Articles | Volume 15, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5949-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5949-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
29 Jul 2022
Model evaluation paper |
| 29 Jul 2022
| 29 Jul 2022
Assessment of the Paris urban heat island in ERA5 and offline SURFEX-TEB (v8.1) simulations using the METEOSAT land surface temperature product
Miguel Nogueira
Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Cervest, Canalot Studios, Studio 133, 222 Kensal Road, London W10 5BN, UK
Alexandra Hurduc
Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Sofia Ermida
Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA, 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal
Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Daniela C. A. Lima
Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Pedro M. M. Soares
Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Emanuel Dutra
Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon,
1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA, 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal
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Cited
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Urbanization-Induced Increases in Heavy Precipitation are Magnified by Moist Heatwaves in an Urban Agglomeration of East China C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0223.1
- Spatial Decoupling of Surface and Atmospheric Urban Heat: Differential Land Cover Associations in Zagreb D. Bečić & M. Gašparović https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17050466
- Analysis of Long Time Series of Summer Surface Urban Heat Island under the Missing-Filled Satellite Data Scenario J. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229206
- High-resolution urban climate simulations for heat and health applications in Philadelphia B. Le Roy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102114
- The evolution of heat exposure in changing societies and a changing climate from 1960 to 2100 A. Schäfer et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1491695
- Red-Hot Portugal: Mapping the Increasing Severity of Exceptional Maximum Temperature Events (1980–2024) L. Espinosa & M. Portela https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050514
- Characteristics of surface heat source changes in China’s typical urban agglomerations during 1979–2021 and their influence on compound hot extremes X. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-025-1737-4
- Synergistic effects of heatwaves on the surface urban heat Island in the São Paulo metropolitan region G. de Araújo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.102998
- Intra-city scale graph neural networks enhance short-term air temperature forecasting H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-947-2026
- A time-continuous land surface temperature (LST) data fusion approach based on deep learning with microwave remote sensing and high-density ground truth observations J. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169992
- Îlot de chaleur urbain et application territoriale en France : revue des méthodes de simulation numérique M. Técher et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/climat/202320006
- Inter‐comparison and validation of high‐resolution surface air temperature reanalysis fields over Italy F. Cavalleri et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8475
- Temporal and spatial patterns of heat extremes in Hesse, Germany S. Krikau & S. Benz https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adce59
- Data Considerations for Estimating Ambient Heat Exposure for Environmental Epidemiological Studies E. Gause et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-026-00553-7
- Towards an improved representation of the urban heat island effect : A multi-scale application of XGBoost for madrid A. Bushenkova et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101982
- On the deep learning approach for improving the representation of urban climate: The Paris urban heat island and temperature extremes F. Johannsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102039
- Small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based detection of seasonal micro-urban heat islands for diverse land uses J. Ahmad et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2024.2391582
- Patterns, drivers, and trends of urban cooling demand across global cities N. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74157-y
- Hourly values of an advanced human-biometeorological index for diverse populations from 1991 to 2020 in Greece C. Giannaros et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-02923-y
- Surface hazards in North-west Europe following sudden stratospheric warming events R. Hall et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acd0c3
- Finding the sea level – Investigation of rural references for estimation of the urban heat island J. Kittner et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000955
- Analysis of nocturnal urban heat advection using crowd weather stations J. Kittner et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.5065
- Towards better understanding the urban environment and its interactions with regional climate change - The WCRP CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study URB-RCC G. Langendijk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102165
- Ground-station and ERA5-Land evaluation for heat-induced labour loss assessment across developed-economy regions in Pacific Asia P. Lai & W. Koh https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52565-w
- Thermophysical Characteristics of Clay for Efficient Rammed Earth Wall Construction C. Petcu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16176015
- 1979–2021年中国典型城市群地面热源变化特征及其对复合高温的影响 惜. 周 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2025-0161
- Deadly heat stress conditions are already occurring S. Perkins-Kirkpatrick et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70485-1
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Urbanization-Induced Increases in Heavy Precipitation are Magnified by Moist Heatwaves in an Urban Agglomeration of East China C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0223.1
- Spatial Decoupling of Surface and Atmospheric Urban Heat: Differential Land Cover Associations in Zagreb D. Bečić & M. Gašparović https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17050466
- Analysis of Long Time Series of Summer Surface Urban Heat Island under the Missing-Filled Satellite Data Scenario J. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229206
- High-resolution urban climate simulations for heat and health applications in Philadelphia B. Le Roy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102114
- The evolution of heat exposure in changing societies and a changing climate from 1960 to 2100 A. Schäfer et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1491695
- Red-Hot Portugal: Mapping the Increasing Severity of Exceptional Maximum Temperature Events (1980–2024) L. Espinosa & M. Portela https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050514
- Characteristics of surface heat source changes in China’s typical urban agglomerations during 1979–2021 and their influence on compound hot extremes X. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-025-1737-4
- Synergistic effects of heatwaves on the surface urban heat Island in the São Paulo metropolitan region G. de Araújo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.102998
- Intra-city scale graph neural networks enhance short-term air temperature forecasting H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-947-2026
- A time-continuous land surface temperature (LST) data fusion approach based on deep learning with microwave remote sensing and high-density ground truth observations J. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169992
- Îlot de chaleur urbain et application territoriale en France : revue des méthodes de simulation numérique M. Técher et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/climat/202320006
- Inter‐comparison and validation of high‐resolution surface air temperature reanalysis fields over Italy F. Cavalleri et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8475
- Temporal and spatial patterns of heat extremes in Hesse, Germany S. Krikau & S. Benz https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adce59
- Data Considerations for Estimating Ambient Heat Exposure for Environmental Epidemiological Studies E. Gause et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-026-00553-7
- Towards an improved representation of the urban heat island effect : A multi-scale application of XGBoost for madrid A. Bushenkova et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.101982
- On the deep learning approach for improving the representation of urban climate: The Paris urban heat island and temperature extremes F. Johannsen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102039
- Small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based detection of seasonal micro-urban heat islands for diverse land uses J. Ahmad et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2024.2391582
- Patterns, drivers, and trends of urban cooling demand across global cities N. Mondal et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74157-y
- Hourly values of an advanced human-biometeorological index for diverse populations from 1991 to 2020 in Greece C. Giannaros et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-02923-y
- Surface hazards in North-west Europe following sudden stratospheric warming events R. Hall et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acd0c3
- Finding the sea level – Investigation of rural references for estimation of the urban heat island J. Kittner et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000955
- Analysis of nocturnal urban heat advection using crowd weather stations J. Kittner et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.5065
- Towards better understanding the urban environment and its interactions with regional climate change - The WCRP CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study URB-RCC G. Langendijk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102165
- Ground-station and ERA5-Land evaluation for heat-induced labour loss assessment across developed-economy regions in Pacific Asia P. Lai & W. Koh https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52565-w
- Thermophysical Characteristics of Clay for Efficient Rammed Earth Wall Construction C. Petcu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16176015
- 1979–2021年中国典型城市群地面热源变化特征及其对复合高温的影响 惜. 周 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2025-0161
- Deadly heat stress conditions are already occurring S. Perkins-Kirkpatrick et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70485-1
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 20 Aug 2026
Short summary
We evaluated the quality of the ERA5 reanalysis representation of the urban heat island (UHI) over the city of Paris and performed a set of offline runs using the SURFEX land surface model. They were compared with observations (satellite and in situ). The SURFEX-TEB runs showed the best performance in representing the UHI, reducing its bias significantly. We demonstrate the ability of the SURFEX-TEB framework to simulate urban climate, which is crucial for studying climate change in cities.
We evaluated the quality of the ERA5 reanalysis representation of the urban heat island (UHI)...
