Articles | Volume 14, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
01 Mar 2021
Model description paper |
| 01 Mar 2021
| 01 Mar 2021
Development of an atmospheric chemistry model coupled to the PALM model system 6.0: implementation and first applications
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Sabine Banzhaf
Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), Institute of Meteorology, TrUmF, Berlin, Germany
Edward C. Chan
Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), Institute of Meteorology, TrUmF, Berlin, Germany
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam, Germany
Renate Forkel
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Farah Kanani-Sühring
Leibniz University Hannover (LUH), Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Hannover, Germany
Harz Energie GmbH & Co. KG, Goslar, Germany
Klaus Ketelsen
Independent Software Consultant, Hannover, Germany
Mona Kurppa
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Björn Maronga
Leibniz University Hannover (LUH), Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Hannover, Germany
University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute, Bergen, Norway
Matthias Mauder
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Siegfried Raasch
Leibniz University Hannover (LUH), Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Hannover, Germany
Emmanuele Russo
Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), Institute of Meteorology, TrUmF, Berlin, Germany
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
Martijn Schaap
Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), Institute of Meteorology, TrUmF, Berlin, Germany
Matthias Sühring
Leibniz University Hannover (LUH), Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Hannover, Germany
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45 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Ensembles in Urban Large Eddy Simulations with Changing Wind Direction J. Keskinen & A. Hellsten https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-025-00916-x
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- High-resolution emission source mapping: a bottleneck for understanding urban climate and air quality C. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae8feb
- Modelling the impact of an urban development project on microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort in a mid-latitude city J. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113324
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- Seasonal Analysis of Planetary Boundary Layer and Turbulence in Warsaw, Poland Through Lidar and LES Simulations R. Carneiro et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244728
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- Turbulent transport and reactions of plant-emitted hydrocarbons in an Amazonian rain forest J. Fuentes et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119094
45 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A nested multi-scale system implemented in the large-eddy simulation model PALM model system 6.0 A. Hellsten et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3185-2021
- Aerosol composition, air quality, and boundary layer dynamics in the urban background of Stuttgart in winter H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024
- Comparison of Urban Atmospheric Dispersion Simulations Considering Building and Terrain Conditions: Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model and Gaussian Plume Model S. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.9798/KOSHAM.2025.25.4.49
- Assessing the impacts of urban morphology and emissions on city-scale air quality using a CFD model coupled to chemistry J. Kang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129791
- Large-eddy simulation of aerosol concentrations in a realistic urban environment: Model validation and transport mechanism Y. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124475
- Turbulence-permitting air pollution simulation for the Stuttgart metropolitan area T. Schwitalla et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4575-2021
- Application of the Urban Climate Model PALM-4U to Investigate the Effects of the Diesel Traffic Ban on Air Quality in Stuttgart A. Samad et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010111
- A microscale UV radiation model for urban environments: Model description and evaluation based on measurements M. Sühring et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112961
- Performance of PALM-4U/WRF model for simulating the urban meteorology of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia R. Thiruridathil et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102162
- Fast simulation of high resolution urban wind fields at city scale S. Xiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100941
- Validation of the PALM model system 6.0 in a real urban environment: a case study in Dejvice, Prague, the Czech Republic J. Resler et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4797-2021
- The Role of Vegetation on Urban Atmosphere of Three European Cities. Part 2: Evaluation of Vegetation Impact on Air Pollutant Concentrations and Depositions M. Mircea et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061255
- Ensembles in Urban Large Eddy Simulations with Changing Wind Direction J. Keskinen & A. Hellsten https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-025-00916-x
- Connecting inland ship emissions from on-board sampling, onshore measurements and large-eddy simulations P. Eger et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2026.100449
- High-resolution emission source mapping: a bottleneck for understanding urban climate and air quality C. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae8feb
- Modelling the impact of an urban development project on microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort in a mid-latitude city J. Anders et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113324
- Challenges of high-fidelity air quality modeling in urban environments – PALM sensitivity study during stable conditions J. Resler et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024
- An enhanced emission module for the PALM model system 23.10 with application for PM10 emission from urban domestic heating E. Chan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1119-2025
- Sensitivity analysis of the PALM model system 6.0 in the urban environment M. Belda et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4443-2021
- Downscaling system for modeling of atmospheric composition on regional, urban and street scales R. Nuterman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11099-2021
- Coupling MATSim and the PALM Model System—Large Scale Traffic and Emission Modeling with High-Resolution Computational Fluid Dynamics Dispersion Modeling J. Laudan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101183
- palm_csd 25.10: a processing tool for static input data in the PALM model system S. Schubert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5515-2026
- Implementation of a dry deposition module (DEPAC v3.11_ext) in a large eddy simulation code (DALES v4.4) L. Geers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6647-2025
- Does Downscaling Improve the Performance of Urban Ozone Modeling? Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104761
- Challenges of constructing and selecting the “perfect” boundary conditions for the large-eddy simulation model PALM J. Radović et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2901-2024
- Capability of the building-resolving PALM model system to capture micrometeorological characteristics of an urban environment in Vienna, Austria B. Hollósi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100152
- PALM-meteo 2.8: Processor of PALM meteorological input data P. Krč et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4071-2026
- Coupled mesoscale–microscale modeling of air quality in a polluted city using WRF-LES-Chem Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5905-2023
- GEO4PALM v1.1: an open-source geospatial data processing toolkit for the PALM model system D. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-815-2024
- Seasonal Analysis of Planetary Boundary Layer and Turbulence in Warsaw, Poland Through Lidar and LES Simulations R. Carneiro et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244728
- Large-eddy simulation of inland vessel emissions with dynamic source representation: dispersion characteristics in a realistic urban river environment M. Sühring et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-025-10067-9
- SanDyPALM v1.0: static and dynamic drivers for the PALM model to facilitate urban microclimate simulations J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6063-2025
- Advances in air quality research – current and emerging challenges R. Sokhi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022
- Well-planned greenery improves urban air quality - modelling the effect of altered airflow and pollutant deposition M. Gustafsson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120829
- Hyperlocal urban NO2 hotspot modeling driven by microscopic traffic data M. Weger et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01471-z
- On the suitability of dispersion models of varying degree of complexity for air quality assessment and urban planning W. Patiño et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111892
- Detached eddy simulation of traffic-induced air pollution in an urban highway with complex surrounding morphology E. Ghane-Tehrani et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102331
- Evaluation of a novel WRF/PALM-4U coupling scheme incorporating a roughness-corrected surface layer representation J. Vogel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101311
- A multi-sectoral high-resolution emission refinement system for CFD-GIS based air quality modeling J. Rho et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2026.103030
- A high-resolution urban CO2 transport model with anthropogenic and biogenic fluxes L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6417-2026
- Yeti 1.0: a generalized framework for constructing bottom-up emission inventories from traffic sources at road-link resolutions E. Chan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1427-2023
- A city-scale turbulence-resolving model as an essential element of integrated urban services I. Esau et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102059
- Novel approach to observing system simulation experiments improves information gain of surface–atmosphere field measurements S. Metzger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021
- Air Quality-Driven Traffic Management Using High-Resolution Urban Climate Modeling Coupled with a Large Traffic Simulation J. Laudan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020128
- Turbulent transport and reactions of plant-emitted hydrocarbons in an Amazonian rain forest J. Fuentes et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119094
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 10 Aug 2026
Short summary
An atmospheric chemistry model has been implemented in the microscale PALM model system 6.0. This article provides a detailed description of the model, its structure, input requirements, various features and limitations. Several pre-compiled ready-to-use chemical mechanisms are included in the chemistry model code; however, users can also easily implement other mechanisms. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the new chemistry model in the urban environment.
An atmospheric chemistry model has been implemented in the microscale PALM model system 6.0....
