Articles | Volume 14, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3789-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3789-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
24 Jun 2021
Model evaluation paper |
| 24 Jun 2021
| 24 Jun 2021
Modeling gas exchange and biomass production in West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecological zones
Jaber Rahimi
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and
Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU),
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Expedit Evariste Ago
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences
Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Université de Liège Gembloux
Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
Augustine Ayantunde
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso
Sina Berger
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and
Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU),
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Regional Climate and Hydrology Research
Group, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Jan Bogaert
Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Université de Liège Gembloux
Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and
Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU),
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
Bernard Cappelaere
HydroSciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS,
Montpellier, France
Jean-Martial Cohard
IRD, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Jérôme Demarty
HydroSciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, IRD, CNRS,
Montpellier, France
Abdoul Aziz Diouf
Centre de Suivi Ecologique (CSE), Dakar, Senegal
Ulrike Falk
Satellite-based Climate Monitoring, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD),
Offenbach, Germany
Edwin Haas
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and
Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU),
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Pierre Hiernaux
Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), CNRS, IRD, UPS,
Toulouse, France
Pastoralisme Conseil, Caylus, France
David Kraus
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and
Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU),
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Olivier Roupsard
CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, BP1386, CP18524, Dakar, Senegal
Eco&Sols, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD,
Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
LMI IESOL, Centre IRD-ISRA de Bel Air, BP1386, CP18524, Dakar,
Senegal
Clemens Scheer
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and
Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU),
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Amit Kumar Srivastava
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of
Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Torbern Tagesson
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund
University, Lund, Sweden
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and
Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU),
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Emeline Chaste, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Olivier Roupsard, Christophe Jourdan, Sidy Sow, Nadeige Vandewalle, Frédéric C. Do, Daouda Ngom, and Aude Valade
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 9541–9563, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9541-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9541-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Agroforestry in the Sahel help store carbon and support food production, but land surface models struggle to capture their dynamics. We adapted the ORCHIDEE model to simulate Faidherbia albida, a tree that taps deep groundwater. This work highlights the need to integrate deep water uptake in land surface models for groundwater-dependent ecosystems, as it could enhance predictions, helping to sustain agroforestry in a changing climate.
Odysseas Sifounakis, Edwin Haas, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Eleni Katragkou, Maria Chara Karypidou, and Maria P. Papadopoulou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5311, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Using bio-geochemical models and future climate scenarios, we mapped all nitrogen and carbon fluxes from croplands. Climate change will strain food production – especially under climate change – yet soil carbon losses stay moderate where farming sustains. Nitrous oxide (a major greenhouse gas) tends to fall, while ammonia losses rise. Reporting the full balance improves transparency and guides smarter fertilizer use and soil management.
Samin Payrosangari, Kathrin Fuchs, Benjamin Wolf, Ralf Kiese, and Clemens Scheer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5155, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5155, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
In our manuscript, we implement a machine learning based model to improve the simulation of daily N2O emissions at regional scale across several pre-alpine grasslands in Central Europe. The study focuses on evaluating the model’s general applicability to other grasslands in the region. This work contributes to the development of generic N₂O emission models, thereby reducing the effort required to estimate emissions from sites lacking direct measurements.
Xiao Bai, Tom Cripps, João Serra, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Zhisheng Yao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5091, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the spatiotemporal variability of soil CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes based on measurements across 56 spatial sites in an urban park. Our results show that soils in urban greenspaces function as sources of N2O and weak sinks of CH4. We developed random forest models to predict the probability of hot and cold spots of gas fluxes. Our study offers valuable insights into scaling gas fluxes in urban greenspaces, enabling a better assessment of how urbanization affects landscape fluxes.
Jasmin Tesch, Kathrin Kühnhammer, Delon Wagner, Andreas Christen, Carsten Dormann, Julian Frey, Rüdiger Grote, Teja Kattenborn, Markus Sulzer, Ulrike Wallrabe, Markus Weiler, Christiane Werner, Samaneh Baghbani, Julian Brzozon, Laura Maria Comella, Lea Dedden, Stefanie Dumberger, Yasmina Frey, Matthias Gassilloud, Timo Gerach, Anna Göritz, Simon Haberstroh, Johannes Klüppel, Luis Kremer, Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Hojin Lee, Joachim Maack, Julian Müller, Oswald Prucker, Sanam Kumari Rajak, Jürgen Rühe, Stefan J. Rupitsch, Helmer Schack-Kirchner, Christian Scharinger, Uttunga Shinde, Till Steinmann, Clara Stock, and Josef Strack
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4979, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4979, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems (GI).
Short summary
Short summary
In the ECOSENSE forest, we developed a robust infrastructure for distributed forest sensing. Reliable power supply, stable network connection, and smart data collection systems enable the operation of hundreds of sensors under challenging conditions. By detailing the infrastructure design and implementation, we provide a transferable blueprint for building complex monitoring sites that support high-resolution, long-term ecosystem observations.
Samuel Mwangi, Albert Olioso, Jordi Etchanchu, Kanishka Mallick, Aolin Jia, Jérôme Demarty, Nesrine Farhani, Emmanuelle Sarrazin, Philippe Gamet, Jean-Louis Roujean, and Gilles Boulet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4522, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4522, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
The EVapotranspiration Assessment from SPAce (EVASPA) algorithm that will generate TRISHNA evapotranspiration (TRISHNA ET) products shows good agreement with observations. Analyses conducted on 4 variables used in contextual ET modelling showed that land surface temperature and evaporative fraction methods introduce the largest uncertainty in ensemble estimates, followed by radiation. Soil heat flux methods contribute the least. Robust ET products will require optimizing the sensitive variables.
Hassane Moutahir, Markus Sulzer, Ralf Kiese, Andreas Christen, Markus Weiler, Lea Dedden, Julian Brzozon, Pia Labenski, Prajwal Khanal, Ladislav Šigut, and Rüdiger Grote
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4605, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4605, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Eddy covariance (EC) data are vital for studying carbon and water fluxes but often mask species-specific responses in mixed forests. At a Black Forest site with beech and Douglas fir, we combined EC data with ecosystem modeling to separate species contributions. Results show EC fluxes reflect species abundance within flux footprints, though responses vary seasonally. Accounting for these differences is key for gap-filling, accurate budgets, and understanding mixed forests’ climate resilience.
Fawad Khan, Samuel Franco Luesma, Frederik Hartmann, Michael Dannenmann, Rainer Gasche, Clemens Scheer, Andreas Gattinger, Wiebke Niether, Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Ralf Kiese, and Benjamin Wolf
Biogeosciences, 22, 5081–5102, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5081-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5081-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Crop rotations with legumes and use of organic and mineral fertilizers show potential to reduce agricultural N losses. This study examined N losses, including direct N2 flux, on two adjacent sites with different management histories: organic farming (OF) with legume cultivation and integrated farming (IF) using synthetic and organic N inputs. IF increased soil organic carbon and nitrogen content and 15N recovery and showed a balanced N budget (i.e. more efficient N cycling compared to OF).
Henri Kajasilta, Stephanie Gerin, Milla Niiranen, Miika Läpikivi, Maarit Liimatainen, David Kraus, Henriikka Vekuri, Mika Korkiakoski, Liisa Kulmala, Jari Liski, and Julius Vira
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4219, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4219, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled different water table scenarios in drained agricultural peatlands to investigate the impact of water management on greenhouse gas emissions. Our results show that raising the water table reduces emissions, even in fields with thinner peat layers and conservative water management practices. Carbon dioxide emissions were more affected than nitrous oxide emissions. This study sheds light on the role of peatlands in mitigating emissions. Simulations were run using a process-based model.
Seydina Mohamad Ba, Olivier Roupsard, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Frédéric Bouvery, Yélognissè Agbohessou, Maxime Duthoit, Aleksander Wieckowski, Torbern Tagesson, Mohamed Habibou Assouma, Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Claire Delon, Bienvenu Sambou, and Dominique Serça
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2660, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2660, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study offers a major advancement in understanding CO2 fluxes in Sahelian agro-silvo-pastoral systems by combining continuous high-frequency automated soil chambers and Eddy Covariance methods over one year. It reveals the critical role of Faidherbia albida trees in carbon cycling and ecosystem productivity, providing rare, high-resolution data to inform climate mitigation strategies and ecosystem models in semi-arid African landscapes.
Erwan Le Roux, Valentin Wendling, Gérémy Panthou, Océane Dubas, Jean-Pierre Vandervaere, Basile Hector, Guillaume Favreau, Jean-Martial Cohard, Caroline Pierre, Luc Descroix, Eric Mougin, Manuela Grippa, Laurent Kergoat, Jérôme Demarty, Nathalie Rouche, Jordi Etchanchu, and Christophe Peugeot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1965, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1965, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In hydrological science, better accounting for regime shift (abrupt and/or irreversible changes) remains a challenge that could lead to a new paradigm for the adaptation to extreme events (flood , drought). In this article, we present a simple model that can account for a hydrological regime shift in Sahelian watersheds. Based on this model, we find that the Dargol, Nakanbé, and Sirba watersheds have shifted during the droughts of the '70s–'80s, while the Gorouol watershed has shifted before.
Roxanne Daelman, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Emmanuel Bulonza, Lodewijk Lefevre, José Mbifo, Johan Six, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Benjamin Wolf, Ralf Kiese, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 22, 1529–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1529-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1529-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases (GHGs) since 1750 is attributed to human activity. However, natural ecosystems, such as tropical forests, also contribute to GHG budgets. The Congo Basin hosts the second largest tropical forest and is understudied. In this study, measurements of soil GHG exchange were carried out during 16 months in a tropical forest in the Congo Basin. Overall, the soil acted as a major source of CO2 and N2O and a minor sink of CH4.
Dilli Paudel, Michiel Kallenberg, Stella Ofori-Ampofo, Hilmy Baja, Ron van Bree, Aike Potze, Pratishtha Poudel, Abdelrahman Saleh, Weston Anderson, Malte von Bloh, Andres Castellano, Oumnia Ennaji, Raed Hamed, Rahel Laudien, Donghoon Lee, Inti Luna, Michele Meroni, Janet Mumo Mutuku, Siyabusa Mkuhlani, Jonathan Richetti, Alex C. Ruane, Ritvik Sahajpal, Guanyuan Shai, Vasileios Sitokonstantinou, Rogério de Souza Nóia Júnior, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Robert Strong, Lily-belle Sweet, Petar Vojnovic, and Ioannis N. Athanasiadis
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-83, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-83, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Improving crop yield predictions is crucial for food security. Prior research relied on case studies, making it hard to compare methods & track progress. We introduce CY-Bench, a global dataset for forecasting maize and wheat yields across diverse farming systems in over 25 countries. It includes standardized weather, soil, and satellite data, curated by a diverse set of experts. CY-Bench supports the development of better forecasting tools to help decision-makers plan for global food security.
Fabian Merk, Timo Schaffhauser, Faizan Anwar, Ye Tuo, Jean-Martial Cohard, and Markus Disse
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5511–5539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) is computed from the vegetation (plant transpiration) and soil (soil evaporation). In western Africa, plant transpiration correlates with vegetation growth. Vegetation is often represented using the leaf area index (LAI). In this study, we evaluate the importance of the LAI for ET calculation. We take a close look at this interaction and highlight its relevance. Our work contributes to the understanding of terrestrial water cycle processes .
Carolin Boos, Sophie Reinermann, Raul Wood, Ralf Ludwig, Anne Schucknecht, David Kraus, and Ralf Kiese
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2864, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2864, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We applied a biogeochemical model on grasslands in the pre-Alpine Ammer region in Germany and analyzed the influence of soil and climate on annual yields. In drought affected years, total yields were decreased by 4 %. Overall, yields decrease with rising elevation, but less so in drier and hotter years, whereas soil organic carbon has a positive impact on yields, especially in drier years. Our findings imply, that adapted management in the region allows to mitigate yield losses from drought.
Daniel Nadal-Sala, Rüdiger Grote, David Kraus, Uri Hochberg, Tamir Klein, Yael Wagner, Fedor Tatarinov, Dan Yakir, and Nadine K. Ruehr
Biogeosciences, 21, 2973–2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A hydraulic model approach is presented that can be added to any physiologically based ecosystem model. Simulated plant water potential triggers stomatal closure, photosynthesis decline, root–soil resistance increases, and sapwood and foliage senescence. The model has been evaluated at an extremely dry site stocked with Aleppo pine and was able to represent gas exchange, soil water content, and plant water potential. The model also responded realistically regarding leaf senescence.
Yélognissè Agbohessou, Claire Delon, Manuela Grippa, Eric Mougin, Daouda Ngom, Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Ousmane Ndiaye, Paulo Salgado, and Olivier Roupsard
Biogeosciences, 21, 2811–2837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of greenhouse gases in the Sahel are not well represented because they are considered weak compared to the rest of the world. However, natural areas in the Sahel emit carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides, which need to be assessed because of extended surfaces. We propose an assessment of such emissions in Sahelian silvopastoral systems and of how they are influenced by environmental characteristics. These results are essential to inform climate change strategies in the region.
Patrick Olschewski, Mame Diarra Bousso Dieng, Hassane Moutahir, Brian Böker, Edwin Haas, Harald Kunstmann, and Patrick Laux
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1099–1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We applied a multivariate and dependency-preserving bias correction method to climate model output for the Greater Mediterranean Region and investigated potential changes in false-spring events (FSEs) and heat–drought compound events (HDCEs). Results project an increase in the frequency of FSEs in middle and late spring as well as increases in frequency, intensity, and duration for HDCEs. This will potentially aggravate the risk of crop loss and failure and negatively impact food security.
Odysseas Sifounakis, Edwin Haas, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Maria P. Papadopoulou
Biogeosciences, 21, 1563–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a full assessment of the carbon and nitrogen cycles of a cropland ecosystem. An uncertainty analysis and quantification of all carbon and nitrogen fluxes were deployed. The inventory simulations include greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, NH3 volatilization and NO3 leaching from arable land cultivation in Greece. The inventory also reports changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in arable soils.
Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Tobias Houska, David Kraus, Gretchen Maria Gettel, Ralf Kiese, Lutz Breuer, and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Biogeosciences, 20, 5029–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agricultural landscapes act as sinks or sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, or N2O. Various physicochemical and biological processes control the fluxes of these GHGs between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, fluxes depend on environmental conditions such as soil moisture, soil temperature, or soil parameters, which result in large spatial and temporal variations of GHG fluxes. Here, we describe an example of how this variation may be studied and analyzed.
Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Gretchen Maria Gettel, Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Clarissa Glaser, Tobias Houska, Lutz Breuer, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Ralf Kiese
Biogeosciences, 20, 3395–3422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite occupying <1 %; of the globe, streams are significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we determined anthropogenic effects on GHG emissions from streams. We found that anthropogenic-influenced streams had up to 20 times more annual GHG emissions than natural ones and were also responsible for seasonal peaks. Anthropogenic influences also altered declining GHG flux trends with stream size, with potential impacts on stream-size-based spatial upscaling techniques.
Joseph Okello, Marijn Bauters, Hans Verbeeck, Samuel Bodé, John Kasenene, Astrid Françoys, Till Engelhardt, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Ralf Kiese, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 20, 719–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in global and regional temperatures has the potential to drive accelerated soil organic carbon losses in tropical forests. We simulated climate warming by translocating intact soil cores from higher to lower elevations. The results revealed increasing temperature sensitivity and decreasing losses of soil organic carbon with increasing elevation. Our results suggest that climate warming may trigger enhanced losses of soil organic carbon from tropical montane forests.
Aniket Gupta, Alix Reverdy, Jean-Martial Cohard, Basile Hector, Marc Descloitres, Jean-Pierre Vandervaere, Catherine Coulaud, Romain Biron, Lucie Liger, Reed Maxwell, Jean-Gabriel Valay, and Didier Voisin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 191–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Patchy snow cover during spring impacts mountainous ecosystems on a large range of spatio-temporal scales. A hydrological model simulated such snow patchiness at 10 m resolution. Slope and orientation controls precipitation, radiation, and wind generate differences in snowmelt, subsurface storage, streamflow, and evapotranspiration. The snow patchiness increases the duration of the snowmelt to stream and subsurface storage, which sustains the plants and streamflow later in the summer.
Wouter Dorigo, Irene Himmelbauer, Daniel Aberer, Lukas Schremmer, Ivana Petrakovic, Luca Zappa, Wolfgang Preimesberger, Angelika Xaver, Frank Annor, Jonas Ardö, Dennis Baldocchi, Marco Bitelli, Günter Blöschl, Heye Bogena, Luca Brocca, Jean-Christophe Calvet, J. Julio Camarero, Giorgio Capello, Minha Choi, Michael C. Cosh, Nick van de Giesen, Istvan Hajdu, Jaakko Ikonen, Karsten H. Jensen, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Ileen de Kat, Gottfried Kirchengast, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Jenni Kyrouac, Kristine Larson, Suxia Liu, Alexander Loew, Mahta Moghaddam, José Martínez Fernández, Cristian Mattar Bader, Renato Morbidelli, Jan P. Musial, Elise Osenga, Michael A. Palecki, Thierry Pellarin, George P. Petropoulos, Isabella Pfeil, Jarrett Powers, Alan Robock, Christoph Rüdiger, Udo Rummel, Michael Strobel, Zhongbo Su, Ryan Sullivan, Torbern Tagesson, Andrej Varlagin, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Jeffrey Walker, Jun Wen, Fred Wenger, Jean Pierre Wigneron, Mel Woods, Kun Yang, Yijian Zeng, Xiang Zhang, Marek Zreda, Stephan Dietrich, Alexander Gruber, Peter van Oevelen, Wolfgang Wagner, Klaus Scipal, Matthias Drusch, and Roberto Sabia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5749–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) is a community-based open-access data portal for soil water measurements taken at the ground and is accessible at https://ismn.earth. Over 1000 scientific publications and thousands of users have made use of the ISMN. The scope of this paper is to inform readers about the data and functionality of the ISMN and to provide a review of the scientific progress facilitated through the ISMN with the scope to shape future research and operations.
Ulrike Falk and Adrián Silva-Busso
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3227–3244, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3227-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on the groundwater flow aspects of a small hydrological catchment at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. This region has experienced drastic climatological changes in the recent past. The basin is representative for the rugged coastline of the peninsula. It is discussed as a case study for possible future evolution of similar basins further south. Results include a quantitative analysis of glacial and groundwater contribution to total discharge into coastal waters.
Anteneh Getachew Mengistu, Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu, Gerbrand Koren, Maurits L. Kooreman, K. Folkert Boersma, Torbern Tagesson, Jonas Ardö, Yann Nouvellon, and Wouter Peters
Biogeosciences, 18, 2843–2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assess the usefulness of Sun-Induced Fluorescence of Terrestrial Ecosystems Retrieval (SIFTER) data from the GOME-2A instrument and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) from MODIS to capture the seasonality and magnitudes of gross primary production (GPP) derived from six eddy-covariance flux towers in Africa in the overlap years between 2007–2014. We also test the robustness of sun-induced fluoresence and NIRv to compare the seasonality of GPP for the major biomes.
Wim Verbruggen, Guy Schurgers, Stéphanie Horion, Jonas Ardö, Paulo N. Bernardino, Bernard Cappelaere, Jérôme Demarty, Rasmus Fensholt, Laurent Kergoat, Thomas Sibret, Torbern Tagesson, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 18, 77–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-77-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-77-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A large part of Earth's land surface is covered by dryland ecosystems, which are subject to climate extremes that are projected to increase under future climate scenarios. By using a mathematical vegetation model, we studied the impact of single years of extreme rainfall on the vegetation in the Sahel. We found a contrasting response of grasses and trees to these extremes, strongly dependent on the way precipitation is spread over the rainy season, as well as a long-term impact on CO2 uptake.
Cited articles
Ago, E. E.: Dynamique des flux de carbone entre l'atmosphère et des
écosystèmes ouest-africains: cas des forêts et savanes sous
climat soudanien au Bénin, Doctorat en Sciences Agronomiques et
Ingénierie Biologique, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgique,
184 pp., 2016.
Ago, E. E., Agbossou, E. K., Galle, S., Cohard, J.-M., Heinesch, B., and
Aubinet, M.: Long term observations of carbon dioxide exchange over
cultivated savanna under a Sudanian climate in Benin (West Africa), Agric.
Forest Meteorol., 197, 13–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.06.005, 2014.
Ago, E. E., Agbossou, E. K., Cohard, J.-M., Galle, S., and Aubinet, M.:
Response of CO2 fluxes and productivity to water availability in two
contrasting ecosystems in northern Benin (West Africa), Ann. For. Sci., 73,
483–500, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0542-9, 2016.
Ahlström, A., Raupach, M. R., Schurgers, G., Smith, B., Arneth, A.,
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Jain, A. K.,
Kato, E., Poulter, B., Sitch, S., Stocker, B. D., Viovy, N., Wang, Y. P.,
Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: The dominant role of semi-arid
ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink, Science,
348, 895–899, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1668, 2015.
Ainsworth, E. A. and Rogers, A.: The response of photosynthesis and
stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: mechanisms and environmental
interactions, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 258–270,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01641.x, 2007.
Akponikpè, P. B. I., Gérard, B., Michels, K., and Bielders, C.: Use
of the APSIM model in long term simulation to support decision making
regarding nitrogen management for pearl millet in the Sahel, European
J. Agronomy, 32, 144–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2009.09.005, 2010.
Baldocchi, D. and Meyers, T.: On using eco-physiological,
micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide,
water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation: a perspective, Agric.
Forest Meteorol., 90, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00072-5, 1998.
Baldocchi, D. and Xu, L.: Carbon exchange of deciduous broadleaved forests
in temperate and Mediterranean regions, in: The Carbon Balance of Forest
Biomes, edited by: Griffiths, H. and Jarvis, P. J., Garland Science/BIOS
Scientific Publishers, London, 187–213, 2005.
Baldocchi, D. D., Xu, L., and Kiang, N.: How plant functional-type, weather,
seasonal drought, and soil physical properties alter water and energy fluxes
of an oak-grass savanna and an annual grassland, Agric. Forest Meteorol.,
123, 13–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.11.006, 2004.
Ball, J. T., Woodrow, I. E., and Berry, J. A.: A model predicting stomatal
conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under
different environmental conditions, in: Prog. Photosyn. Res., edited by:
Biggins, J., Martinus-Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands,
221–224, 1987.
Batjes, N. H.: Harmonized soil profile data for applications at global and
continental scales: updates to the WISE database, Soil Use Manage.,
25, 124–127, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00202.x, 2008.
Baup, F., Mougin, E., de Rosnay, P., Timouk, F., and Chênerie, I.:
Surface soil moisture estimation over the AMMA Sahelian site in Mali using
ENVISAT/ASAR data, Remote. Sens. Environ., 109, 473–481,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.01.015, 2007.
Bauters, M., Drake, T. W., Verbeeck, H., Bodé, S.,
Hervé-Fernández, P., Zito, P., Podgorski, D. C., Boyemba, F.,
Makelele, I., Cizungu Ntaboba, L., Spencer, R. G. M., and Boeckx, P.: High
fire-derived nitrogen deposition on central African forests, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115,
549–554, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714597115, 2018.
Berger, S., Bliefernicht, J., Linstädter, A., Canak, K., Guug, S.,
Heinzeller, D., Hingerl, L., Mauder, M., Neidl, F., Quansah, E., Salack, S.,
Steinbrecher, R., and Kunstmann, H.: The impact of rain events on CO2
emissions from contrasting land use systems in semi-arid West African
savannas, Sci. Total Environ., 647, 1478–1489,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.397, 2019.
Bernacchi, C. J., Portis, A. R., Nakano, H., von Caemmerer, S., and Long, S.
P.: Temperature Response of Mesophyll Conductance. Implications for the
Determination of Rubisco Enzyme Kinetics and for Limitations to
Photosynthesis in Vivo, Plant Physiol., 130, 1992–1998, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.008250,
2002.
Bliefernicht, J., Berger, S., Salack, S., Guug, S., Hingerl, L., Heinzeller,
D., Mauder, M., Steinbrecher, R., Steup, G., Bossa, A. Y., Waongo, M.,
Quansah, E., Balogun, A. A., Yira, Y., Arnault, J., Wagner, S., Klein, C.,
Gessner, U., Knauer, K., Straub, A., Schönrock, R., Kunkel, R., Okogbue,
E. C., Rogmann, A., Neidl, F., Jahn, C., Diekkrüger, B., Aduna, A.,
Barry, B., and Kunstmann, H.: The WASCAL Hydrometeorological Observatory in
the Sudan Savanna of Burkina Faso and Ghana, Vadose Zone J., 17, 180065,
https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.03.0065, 2018.
Boke-Olén, N., Lehsten, V., Ardö, J., Beringer, J., Eklundh, L.,
Holst, T., Veenendaal, E., and Tagesson, T.: Estimating and Analyzing
Savannah Phenology with a Lagged Time Series Model, PLoS ONE, 11,
e0154615–e0154615, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154615, 2016.
Bocksberger, G., Schnitzler, J., Chatelain, C., Daget, P., Janssen, T.,
Schmidt, M., Thiombiano, A., and Zizka, G.: Climate and the distribution of
grasses in West Africa, J. Veg. Sci., 27, 306–317, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12360, 2016.
Bombelli, A., Henry, M., Castaldi, S., Adu-Bredu, S., Arneth, A., de Grandcourt, A., Grieco, E., Kutsch, W. L., Lehsten, V., Rasile, A., Reichstein, M., Tansey, K., Weber, U., and Valentini, R.: An outlook on the Sub-Saharan Africa carbon balance, Biogeosciences, 6, 2193–2205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2193-2009, 2009.
Boone, R. B., Galvin, K. A., Coughenour, M. B., Hudson, J. W., Weisberg, P.
J., Vogel, C. H., and Ellis, J. E.: Ecosystem modeling adds value to a south
african climate forecast, Clim. Change, 64, 317–340,
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000025750.09629.48, 2004.
Boulain, N., Cappelaere, B., Ramier, D., Issoufou, H. B. A., Halilou, O.,
Seghieri, J., Guillemin, F., Oï, M., Gignoux, J., and Timouk, F.:
Towards an understanding of coupled physical and biological processes in the
cultivated Sahel – 2. Vegetation and carbon dynamics, J. Hydrol., 375,
190–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.045, 2009.
Boyd, R. A., Gandin, A., and Cousins, A. B.: Temperature Responses of C4
Photosynthesis: Biochemical Analysis of Rubisco, Phosphoenolpyruvate
Carboxylase, and Carbonic Anhydrase in Setaria viridis, Plant Physiol., 169, 1850–1861,
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.00586, 2015.
Brümmer, C., Falk, U., Papen, H., Szarzynski, J., Wassmann, R., and
Brüggemann, N.: Diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variation in carbon
dioxide and energy exchange in shrub savanna in Burkina Faso (West Africa),
J. Geophys. Res., 113, G02030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000583,
2008.
Buba, T.: Prediction equations for estimating tree height, crown diameter,
crown height and crown ratio of Parkia biglobosa in the Nigerian guinea savanna, Afr.
J. Agr. Res., 7, 6541–6543, https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.276, 2013.
Buchhorn, M., Smets, B., Bertels, L., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N.-E., Masiliunas, D., Linlin, L., Herold, M., and Fritz, S.: Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: Collection 3: epoch 2019: Globe (Version V3.0.1) [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3939050, 2020.
Butterbach-Bahl, K., Grote,
R., Haas,
E., Kiese,
R., Klatt,
S., and Kraus,
D.: LandscapeDNDC (v1.30.4) [code], Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), https://doi.org/10.35097/438, 2021.
Caldararu, S., Purves, D. W., and Smith, M. J.: The impacts of data constraints on the predictive performance of a general process-based crop model (PeakN-crop v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1679–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1679-2017, 2017.
Camargo, A. P., Marin, F. R., Sentelhas, P. C., and Picini, A. G.: Adjust of
the Thornthwaite's method to estimate the potential evapotranspiration for
arid and superhumid climates, based on daily temperature amplitude, Bras.
Agrometeorol., 7, 251–257, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-02873-1, 1999.
Cappelaere, B., Descroix, L., Lebel, T., Boulain, N., Ramier, D., Laurent,
J. P., Favreau, G., Boubkraoui, S., Boucher, M., Bouzou Moussa, I.,
Chaffard, V., Hiernaux, P., Issoufou, H. B. A., Le Breton, E., Mamadou, I.,
Nazoumou, Y., Oi, M., Ottlé, C., and Quantin, G.: The AMMA-CATCH
experiment in the cultivated Sahelian area of south-west Niger –
Investigating water cycle response to a fluctuating climate and changing
environment, J. Hydrol., 375, 34–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.021, 2009.
Chandra, A. and Dubey, A.: Evaluation of genus Cenchrus based on
malondialdehyde, proline content, specific leaf area and carbon isotope
discrimination for drought tolerance and divergence of species at DNA level,
Acta Physiol. Plant., 30, 53–61, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-007-0090-x, 2008.
Chen, Q., Baldocchi, D., Gong, P., and Dawson, T.: Modeling radiation and
photosynthesis of a heterogeneous savanna woodland landscape with a
hierarchy of model complexities, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1005–1020,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.01.020, 2008.
Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M., and Berry, J. A.: Coupled
photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants, Aust. J.
Plant Physiol., 19, 519–538, https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9920519 1992.
Dagbenonbakin, G. D.: Productivity and water use efficiency of important
crops in the upper Oueme Catchment: influence of nutrient limitations,
nutrient balances and soil fertility, PhD, Hohe Landwirtschaftliche
Fakultät, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn,
Bonn, 212 pp., 2005.
Da Matta, F. M., Loos, R. A., Rodrigues, R., and Barros, R.: Actual and
potential photosynthetic rates of tropical crop species, Revista Brasileira
de Fisiologia Vegetal, 13, 24–32, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-31312001000100003., 2001.
Dayamba, S. D., Djoudi, H., Zida, M., Sawadogo, L., and Verchot, L.:
Biodiversity and carbon stocks in different land use types in the Sudanian
Zone of Burkina Faso, West Africa, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 216, 61–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.09.023, 2016.
de Jong, S. M. and Jetten, V. G.: Estimating spatial patterns of rainfall
interception from remotely sensed vegetation indices and spectral mixture
analysis, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., 21,
529–545, https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810601064884, 2007.
de Rosnay, P., Gruhier, C., Timouk, F., Baup, F., Mougin, E., Hiernaux, P.,
Kergoat, L., and LeDantec, V.: Multi-scale soil moisture measurements at the
Gourma meso-scale site in Mali, J. Hydrol., 375, 241–252,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.01.015, 2009.
Delon, C., Mougin, E., Serça, D., Grippa, M., Hiernaux, P., Diawara, M., Galy-Lacaux, C., and Kergoat, L.: Modelling the effect of soil moisture and organic matter degradation on biogenic NO emissions from soils in Sahel rangeland (Mali), Biogeosciences, 12, 3253–3272, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3253-2015, 2015.
Delon, C., Galy-Lacaux, C., Serça, D., Personne, E., Mougin, E., Adon, M., Le Dantec, V., Loubet, B., Fensholt, R., and Tagesson, T.: Modelling land–atmosphere daily exchanges of NO, NH3, and CO2 in a semi-arid grazed ecosystem in Senegal, Biogeosciences, 16, 2049–2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2049-2019, 2019.
de Souza Nóia Júnior, R., Amaral, G. C., Pezzopane, J. E. M.,
Fonseca, M. D. S., Câmara da Silva, A. P., and Xavier, T. M. T.:
Ecophysiological acclimatization to cyclic water stress in Eucalyptus, J. Forestry
Res., 31, 797–806, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-00926-9, 2020.
Dimobe, K., Kouakou, J. L. N. D., Tondoh, J. E., Zoungrana, B. J.-B.,
Forkuor, G., and Ouédraogo, K.: Predicting the Potential Impact of
Climate Change on Carbon Stock in Semi-Arid West African Savannas, Land, 7,
124, https://doi.org/10.3390/land7040124, 2018.
Diouf, A. A., Brandt, M., Verger, A., Jarroudi, M. E., Djaby, B., Fensholt,
R., Ndione, J. A., and Tychon, B.: Fodder Biomass Monitoring in Sahelian
Rangelands Using Phenological Metrics from FAPAR Time Series, Remote Sens.,
7, 9122–9148, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70709122, 2015.
Dirnböck, T., Kraus, D., Grote, R., Klatt, S., Kobler, J.,
Schindlbacher, A., Seidl, R., Thom, D., and Kiese, R.: Substantial
understory contribution to the C sink of a European temperate mountain
forest landscape, Landscape Ecol., 35, 483–499, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00960-2
2020.
Do, F. C., Goudiaby, V. A., Gimenez, O., Diagne, A. L., Diouf, M., Rocheteu,
A., and Akpo, L. E.: Environmental influence on canopy phenology in the dry
tropics, Forest Ecol. Manage., 215, 319–328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.022,
2005.
Elberling, B., Fensholt, R., Larsen, L., Petersen, A.-I. S., and Sandholt,
I.: Water content and land use history controlling soil CO2 respiration
and carbon stock in savanna soil and groundnut fields in semi-arid Senegal,
Danish J. Geogr., 103, 47–56, https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2003.10649491,
2003.
Epron, D., Nouvellon, Y., Roupsard, O., Mouvondy, W., Mabiala, A.,
Saint-Andre, L., Joffre, R., Jourdan, C., Bonnefond, J. M., Berbigier, P.,
and Hamel, O.: Spatial and temporal variations of soil respiration in a
Eucalyptus plantation in Congo, Forest Ecol. Manage., 202, 149–160,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.019, 2004.
Farquhar, G. D., Von Caemmerer, S., and Berry, J. A.: A biochemical model of
photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta,
149, 78–90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386231, 1980.
Faye, B., Webber, H., Naab, J. B., MacCarthy, D. S., Adam, M., Ewert, F.,
Lamers, J. P. A., Schleussner, C.-F., Ruane, A., Gessner, U., Hoogenboom,
G., Boote, K., Shelia, V., Saeed, F., Wisser, D., Hadir, S., Laux, P., and
Gaiser, T.: Impacts of 1.5 versus 2.0 ∘C on cereal yields in the
West African Sudan Savanna, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 034014,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaab40, 2018.
February, E. and Higgins, S.: The distribution of tree and grass roots in
savannas in relation to soil nitrogen and water, S. Afr. J. Bot., 76,
517–523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.001, 2010.
Feng, X. and Dietze, M.: Scale dependence in the effects of leaf
ecophysiological traits on photosynthesis: Bayesian parameterization of
photosynthesis models, New Phytol., 200, 1132–1144, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12454, 2013.
Fraser, F. C., Corstanje, R., Deeks, L. K., Harris, J. A., Pawlett, M.,
Todman, L. C., Whitmore, A. P., and Ritz, K.: On the origin of carbon
dioxide released from rewetted soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 101,
1–5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.06.032, 2016.
Fürstenau Togashi, H., Prentice, I. C., Atkin, O. K., Macfarlane, C., Prober, S. M., Bloomfield, K. J., and Evans, B. J.: Thermal acclimation of leaf photosynthetic traits in an evergreen woodland, consistent with the coordination hypothesis, Biogeosciences, 15, 3461–3474, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3461-2018, 2018.
Gallé, A. and Feller, U.: Changes of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought stress and during recovery, Physiol. Plant., 131, 412–421, 2007.
Galy-Lacaux, C., Delon, C., Solmon, F., Adon, M., Yoboué, V., Mphepya,
J., Pienaar, J. J., Diop, B., Sigha, L., Dungall, L., Akpo, A., Mougin, E.,
Gardrat, E., and Castera, P.: Dry and Wet Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in
West Central Africa, in: Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and
Biodiversity, edited by: Sutton, M., Mason, K., Sheppard, L., Sverdrup, H.,
Haeuber, R., and Hicks, W., Springer, Dordrecht, 2014.
Gash, J. H. C., Lloyd, C. R., and Lachaud, G.: Estimating sparse forest
rainfall interception with an analytical model, J. Hydrol., 170, 79–86,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02697-N, 1995.
Geerling, C.: The status of the woody species of the Sudan and Sahel zones
of West Africa, Forest Ecol. Manage., 13, 247–255,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90038-6, 1985.
Gessner, U., Niklaus, M., Kuenzer, C., and Dech, S.: Intercomparison of Leaf
Area Index Products for a Gradient of Sub-Humid to Arid Environments in West
Africa, Remote Sens., 5, 1235–1257, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5031235, 2013.
Gleason, S. M., Wiggans, D. R., Bliss, C. A., Comas, L. H., Cooper, M.,
DeJonge, K. C., Young, J. S., and Zhang, H.: Coordinated decline in
photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance during drought stress in Zea mays, Flora,
227, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2016.11.017, 2017.
Groenendijk, M., Dolman, A. J., van der Molen, M. K., Leuning, R., Arneth,
A., Delpierre, N., Gash, J. H. C., Lindroth, A., Richardson, A. D.,
Verbeeck, H., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Assessing parameter variability in a
photosynthesis model within and between plant functional types using global
Fluxnet eddy covariance data, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 151, 22–38,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.08.013, 2011.
Grossiord, C., Sevanto, S., Adams, H. D., Collins, A. D., Dickman, L. T.,
McBranch, N., Michaletz, S. T., Stockton, E. A., Vigil, M., and McDowell, N.
G.: Precipitation, not air temperature, drives functional responses of trees
in semi-arid ecosystems, J. Ecol., 105, 163–175, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12662,
2017.
Grote, R.: Integrating dynamic morphological properties into forest growth
modeling. II. Allocation and mortality, Forest Ecol. Manage., 111, 193–210,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00328-4, 1998.
Grote, R.: Sensitivity of volatile monoterpene emission to changes in canopy
structure – A model based exercise with a process-based emission model, New
Phytol., 173, 550–561, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01946.x, 2007.
Grote, R., Lavoir, A. V., Rambal, S., Staudt, M., Zimmer, I., and
Schnitzler, J.-P.: Modelling the drought impact on monoterpene fluxes from
an evergreen Mediterranean forest canopy, Oecologia, 160, 213–223,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1298-9, 2009a.
Grote, R., Lehmann, E., Brümmer, C., Brüggemann, N., Szarzynski, J.,
and Kunstmann, H.: Modelling and observation of biosphere-atmosphere
interactions in natural savannah in Burkina Faso, West Africa, Phys. Chem.
Earth, 34, 251–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.05.003, 2009b.
Grote, R., Kiese, R., Grünwald, T., Ourcival, J.-M., and Granier, A.:
Modelling forest carbon balances considering tree mortality and removal,
Agric. Forest Meteorol., 151, 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.10.002,
2011a.
Grote, R., Korhonen, J., and Mammarella, I.: Challenges for evaluating
process-based models of gas exchange at forest sites with fetches of various
species, For. Syst., 20, 389–406, https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/20112003-11084, 2011b.
Grote, R., Kraus, D., Weis, W., Ettl, R., and Göttlein, A.: Dynamic
coupling of allometric ratios to a process-based forest growth model for
estimating the impacts of stand density changes, Forestry, 93, 601–615,
https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpaa002, 2020.
Guenther, A., Otter, L., Zimmerman, P., Greenberg, J., Scholes, R., and
Scholes, M.: Biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from southern Africa savannas,
J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25859–25865, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD02597, 1996.
Haas, E., Klatt, S., Fröhlich, A., Werner, C., Kiese, R., Grote, R., and
Butterbach-Bahl, K.: LandscapeDNDC: A process model for simulation of
biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere exchange processes at site and regional
scale, Landscape Ecol., 28, 615–636, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9772-x, 2013.
Hartley, A. J., Parker, D. J., Garcia-Carreras, L., and Webster, S.:
Simulation of vegetation feedbacks on local and regional scale precipitation
in West Africa, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 222, 59–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.03.001, 2016.
Hiernaux, P. and Ayantunde, A. A.: The Fakara: a semi-arid agro-ecosystem
under stress. Report of research activities, first phase (July 2002–June
2004) of the DMP-GEF Program ILRI, Nairobi (Kenya), GEF/2711-02-4516, 95,
2004.
Hiernaux, P., Mougin, E., Diarra, L., Soumaguel, N., Lavenu, F., Tracol, Y.,
and Diawara, M. O.: Sahelian rangeland response to changes in rainfall over
two decades in the Gourma region, Mali, J. Hydrol., 375, 114–127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.005, 2009.
Holá, D., Benešová, M., Honnerová, J., Hnilička, F.,
Rothová, O., Kočová, M., and Hniličková, H.: The
evaluation of photosynthetic parameters in maize inbred lines subjected to
water deficiency: Can these parameters be used for the prediction of
performance of hybrid progeny?, Photosynthetica, 48, 545–558,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-010-0072-x, 2010.
Ivanov, V. Y., Bras, R. L., and Vivoni, E. R.: Vegetation-hydrology dynamics
in complex terrain of semiarid areas: 1. A mechanistic approach to modeling
dynamic feedbacks, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03429, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005588,
2008.
Jolly, W. M. and Running, S. W.: Effects of precipitation and soil water
potential on drought deciduous phenology in the Kalahari, Glob. Change
Biol., 10, 303–308, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00701.x, 2004.
Kahiu, M. N. and Hanan, N. P.: Estimation of Woody and Herbaceous Leaf Area
Index in Sub-Saharan Africa Using MODIS Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
123, 3–17, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG004105, 2018.
Kalariya, K. A., Singh, A. L., Goswami, N., Mehta, D., Mahatma, M. K., Ajay,
B. C., Chakraborty, K., Zala, P. V., Chaudhary, V., and Patel, C. B.:
Photosynthetic characteristics of peanut genotypes under excess and deficit
irrigation during summer, Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 21, 317–327,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-015-0300-8, 2015.
Kaptue Tchuente, A. T., Roujean, J. L., and Faroux, S.: ECOCLIMAP-II: An
ecosystem classification and land surface parameters database of Western
Africa at 1 km resolution for the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis
(AMMA) project, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 961–976,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.12.008, 2010.
Kattge, J. and Knorr, W.: Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of
photosynthesis: a reanalysis of data from 36 species, Plant Cell Environ.,
30, 1176–1190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01690.x, 2007.
Kebbas, S., Lutts, S., and Aid, F.: Effect of drought stress on the
photosynthesis of Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana at the young seedling stage,
Photosynthetica, 53, 288–298, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-015-0113-6, 2015.
Ker, A.: Farming Systems of the African Savanna, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, 166 pp., 1995.
Kgope, B. S. and Musil, C. F.: Differential photosynthetic responses of
broad- and fine-leafed savanna trees to elevated temperatures, S. Afr. J.
Bot., 70, 760–766, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30177-0, 2004.
Kiese, R., Heinzeller, C., Werner, C., Wochele, S., Grote, R., and
Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Quantification of nitrate leaching from German forest
ecosystems by use of a process oriented biogeochemical model, Environ.
Pollut., 159, 3204–3214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.05.004, 2011.
Kim, J. and Verma, S. B.: Modeling canopy photosynthesis: scaling up from a
leaf to canopy in a temperate grassland ecosystem, Agric. Forest Meteorol.,
57, 187–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(91)90086-6, 1991.
Knauer, J., Werner, C., and Zaehle, S.: Evaluating stomatal models and their
atmospheric drought response in a land surface scheme: A multibiome
analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 1894–1911,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003114, 2015.
Körner, C., Scheel, J., and Bauer, H.: Maximum leaf diffusive
conductance in vascular plants, Photosynthetica, 13, 45–82, 1979.
Kothavala, Z., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., and Verseghy, D.: The simulation
of energy, water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes over common crops by the
Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS), Agric. Forest Meteorol., 133, 89–108,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.08.007, 2005.
Kraus, D., Weller, S., Klatt, S., Haas, E., Wassmann, R., Kiese, R., and
Butterbach-Bahl, K.: A new LandscapeDNDC biogeochemical module to predict
CH4 and N2O emissions from lowland rice and upland cropping
systems, Plant Soil, 386, 125–149, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2255-x, 2015.
Kraus, D., Weller, S., Klatt, S., Santabárbara, I., Haas, E., Wassmann,
R., Werner, C., Kiese, R., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: How well can we assess
impacts of agricultural land management changes on the total greenhouse gas
balance (CO2, CH4 and N2O) of tropical rice-cropping systems
with a biogeochemical model?, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 224, 104–115,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.03.037, 2016.
Kucharik, C. J., Barford, C. C., El Maayar, M., Wofsy, S. C., Monson, R. K.,
and Baldocchi, D. D.: A multiyear evaluation of a Dynamic Global Vegetation
Model at three AmeriFlux forest sites: Vegetation structure, phenology, soil
temperature, and CO2 and H2O vapor exchange, Ecol. Modelling, 196,
1–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.031, 2006.
Leuning, R.: A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal-photosynthesis
model for C3 plants, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 339–355,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00370.x, 1995.
Li, C., Frolking, S., and Frolking, T. A.: A model of nitrous oxide
evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 1. Model structure and
Sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9759–9776, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD00509, 1992.
Liebermann, R., Breuer, L., Houska, T., Kraus, D., Moser, G., and Kraft, P.:
Simulating Long-Term Development of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Plant Biomass,
and Soil Moisture of a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem under Elevated
Atmospheric CO2, Agronomy, 10, 50, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010050, 2020.
Lindauer, M., Schmid, H. P., Grote, R., Mauder, M., Steinbrecher, R., and
Wolpert, B.: Net ecosystem exchange over a non-cleared wind-throw-disturbed
upland spruce forest – measurements and simulations Agric. Forest
Meteorol., 197, 219–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.07.005, 2014.
Livesley, S. J., Grover, S., Hutley, L. B., Jamali, H., Butterbach-Bahl, K.,
Fest, B., Beringer, J., and Arndt, S. K.: Seasonal variation and fire
effects on CH4, N2O and CO2 exchange in savanna soils of
northern Australia, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 151, 1440–1452,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.02.001, 2011.
Loustau, D., Berbigier, P., Granier, A., and Moussa, F. E. H.: Interception
loss, throughfall and stemflow in a maritime pine stand. I. Variability of
throughfall and stemflow beneath the pine canopy, J. Hydrol., 138, 449–467,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90130-N, 1992.
Mamadou, O.: Etude des flux d'Evapotranspiration en climat soudanien:
comportement comparé de deux couverts végétaux au Bénin,
Université de Grenoble (France) et Université d'Abomey-Calavi
(Bénin), Abomey-Calavi, 2014.
Martin, M. J., Stirling, C. M., Humphries, S. W., and Long, S. P.: A
process-based model to predict the effects of climatic change on leaf
isoprene emission rates, Ecol. Model., 131, 161–174,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00258-1, 2000.
Massad, R.-S., Tuzet, A., and Bethenod, O.: The effect of temperature on
C4-type leaf photosynthesis parameters, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 1191–1204,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01691.x, 2007.
Massad, R. S., Lathière, J., Strada, S., Perrin, M., Personne, E., Stéfanon, M., Stella, P., Szopa, S., and de Noblet-Ducoudré, N.: Reviews and syntheses: influences of landscape structure and land uses on local to regional climate and air quality, Biogeosciences, 16, 2369–2408, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2369-2019, 2019.
Merbold, L., Ardö, J., Arneth, A., Scholes, R. J., Nouvellon, Y., de Grandcourt, A., Archibald, S., Bonnefond, J. M., Boulain, N., Brueggemann, N., Bruemmer, C., Cappelaere, B., Ceschia, E., El-Khidir, H. A. M., El-Tahir, B. A., Falk, U., Lloyd, J., Kergoat, L., Le Dantec, V., Mougin, E., Muchinda, M., Mukelabai, M. M., Ramier, D., Roupsard, O., Timouk, F., Veenendaal, E. M., and Kutsch, W. L.: Precipitation as driver of carbon fluxes in 11 African ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 6, 1027–1041, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1027-2009, 2009.
Mougin, E., Lo Seena, D., Rambal, S., Gaston, A., and Hiernaux, P.: A
regional Sahelian grassland model to be coupled with multispectral satellite
data. I: Model description and validation, Remote. Sens. Environ., 52,
181–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00126-8, 1995.
Mougin, E., Hiernaux, P., Kergoat, L., Grippa, M., de Rosnay, P., Timouk,
F., Le Dantec, V., Demarez, V., Lavenu, F., Arjounin, M., Lebel, T.,
Soumaguel, N., Ceschia, E., Mougenot, B., Baup, F., Frappart, F., Frison, P.
L., Gardelle, J., Gruhier, C., Jarlan, L., Mangiarotti, S., Sanou, B.,
Tracol, Y., Guichard, F., Trichon, V., Diarra, L., Soumaré, A.,
Koité, M., Dembélé, F., Lloyd, C., Hanan, N. P., Damesin, C.,
Delon, C., Serça, D., Galy-Lacaux, C., Seghieri, J., Becerra, S., Dia,
H., Gangneron, F., and Mazzega, P.: The AMMA-CATCH Gourma observatory site
in Mali: Relating climatic variations to changes in vegetation, surface
hydrology, fluxes and natural resources, J. Hydrol., 375, 14–33,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.045, 2009.
Mougin, E., Diawara, M. O., Soumaguel, N., Maïga, A. A., Demarez, V., Hiernaux, P., Grippa, M., Chaffard, V., and Ba, A.: A leaf area index data set acquired in Sahelian rangelands of Gourma in Mali over the 2005–2017 period, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 675–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-675-2019, 2019.
Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and Park, T.: MCD15A3H MODIS/Terra+Aqua Leaf Area Index/FPAR 4-day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006 [data set], NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD15A3H.006 (last access: 16 June 2021), 2015.
Odekunle, T. O., Andrew, O., and Aremu, S. O.: Towards a wetter
Sudano-Sahelian ecological zone in twenty-first century Nigeria, Weather,
63, 66–70, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.172, 2008.
Pallas, J. E. and Samish, Y. B.: Photosynthetic response of peanut, Crop
Sci., 14, 478–482, https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183X001400030042x, 1974.
Pastorello, G., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson, D., Cheah, Y.-W., Poindexter, C., Chen, J., Elbashandy, A., Humphrey, M., Isaac, P., Polidori, D., Ribeca, A., Ingen, C., Zhang, L., Amiro, B., Ammann, C., Arain, M., and Ardö, J.: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data, Sci. Data, 7, 225, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3, 2020.
Pereira, A. R. and Pruitt, W. O.: Adaptation of the Thornthwaite scheme for
estimating daily reference evapotranspiration, Agric. Water
Manage., 66, 251–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2003.11.003, 2004.
Pielke, R. A., Pitman, A., Niyogi, D., Mahmood, R., McAlpine, C., Hossain,
F., Goldewijk, K. K., Nair, U., Betts, R., Fall, S., Reichstein, M., Kabat,
P., and de Noblet, N.: Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling
analysis and observational evidence, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:
Climate Change, 2, 828–850, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.144, 2011.
Pitman, A. J.: The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes
designed for climate models, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 479–510,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.893, 2003.
Quansah, E., Mauder, M., Balogun, A. A., Amekudzi, L. K., Hingerl, L.,
Bliefernicht, J., and Kunstmann, H.: Carbon dioxide fluxes from contrasting
ecosystems in the Sudanian Savanna in West Africa, Carbon Balance Manag.,
10, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-014-0011-4, 2015.
Quenum, G. M. L. D., Klutse, N. A. B., Dieng, D., Laux, P., Arnault, J.,
Kodja, J. D., and Oguntunde, P. G.: Identification of Potential Drought
Areas in West Africa Under Climate Change and Variability, Earth Syst.
Environ., 3, 429–444, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-019-00133-w, 2019.
Rahimi, J., Ago, E. E., Ayantunde, A., Bogaert, J., Butterbach-Bahl,
K., Cappelaere,
B., Demarty,
J., Diouf,
A. A., Falk,
U., Haas,
E., Hiernaux,
P., Kraus,
D., Roupsard,
O., Scheer,
C., Srivastava,
A. K., Tagesson,
T., and Grote,
R.: Modelling Gas Exchange and Biomass Production in West African Sahelian and Sudanian Ecological Zones. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) [data set], https://doi.org/10.35097/437, 2021.
Roupsard, O., Audebert, A., Ndour, A. P., Clermont-Dauphin, C., Agbohessou,
Y., Sanou, J., Koala, J., Faye, E., Sambakhe, D., Jourdan, C., le Maire, G.,
Tall, L., Sanogo, D., Seghieri, J., Cournac, L., and Leroux, L.: How far
does the tree affect the crop in agroforestry? New spatial analysis methods
in a Faidherbia parkland, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 296, 106928,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106928, 2020.
Running, S. W. and Coughlan, J. C.: A general model of forest ecosystem
processes for regional applications. I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas
exchange and primary production processes, Ecol. Model., 42, 125–154,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(88)90112-3, 1988.
Saleska, S. R., Miller, S. D., Matross, D. M., Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S. C.,
da Rocha, H. R., de Camargo, P. B., Crill, P., Daube, B. C., de Freitas, H.
C., Hutyra, L., Keller, M., Kirchhoff, V., Menton, M., Munger, J. W., Pyle,
E. H., Rice, A. H., and Silva, H.: Carbon in amazon forests: Unexpected
seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses, Science, 302, 1554–1557,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091165, 2003.
Scheiter, S. and Higgins, S. I.: Impacts of climate change on the
vegetation of Africa: an adaptive dynamic vegetation modelling approach,
Glob. Change Biol., 15, 2224–2246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01838.x, 2009.
Scholes, R. J. and Hall, D. O.: The carbon budget of tropical savannas,
woodlands and grasslands, in: Global change: effects on coniferous forests
and grasslands, edited by: Breymeyer, A. I., Hall, D. O., Melillo, J. M.,
and Ågren, G. I., Scope, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 69–100, 1996.
Sellers, P. J., Randall, D. A., Collatz, G. J., Berry, J. A., Field, C. B.,
Dazlich, D. A., Zhang, C., Collelo, G. D., and Bounoua, L.: A revised land
surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: model
formulation, J. Climate, 9, 676–705, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0676:ARLSPF>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Setterfield, S. A., Clifton, P. J., Hutley, L. B., Rossiter-Rachor, N. A.,
and Douglas, M. M.: Exotic grass invasion alters microsite conditions
limiting woody recruitment potential in an Australian savanna, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8,
6628–6628, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24704-5, 2018.
Sibret, T.: The Sahelian Drylands under Pressure: Studying the Impact of
Environmental Factors on Vegetation in Dahra, Senegal, Master of Science in
Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, 113 pp., 2018.
Simioni, G., Le Roux, X., Gignoux, J., and Sinoquet, H.: Treegrass: a 3D,
process-based model for simulating plant interactions in tree-grass
ecosystems, Ecol. Model., 131, 47–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00243-X,
2000.
Sjöström, M., Ardö, J., Arneth, A., Boulain, N., Cappelaere, B.,
Eklundh, L., de Grandcourt, A., Kutsch, W. L., Merbold, L., Nouvellon, Y.,
Scholes, R. J., Schubert, P., Seaquist, J., and Veenendaal, E. M.: Exploring
the potential of MODIS EVI for modeling gross primary production across
African ecosystems, Remote. Sens. Environ., 115, 1081–1089,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.12.013, 2011.
Sjöström, M., Zhao, M., Archibald, S., Arneth, A., Cappelaere, B.,
Falk, U., de Grandcourt, A., Hanan, N., Kergoat, L., Kutsch, W., Merbold,
L., Mougin, E., Nickless, A., Nouvellon, Y., Scholes, R. J., Veenendaal, E.
M., and Ardö, J.: Evaluation of MODIS gross primary productivity for
Africa using eddy covariance data, Remote. Sens. Environ., 131, 275–286,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.023, 2013.
Snyman, H. A.: Rangeland degradation in a semi-arid South Africa – I:
influence on seasonal root distribution, root/shoot ratios and water-use
efficiency, J. Arid Environ., 60, 457–481,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.06.006, 2005.
Sobamowo, J. O.: Effect of harvesting dates and fertilizer application on
cassava productivity in rainforest and guinea savanna agroecological zones
of Nigeria, PhD, University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 2016.
Sonawane, B. V., Sharwood, R. E., von Caemmerer, S., Whitney, S. M., and
Ghannoum, O.: Short-term thermal photosynthetic responses of C4 grasses are
independent of the biochemical subtype, J. Exp. Bot., 68, 5583–5597,
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx350, 2017.
Sotelo Montes, C., Weber, J. C., Silva, D. A., Andrade, C., Muñiz, G.
B., Garcia, R. A., and Kalinganire, A.: Growth and fuelwood properties of
five tree and shrub species in the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones of Mali:
relationships with mean annual rainfall and geographical coordinates, New
Forests, 45, 179–197, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9401-9, 2014.
Tagesson, T., Fensholt, R., Guiro, I., Rasmussen, M. O., Huber, S., Mbow,
C., Garcia, M., Horion, S., Sandholt, I., Holm-Rasmussen, B., Göttsche,
F. M., Ridler, M.-E., Olén, N., Lundegard Olsen, J., Ehammer, A.,
Madsen, M., Olesen, F. S., and Ardö, J.: Ecosystem properties of
semiarid savanna grassland in West Africa and its relationship with
environmental variability, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 250–264,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12734, 2015.
Tagesson, T., Ardö, J., Guiro, I., Cropley, F., Mbow, C., Horion, S.,
Ehammer, A., Mougin, E., Delon, C., Corinne, G.-L., and Fensholt, R.: Very
high CO2 exchange fluxes at the peak of the rainy season in a West
African grazed semi-arid savanna ecosystem, Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish
J. Geography, 116, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2016.1178072, 2016.
Tews, J. and Jeltsch, F.: Modelling the impact of climate change on woody
plant population dynamics in South African savanna, BMC Ecology, 4, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-4-17, 2004.
Tews, J., Esther, A., Milton, S. J., and Jeltsch, F.: Linking a population
model with an ecosystem model: Assessing the impact of land use and climate
change on savanna shrub cover dynamics, Ecol. Model., 195, 219–228,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.025, 2006.
Thornley, J. H. M.: Instantaneous canopy photosynthesis: Analytical
expressions for sun and shade leaves based on exponential light decay down
the canopy and an acclimated non-rectangular hyperbola for leaf
photosynthesis, Ann. Bot., 89, 451–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf071, 2002.
Thornley, J. H. M. and Cannell, M. G. R.: Modelling the components of plant
respiration: Representation and realism, Ann. Bot., 85, 55–67,
https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1999.0997, 2000.
Thornthwaite, C. W.: An approach toward a rational classification of
climate, Geogr. Rev., 38, 55, https://doi.org/10.2307/210739, 1948.
Timouk, F., Kergoat, L., Mougin, E., Lloyd, C. R., Ceschia, E., Cohard, J.
M., Rosnay, P. d., Hiernaux, P., Demarez, V., and Taylor, C. M.: Response of
surface energy balance to water regime and vegetation development in a
Sahelian landscape, J. Hydrol., 375, 178–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.022,
2009.
Ullmann, I.: Stomatal conductance and transpiration of Acacia under field
conditions: similarities and differences between leaves and phyllodes,
Trees-Struct. Funct., 3, 45–56, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202400, 1989.
Ünlü, M. and Steduto, P.: Comparison of Photosynthetic Water use
Efficiency of Sweet Sorghum at Canopy and Leaf Scales, Turkish Journal of
Agriculture and Forestry, 24, 519–526, 2000.
Velluet, C., Demarty, J., Cappelaere, B., Braud, I., Issoufou, H. B.-A., Boulain, N., Ramier, D., Mainassara, I., Charvet, G., Boucher, M., Chazarin, J.-P., Oï, M., Yahou, H., Maidaji, B., Arpin-Pont, F., Benarrosh, N., Mahamane, A., Nazoumou, Y., Favreau, G., and Seghieri, J.: Building a field- and model-based climatology of local water and energy cycles in the cultivated Sahel – annual budgets and seasonality, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5001–5024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5001-2014, 2014.
Vico, G. and Porporato, A.: Modelling C3 and C4 photosynthesis under
water-stressed conditions, Plant Soil, 313, 187–203,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9691-4, 2008.
Vitasse, Y., Francois, C., Delpierre, N., Dufrene, E., Kremer, A., Chuine,
I., and Delzon, S.: Assessing the effects of climate change on the phenology
of European temperate trees, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 151, 969–980, 2011.
Vitkauskaitė, G. and Venskaitytė, L.: Differences between C3
(Hordeum vulgare L.) and C4 (Panicum miliaceum L.) plants with respect to their resistance to water deficit,
Žemdirbystė (Agriculture), 98, 349–356, 2011.
Von Caemmerer, S.: Biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis, Technicques in
Plant Sciences, CSIRO, Collingwood VIC 3066, Australia, 2000.
Vu, J. C. V.: Acclimation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaf photosynthesis to elevated
growth CO2 and temperature, Environ. Exp. Bot., 53,
85–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.03.006, 2005.
Werner, C., Haas, E., Grote, R., Gauder, M., Graeff-Hönninger, S.,
Claupein, W., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Biomass production potential from
Populus short rotation systems in Romania, GCB Bioenergy, 4, 642–653,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01180.x, 2012.
Wesolowski, T. and Rowinski, P.: Timing of bud burst and tree-leaf
development in a multispecies temperate forest, Forest Ecol. Manage., 237,
387–393, 2006.
Whitley, R., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Abramowitz, G., De Kauwe, M. G., Duursma, R., Evans, B., Haverd, V., Li, L., Ryu, Y., Smith, B., Wang, Y.-P., Williams, M., and Yu, Q.: A model inter-comparison study to examine limiting factors in modelling Australian tropical savannas, Biogeosciences, 13, 3245–3265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3245-2016, 2016.
Whitley, R., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Abramowitz, G., De Kauwe, M. G., Evans, B., Haverd, V., Li, L., Moore, C., Ryu, Y., Scheiter, S., Schymanski, S. J., Smith, B., Wang, Y.-P., Williams, M., and Yu, Q.: Challenges and opportunities in land surface modelling of savanna ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 14, 4711–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4711-2017, 2017.
Yao, N. g. R. and Goué, B.: Water use efficiency of a cassava crop as
affected by soil water balance, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 61, 187–203,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90049-A, 1992.
Yu, G.-R., Zhuang, J., and Yu, Z.-L.: An attempt to establish a synthetic
model of photosynthesis-transpiration based on stomatal behavior for maize
and soybean plants grown in field, J. Plant Physiol., 158,
861–874, https://doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-00177, 2001.
Yuan, W., Zhou, G., Wang, Y., Han, X., and Wang, Y.: Simulating phenological
characteristics of two dominant grass species in a semi-arid steppe
ecosystem, Ecol. Res., 22, 784–791, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0318-z,
2007.
Short summary
West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecosystems are important regions for global carbon exchange, and they provide valuable food and fodder resources. Therefore, we simulated net ecosystem exchange and aboveground biomass of typical ecosystems in this region with an improved process-based biogeochemical model, LandscapeDNDC. Carbon stocks and exchange rates were particularly correlated with the abundance of trees. Grass and crop yields increased under humid climatic conditions.
West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecosystems are important regions for global carbon exchange,...
