Articles | Volume 15, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Mario Acosta
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Andrea Alessandri
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
Peter Anthoni
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
Germany
Thomas Arsouze
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Tommi Bergman
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, 3731, the
Netherlands
Raffaele Bernardello
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Souhail Boussetta
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading,
RG2-9AX, United Kingdom
Louis-Philippe Caron
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Glenn Carver
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading,
RG2-9AX, United Kingdom
Miguel Castrillo
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Franco Catalano
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable
Economic Development (ENEA), 00196 Rome, Italy
Ivana Cvijanovic
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Paolo Davini
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, ISAC-CNR, 10133 Turin, Italy
Evelien Dekker
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
David Docquier
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Pablo Echevarria
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Uwe Fladrich
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Ramon Fuentes-Franco
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Matthias Gröger
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Jost v. Hardenberg
Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, ISAC-CNR, 10133 Turin, Italy
Jenny Hieronymus
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
M. Pasha Karami
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Jukka-Pekka Keskinen
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
Torben Koenigk
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Risto Makkonen
Finnish Meteorological Institute, FMI, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
François Massonnet
Université Catholique de Louvain UCLouvain,
Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
Martin Ménégoz
IGE, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, 38400, France
Paul A. Miller
Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Lars Nieradzik
Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Twan van Noije
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, 3731, the
Netherlands
Paul Nolan
Irish Centre for High End Computing, ICHECK, Dublin, Ireland
Declan O'Donnell
Finnish Meteorological Institute, FMI, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
Pirkka Ollinaho
Finnish Meteorological Institute, FMI, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
Gijs van den Oord
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, 3731, the
Netherlands
Pablo Ortega
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Oriol Tintó Prims
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Arthur Ramos
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Thomas Reerink
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, 3731, the
Netherlands
Clement Rousset
University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, 75005, France
Yohan Ruprich-Robert
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Philippe Le Sager
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, 3731, the
Netherlands
Torben Schmith
University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, 75005, France
Roland Schrödner
Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Federico Serva
Istituto di Scienze Marine CNR-ISMAR, 30122 Venice, Italy
Valentina Sicardi
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Marianne Sloth Madsen
Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
Benjamin Smith
Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Tian Tian
Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
Etienne Tourigny
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Petteri Uotila
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
Martin Vancoppenolle
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, 75005, France
Shiyu Wang
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
David Wårlind
Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Ulrika Willén
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Klaus Wyser
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI),
Norrköping, 60176, Sweden
Shuting Yang
Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
Xavier Yepes-Arbós
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Qiong Zhang
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
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- Assessment of climate biases in OpenIFS version 43r3 across model horizontal resolutions and time steps A. Savita et al.
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- Potential Weakening of the June 2012 North American Derecho Under Future Warming Conditions J. Li et al.
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- Impact of Atlantic multidecadal variability on rainfall intensity distribution and timing of the West African monsoon E. Mohino et al.
- Assessing the performance of the CMIP6 multi model mean in simulating precipitation and temperature across Africa S. Zebaze et al.
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- Increasing Hurricane Intensification Rate Near the US Atlantic Coast K. Balaguru et al.
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- The stand age governs forest root: Shoot ratios across northeast China H. Wu et al.
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- Sensitivity of ground-level ozone to surface elevation in CMIP6: Role of stratosphere-troposphere exchange Y. Niu et al.
- Changes in Early Summer Precipitation Characteristics Over South China and Taiwan: CESM2‐LE and CMIP6 Multi‐Model Simulations and Projections W. Huang et al.
- Performance evaluation of a global CMIP6 single forcing, multi wave model ensemble of wave climate simulations G. Lemos et al.
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- Spatial Inhomogeneity of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Its Uncertainty in CMIP6 Earth System Models C. Xie et al.
- The weak land carbon sink hypothesis J. Randerson et al.
- Global Carbon Budget 2024 P. Friedlingstein et al.
- Current trend and future projection of tropical cyclone intensity over the Bay of Bengal A. Pal & S. Chatterjee
- Intensity and dynamics of extreme cold spells of the 21st century in France from CMIP6 data C. Cadiou & P. Yiou
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- Amplified warming of North American cold extremes linked to human-induced changes in temperature variability R. Blackport & J. Fyfe
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- Understanding AMOC stability: the North Atlantic Hosing Model Intercomparison Project L. Jackson et al.
- Composite model-based estimate of the ocean carbon sink from 1959 to 2022 J. Terhaar
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- Record sea surface temperature jump in 2023–2024 unlikely but not unexpected J. Terhaar et al.
- Influence of fast ice on future ice shelf melting in the Totten Glacier area, East Antarctica G. Van Achter et al.
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- On the assessment of the wave modeling uncertainty in wave climate projections H. Lobeto et al.
- Forestation in CMIP6: wide model spread in tree cover and land carbon uptake S. Egerer et al.
- Negative Storm Surges in the Elbe Estuary—Large-Scale Meteorological Conditions and Future Climate Change C. Jensen et al.
- Assessing Potential Evapotranspiration Methods in Future Drought Projections across Canada B. Tam et al.
- An Assessment of CO2 Uptake in the Arctic Ocean From 1985 to 2018 S. Yasunaka et al.
- Assessment of the wind power density over South America simulated by CMIP6 models in the present and future climate G. de Souza Ferreira et al.
- Plant phenology evaluation of CRESCENDO land surface models using satellite-derived Leaf Area Index – Part 2: Seasonal trough, peak, and amplitude D. Peano et al.
- Changes to tropical cyclone trajectories in Southeast Asia under a warming climate A. Garner et al.
- The Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle 1985–2018: Mean, Seasonal Cycle, Trends, and Storage J. Hauck et al.
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- Historical and Future Changes in Water Temperature in the Pilica River (Central Europe) in Response to Global Warming M. Ptak et al.
- Committed and projected future changes in global peatlands – continued transient model simulations since the Last Glacial Maximum J. Müller & F. Joos
- Projected changes in precipitation extremes over Southeast Asia: unraveling the roles of thermodynamic and dynamic contributions Z. Lin et al.
- Future global annual frozen ground distribution datasets based on Frost Number Model with Kappa coefficient X. Pan et al.
- Multidecadal shifts of the northern and southern edges of the western Pacific warm pool H. Wang et al.
- Climate-Informed Afforestation Planning in Portugal: Balancing Wood and Non-Wood Production N. Roque et al.
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- On the assessment of the wave modeling uncertainty in wave climate projections H. Lobeto et al.
- Forestation in CMIP6: wide model spread in tree cover and land carbon uptake S. Egerer et al.
- Negative Storm Surges in the Elbe Estuary—Large-Scale Meteorological Conditions and Future Climate Change C. Jensen et al.
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- An Assessment of CO2 Uptake in the Arctic Ocean From 1985 to 2018 S. Yasunaka et al.
- Assessment of the wind power density over South America simulated by CMIP6 models in the present and future climate G. de Souza Ferreira et al.
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- Historical and Future Changes in Water Temperature in the Pilica River (Central Europe) in Response to Global Warming M. Ptak et al.
- Committed and projected future changes in global peatlands – continued transient model simulations since the Last Glacial Maximum J. Müller & F. Joos
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- Future global annual frozen ground distribution datasets based on Frost Number Model with Kappa coefficient X. Pan et al.
- Multidecadal shifts of the northern and southern edges of the western Pacific warm pool H. Wang et al.
- Climate-Informed Afforestation Planning in Portugal: Balancing Wood and Non-Wood Production N. Roque et al.
- A novel CNN-LSTM-Attention model to forecast flood susceptibility under global climate scenarios M. Shirmohammadi et al.
- 2023 temperatures reflect steady global warming and internal sea surface temperature variability B. Samset et al.
- Evaluation of extreme precipitation events as simulated by CMIP6 models over Central Africa: Spatial patterns C. Komelo et al.
- Intermittent Behavior in the AMOC‐AMV Relationship A. Bellucci et al.
- Net evaporation-induced mangrove area loss across low-lying Caribbean islands I. Cortés et al.
- Replicability in Earth System Models K. Keller et al.
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- Rapid sea ice changes in the future Barents Sea O. Rieke et al.
- Climate Projections and Time Series Analysis over Roma Fiumicino Airport Using COSMO-CLM: Insights from Advanced Statistical Methods E. Bucchignani
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- Unravelling drivers of the future Mediterranean precipitation paradox during cyclones M. Chericoni et al.
- Predicting potential distribution shifts due to climate change and assessing contemporary land cover changes for two endemic bird species of the Mexican karst forests (Hylorchilus sumichrasti and Hylorchilus navai: Troglodytidae) A. Malpica et al.
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- On the Importance of Representing Snow Over Sea‐Ice for Simulating the Arctic Boundary Layer G. Arduini et al.
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- Performance evaluation of CMIP6 global climate models using ERA5 over Indian Monsoon Region A. Sreekumar & P. Valayamkunnath
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- Spatiotemporal Distribution of Wine Grape Under Climate Change in Northwestern China Y. Liu et al.
- Projected changes in daily precipitation, temperature and wet‐bulb temperature across Arizona using statistically downscaled CMIP6 climate models T. Kim & G. Villarini
- Assessing the Combined Impacts of Future Climate and Land Use Changes on Soil Loss and Sediment Retention in the Lam Phra Phloeng Watershed, Thailand U. Seeboonruang et al.
- Phylogenetic relationships and climate-driven range shifts of Lemnaceae in South Africa U. Ndou et al.
- Low-elevation forest extent in the western United States constrained by soil surface temperatures Z. Holden et al.
- Increases in extreme precipitation expected in Northeast China under continued global warming Z. Xie et al.
- Relative contributions of local heat storage and ocean heat transport to cold‐season Arctic Ocean surface energy fluxes in CMIP6 models K. Hajjar & M. Salzmann
- Evaluating Spatial downscaling surrogate models for landscape evolution simulations in the Tarim river basin, China R. Hou et al.
- Balancing EC‐Earth3 Improving the Performance of EC‐Earth CMIP6 Configurations by Minimizing the Coupling Cost M. Acosta et al.
- Underestimation of meteorological drought intensity due to lengthening of the drought season with climate change J. Dullaart & K. van der Wiel
- Development of a high-resolution dataset of future monthly surface solar radiation by combining CMIP6 projections and satellite-based retrievals J. He et al.
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- An assessment of Antarctic sea-ice thickness in CMIP6 simulations with comparison to the satellite-based observations and reanalyses S. Trivedi et al.
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- Lagrangian single-column modeling of Arctic air mass transformation during HALO-(𝒜 𝒞)3 M. Karalis et al.
- Distinct sub-period trends in tropospheric ozone column over the East Asian outflow region during 1990-2019 Z. Zang et al.
- Assessment of climate change impact on surface water resources in the Mitidja plain, Algeria I. Abdi & M. Meddi
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- Impact of Surface Roughness Changes on Surface Wind Speed Over Western Europe: A Study With the Regional Climate Model RACMO L. Luu et al.
- Contrasting Historical Trends in Equatorial Indian Ocean Zonal Sea Surface Temperature Gradient in CMIP6 Models M. Soumya & S. Gopika
- Exploring ice sheet model sensitivity to ocean thermal forcing and basal sliding using the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) M. Berdahl et al.
- Diurnally asymmetric cloud cover trends amplify greenhouse warming H. Luo et al.
- Forcing and impact of the Northern Hemisphere continental snow cover in 1979–2014 G. Gastineau et al.
- Seasonal variations of tropical cyclone genesis and landfall patterns impacting Southeast Asia in a warmer climate M. Weaver et al.
- The Contribution of Vegetation‐Climate Feedback and Resultant Sea Ice Loss to Amplified Arctic Warming During the Mid‐Holocene J. Chen et al.
- Hydrological modeling of spatial and temporal variations in streamflow due to multiple climate change scenarios in northwestern Morocco S. Acharki et al.
- Extreme climatic events to intensify over the Lake Victoria Basin under global warming O. Ogega et al.
- Enhanced causal effect of ecosystem photosynthesis on respiration during heatwaves J. Ping et al.
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Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 May 2026
Short summary
The Earth system model EC-Earth3 is documented here. Key performance metrics show physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
The Earth system model EC-Earth3 is documented here. Key performance metrics show physical...