Articles | Volume 15, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4709-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4709-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A map of global peatland extent created using machine learning (Peat-ML)
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Koreen Millard
Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Matthew Fortier
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
R. Scott Winton
Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Surface Waters, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institution of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Javier M. Martín-López
Agroecosystems and Sustainable Landscapes Program, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, Cali, Colombia
Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Darren Kidd
Natural Values Science Services, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Louis V. Verchot
Agroecosystems and Sustainable Landscapes Program, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, Cali, Colombia
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Cited
60 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Characteristics, impacts, and future research directions of Mongolian peatlands X. Wu et al.
- Socio-Ecological Approach to a Forest-Swamp-Savannah Mosaic Landscape Using Remote Sensing and Local Knowledge: a Case Study in the Bas-Ogooué Ramsar Site, Gabon C. Demichelis et al.
- Disentangling the effect of temperature and moisture on boreal peatland microbial activity and function P. Ferguson & Z. Lindo
- Xenobiotic dynamics in mangroves and peatlands: Microbial mechanisms for nature-based mitigation S. Mukhopadhyay et al.
- Detecting and Mapping Peatlands in the Tibetan Plateau Region Using the Random Forest Algorithm and Sentinel Imagery Z. Pan et al.
- Mapping Midaltitude Peatlands Using Sentinel-1/2 Images and Machine Learning in the Mountainous Region of Northeastern China D. Sun et al.
- Beyond the forests: peatlands as overlooked carbon stores in coastal British Columbia H. Martens & J. Kreyling
- Assessing the Spatial Similarity of Soil Moisture Patterns and Their Environmental and Observational Drivers from Remote Sensing and Earth System Modeling Across Europe T. Jagdhuber et al.
- Canada1Water: Hydraulic parametrized integrated soil, bedrock and peatlands datasets E. Kessel et al.
- Analysis of peat soil testing errors based on its characteristics and appropriate recommendation of peat soil testing A. Khoerani et al.
- Montane peatland response to drought: Evidence from multispectral and thermal UAS monitoring J. Langhammer et al.
- The role of peatland degradation, protection and restoration for climate change mitigation in the SSP scenarios J. Doelman et al.
- A simulation of the peat accumulation in the Holocene S. Denisov et al.
- Warming-induced vapor pressure deficit suppression of vegetation growth diminished in northern peatlands N. Chen et al.
- High-resolution mapping of peatland CO2 fluxes using drone multispectral images R. Walcker et al.
- Peatland microalgae are unsung heroes of climate change mitigation
- On the detailed mapping of peat (raised bogs) using airborne radiometric data D. Beamish & J. White
- Predicting Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Plateau Swamp Wetlands Using Multisource Remote Sensing and Spectral Measurements: A Case Study of the Dianchi Basin F. Cai et al.
- A meta-analysis of peatland microbial diversity and function responses to climate change M. Le Geay et al.
- Mapping high-altitude peatlands to inform a landscape conservation strategy in the Andes of northern Peru G. Curatola Fernández et al.
- Hidden becomes clear: Optical remote sensing of vegetation reveals water table dynamics in northern peatlands I. Burdun et al.
- Global Mercury Emissions from Open Biomass Burning Estimated Using a Mass-Balance Approach Y. Shen et al.
- Unveiling the Past: Deep-Learning-Based Estimation of Historical Peatland Distribution S. Cha et al.
- Microbial photosynthesis mitigates carbon loss from northern peatlands under warming S. Hamard et al.
- Topographic and climatic controls of peatland distribution on the Tibetan Plateau J. Sun et al.
- Peatland inception and development across Kalimantan, Indonesia G. Anshari et al.
- OpenLandMap-soildb: global soil information at 30 m spatial resolution for 2000–2022+ based on spatiotemporal Machine Learning and harmonized legacy soil samples and observations T. Hengl et al.
- Adapting machine learning for environmental spatial data - A review M. Jemeļjanova et al.
- Digital mapping of peat thickness and extent in Finland using remote sensing and machine learning J. Pohjankukka et al.
- Digital mapping of peat thickness and carbon stock of global peatlands M. Widyastuti et al.
- SatViT: Pretraining Transformers for Earth Observation A. Fuller et al.
- Value of hyperspectral data for wall to wall wetland vegetation mapping in heterogeneous landscapes A. Jarocińska et al.
- Predicting the potential geographical distribution of peatlands in Northeast China based on the ensemble model H. Wu et al.
- Peat-DBase v.1: a compiled database of global peat depth measurements J. Skye et al.
- Control of local topography and surface patterning on the formation and stability of a slope permafrost peatland at 4800-m elevation on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Y. Li et al.
- Application of machine learning techniques for wetland type mapping in the Numto Nature Park (Western Siberia) M. Moskovchenko
- Peatland dynamics and sensitivities under hyperhumid climates: Paleoecological evidence from glacier-valley peatlands in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau Y. Xia et al.
- Simulation of the geographical distribution of global potential wetlands under climate change using an ensemble species distribution model C. Zhu et al.
- Spatially explicit global assessment of cropland greenhouse gas emissions circa 2020 P. Cao et al.
- Using the Canadian Model for Peatlands (CaMP) to examine greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sink strength in Canada's boreal and temperate peatlands K. Bona et al.
- An assessment of recent peat forest disturbances and their drivers in the Cuvette Centrale, Africa K. Nesha et al.
- Mapping the distribution and condition of mountain peatlands in Colombia for sustainable ecosystem management P. Skillings-Neira et al.
- Mapping and monitoring peatland conditions from global to field scale B. Minasny et al.
- Research Progress in the Field of Peatlands in 1990–2022: A Systematic Analysis Based on Bibliometrics J. Shi et al.
- Towards a roadmap for space-based observations of the land sector for the UNFCCC global stocktake O. Ochiai et al.
- GHG emissions from recent peat forest disturbances: A driver-specific analysis across Indonesia, Peru, and DRC K. Nesha et al.
- Hydroclimate and landscape diversity drive highly variable greenhouse gas emissions from tropical and subtropical inland waters C. Duvert et al.
- Genes and genome‐resolved metagenomics reveal the microbial functional make up of Amazon peatlands under geochemical gradients M. Pavia et al.
- How controlled drainage and peat subsidence affect the hydrology of cultivated peatlands under changing climatic conditions A. Salla et al.
- Climate–human interactions influence widespread peatland subsidence and soil carbon stock vulnerability in China Z. Xue et al.
- A new data-driven map predicts substantial undocumented peatland areas in Amazonia A. Hastie et al.
- Initial assessment of the peatlands of the upper-Ucayali Valley, Central Peruvian Amazon: Basic analysis of geographic products & predictors B. Crnobrna et al.
- Widespread carbon-dense peatlands in the Colombian lowlands R. Winton et al.
- Peat fires contribute disproportionately to Siberian fire carbon emissions A. Khairoun et al.
- Peatlands and their carbon dynamics in northern high latitudes from 1990 to 2300: a process-based biogeochemistry model analysis B. Zhao & Q. Zhuang
- Geospatial Data and Deep Learning Expose ESG Risks to Critical Raw Materials Supply: The Case of Lithium C. Lawley et al.
- Drainage density and land cover interact to affect fire occurrence in Indonesian peatlands R. Salmayenti et al.
- Global increase in biomass carbon stock dominated by growth of northern young forests over past decade H. Yang et al.
- A near-global dataset of dissolved organic carbon concentrations and yields in forested headwater streams D. Liu et al.
- Mismatch Between Global Importance of Peatlands and the Extent of Their Protection K. Austin et al.
60 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Characteristics, impacts, and future research directions of Mongolian peatlands X. Wu et al.
- Socio-Ecological Approach to a Forest-Swamp-Savannah Mosaic Landscape Using Remote Sensing and Local Knowledge: a Case Study in the Bas-Ogooué Ramsar Site, Gabon C. Demichelis et al.
- Disentangling the effect of temperature and moisture on boreal peatland microbial activity and function P. Ferguson & Z. Lindo
- Xenobiotic dynamics in mangroves and peatlands: Microbial mechanisms for nature-based mitigation S. Mukhopadhyay et al.
- Detecting and Mapping Peatlands in the Tibetan Plateau Region Using the Random Forest Algorithm and Sentinel Imagery Z. Pan et al.
- Mapping Midaltitude Peatlands Using Sentinel-1/2 Images and Machine Learning in the Mountainous Region of Northeastern China D. Sun et al.
- Beyond the forests: peatlands as overlooked carbon stores in coastal British Columbia H. Martens & J. Kreyling
- Assessing the Spatial Similarity of Soil Moisture Patterns and Their Environmental and Observational Drivers from Remote Sensing and Earth System Modeling Across Europe T. Jagdhuber et al.
- Canada1Water: Hydraulic parametrized integrated soil, bedrock and peatlands datasets E. Kessel et al.
- Analysis of peat soil testing errors based on its characteristics and appropriate recommendation of peat soil testing A. Khoerani et al.
- Montane peatland response to drought: Evidence from multispectral and thermal UAS monitoring J. Langhammer et al.
- The role of peatland degradation, protection and restoration for climate change mitigation in the SSP scenarios J. Doelman et al.
- A simulation of the peat accumulation in the Holocene S. Denisov et al.
- Warming-induced vapor pressure deficit suppression of vegetation growth diminished in northern peatlands N. Chen et al.
- High-resolution mapping of peatland CO2 fluxes using drone multispectral images R. Walcker et al.
- Peatland microalgae are unsung heroes of climate change mitigation
- On the detailed mapping of peat (raised bogs) using airborne radiometric data D. Beamish & J. White
- Predicting Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Plateau Swamp Wetlands Using Multisource Remote Sensing and Spectral Measurements: A Case Study of the Dianchi Basin F. Cai et al.
- A meta-analysis of peatland microbial diversity and function responses to climate change M. Le Geay et al.
- Mapping high-altitude peatlands to inform a landscape conservation strategy in the Andes of northern Peru G. Curatola Fernández et al.
- Hidden becomes clear: Optical remote sensing of vegetation reveals water table dynamics in northern peatlands I. Burdun et al.
- Global Mercury Emissions from Open Biomass Burning Estimated Using a Mass-Balance Approach Y. Shen et al.
- Unveiling the Past: Deep-Learning-Based Estimation of Historical Peatland Distribution S. Cha et al.
- Microbial photosynthesis mitigates carbon loss from northern peatlands under warming S. Hamard et al.
- Topographic and climatic controls of peatland distribution on the Tibetan Plateau J. Sun et al.
- Peatland inception and development across Kalimantan, Indonesia G. Anshari et al.
- OpenLandMap-soildb: global soil information at 30 m spatial resolution for 2000–2022+ based on spatiotemporal Machine Learning and harmonized legacy soil samples and observations T. Hengl et al.
- Adapting machine learning for environmental spatial data - A review M. Jemeļjanova et al.
- Digital mapping of peat thickness and extent in Finland using remote sensing and machine learning J. Pohjankukka et al.
- Digital mapping of peat thickness and carbon stock of global peatlands M. Widyastuti et al.
- SatViT: Pretraining Transformers for Earth Observation A. Fuller et al.
- Value of hyperspectral data for wall to wall wetland vegetation mapping in heterogeneous landscapes A. Jarocińska et al.
- Predicting the potential geographical distribution of peatlands in Northeast China based on the ensemble model H. Wu et al.
- Peat-DBase v.1: a compiled database of global peat depth measurements J. Skye et al.
- Control of local topography and surface patterning on the formation and stability of a slope permafrost peatland at 4800-m elevation on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Y. Li et al.
- Application of machine learning techniques for wetland type mapping in the Numto Nature Park (Western Siberia) M. Moskovchenko
- Peatland dynamics and sensitivities under hyperhumid climates: Paleoecological evidence from glacier-valley peatlands in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau Y. Xia et al.
- Simulation of the geographical distribution of global potential wetlands under climate change using an ensemble species distribution model C. Zhu et al.
- Spatially explicit global assessment of cropland greenhouse gas emissions circa 2020 P. Cao et al.
- Using the Canadian Model for Peatlands (CaMP) to examine greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sink strength in Canada's boreal and temperate peatlands K. Bona et al.
- An assessment of recent peat forest disturbances and their drivers in the Cuvette Centrale, Africa K. Nesha et al.
- Mapping the distribution and condition of mountain peatlands in Colombia for sustainable ecosystem management P. Skillings-Neira et al.
- Mapping and monitoring peatland conditions from global to field scale B. Minasny et al.
- Research Progress in the Field of Peatlands in 1990–2022: A Systematic Analysis Based on Bibliometrics J. Shi et al.
- Towards a roadmap for space-based observations of the land sector for the UNFCCC global stocktake O. Ochiai et al.
- GHG emissions from recent peat forest disturbances: A driver-specific analysis across Indonesia, Peru, and DRC K. Nesha et al.
- Hydroclimate and landscape diversity drive highly variable greenhouse gas emissions from tropical and subtropical inland waters C. Duvert et al.
- Genes and genome‐resolved metagenomics reveal the microbial functional make up of Amazon peatlands under geochemical gradients M. Pavia et al.
- How controlled drainage and peat subsidence affect the hydrology of cultivated peatlands under changing climatic conditions A. Salla et al.
- Climate–human interactions influence widespread peatland subsidence and soil carbon stock vulnerability in China Z. Xue et al.
- A new data-driven map predicts substantial undocumented peatland areas in Amazonia A. Hastie et al.
- Initial assessment of the peatlands of the upper-Ucayali Valley, Central Peruvian Amazon: Basic analysis of geographic products & predictors B. Crnobrna et al.
- Widespread carbon-dense peatlands in the Colombian lowlands R. Winton et al.
- Peat fires contribute disproportionately to Siberian fire carbon emissions A. Khairoun et al.
- Peatlands and their carbon dynamics in northern high latitudes from 1990 to 2300: a process-based biogeochemistry model analysis B. Zhao & Q. Zhuang
- Geospatial Data and Deep Learning Expose ESG Risks to Critical Raw Materials Supply: The Case of Lithium C. Lawley et al.
- Drainage density and land cover interact to affect fire occurrence in Indonesian peatlands R. Salmayenti et al.
- Global increase in biomass carbon stock dominated by growth of northern young forests over past decade H. Yang et al.
- A near-global dataset of dissolved organic carbon concentrations and yields in forested headwater streams D. Liu et al.
- Mismatch Between Global Importance of Peatlands and the Extent of Their Protection K. Austin et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 02 May 2026
Short summary
Peat-ML is a high-resolution global peatland extent map generated using machine learning techniques. Peatlands are important in the global carbon and water cycles, but their extent is poorly known. We generated Peat-ML using drivers of peatland formation including climate, soil, geomorphology, and vegetation data, and we train the model with regional peatland maps. Our accuracy estimation approaches suggest Peat-ML is of similar or higher quality than other available peatland mapping products.
Peat-ML is a high-resolution global peatland extent map generated using machine learning...