetry A. Rutishauser et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2455-2024
- De la nieve al hielo, la metamorfosis oculta N. González Santacruz & S. Faria https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.15.30333
- Antarctic-wide ice-shelf firn emulation reveals robust future firn air depletion signal for the Antarctic Peninsula D. Dunmire et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01255-4
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Jul 2026
Short summary
Firn covers the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and can temporarily prevent mass loss. Here, we present the latest version of our firn model, IMAU-FDM, with an application to the GrIS. We improved the density of fallen snow, the firn densification rate and the firn's thermal conductivity. This leads to a higher air content and 10 m temperatures. Furthermore we investigate three case studies and find that the updated model shows greater variability and an increased sensitivity in surface elevation.
Firn covers the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and can temporarily prevent mass loss. Here, we...
