Articles | Volume 13, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4355-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4355-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
17 Sep 2020
Model description paper |
| 17 Sep 2020
| 17 Sep 2020
The Community Firn Model (CFM) v1.0
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Vincent Verjans
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
Jessica M. D. Lundin
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Salesforce, San Francisco, CA, USA
Emma C. Kahle
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Annika N. Horlings
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Brita I. Horlings
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
now at: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
Edwin D. Waddington
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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- Reconstruction of Temperature, Accumulation Rate, and Layer Thinning From an Ice Core at South Pole, Using a Statistical Inverse Method E. Kahle et al. 10.1029/2020JD033300
- Applicability of two-phase modeling with compression experiments for snow compaction dynamics B. Horlings et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104336
- Grain-size evolution controls the accumulation dependence of modelled firn thickness J. Kingslake et al. 10.5194/tc-16-3413-2022
- Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020 I. Otosaka et al. 10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023
- Dynamic time warping to quantify age distortion in firn cores impacted by melt processes C. Hagen & J. Harper 10.1017/aog.2023.52
- Inter-Annual Variability in the Antarctic Ice Sheets Using Geodetic Observations and a Climate Model A. Kaitheri et al. 10.3390/rs13112199
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- More Realistic Intermediate Depth Dry Firn Densification in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) A. Schneider et al. 10.1029/2021MS002542
- Modeling enhanced firn densification due to strain softening F. Oraschewski & A. Grinsted 10.5194/tc-16-2683-2022
- Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB): a model of firn processes for cryosphere research A. Gardner et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023
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- An evaluation of a physics-based firn model and a semi-empirical firn model across the Greenland Ice Sheet (1980–2020) M. Thompson-Munson et al. 10.5194/tc-17-2185-2023
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- Large interannual variability in supraglacial lakes around East Antarctica J. Arthur et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-29385-3
- Analytical solutions for the advective–diffusive ice column in the presence of strain heating D. Moreno-Parada et al. 10.5194/tc-18-4215-2024
- Extreme melt season ice layers reduce firn permeability across Greenland R. Culberg et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-22656-5
- The Palmer ice core as a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series E. Thomas et al. 10.1177/20530196231155191
- Multi-technique estimation of ice mass balance in Greenland: impact of the uncertainties on firn densification and GIA models A. Sanchez Lofficial et al. 10.1093/gji/ggaf015
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42 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Accelerated Basal Melt Rates of Ice Shelves in North Greenland From 2013 to 2022 Estimated With the High‐Resolution ArcticDEM G. Wang et al. 10.1029/2024JC021509
- The slow violence of waste flowing through the Greenland Ice Sheet L. Kuentz et al. 10.1080/1088937X.2025.2489164
- The role of sublimation as a driver of climate signals in the water isotope content of surface snow: laboratory and field experimental results A. Hughes et al. 10.5194/tc-15-4949-2021
- A physics-based Antarctic melt detection technique: combining Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2, radiative-transfer modeling, and firn modeling M. Dattler et al. 10.5194/tc-18-3613-2024
- Improved representation of the contemporary Greenland ice sheet firn layer by IMAU-FDM v1.2G M. Brils et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-7121-2022
- Physics-based SNOWPACK model improves representation of near-surface Antarctic snow and firn density E. Keenan et al. 10.5194/tc-15-1065-2021
- Effect of horizontal divergence on estimates of firn-air content A. Horlings et al. 10.1017/jog.2020.105
- Seasonal temperatures in West Antarctica during the Holocene T. Jones et al. 10.1038/s41586-022-05411-8
- Evaluating Greenland surface-mass-balance and firn-densification data using ICESat-2 altimetry B. Smith et al. 10.5194/tc-17-789-2023
- How well can satellite altimetry and firn models resolve Antarctic firn thickness variations? M. Kappelsberger et al. 10.5194/tc-18-4355-2024
- Reconstruction of Temperature, Accumulation Rate, and Layer Thinning From an Ice Core at South Pole, Using a Statistical Inverse Method E. Kahle et al. 10.1029/2020JD033300
- Applicability of two-phase modeling with compression experiments for snow compaction dynamics B. Horlings et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104336
- Grain-size evolution controls the accumulation dependence of modelled firn thickness J. Kingslake et al. 10.5194/tc-16-3413-2022
- Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020 I. Otosaka et al. 10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023
- Dynamic time warping to quantify age distortion in firn cores impacted by melt processes C. Hagen & J. Harper 10.1017/aog.2023.52
- Inter-Annual Variability in the Antarctic Ice Sheets Using Geodetic Observations and a Climate Model A. Kaitheri et al. 10.3390/rs13112199
- Outlier accommodation with semiparametric density processes: A study of Antarctic snow density modelling D. Sheanshang et al. 10.1177/1471082X211043946
- More Realistic Intermediate Depth Dry Firn Densification in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) A. Schneider et al. 10.1029/2021MS002542
- Modeling enhanced firn densification due to strain softening F. Oraschewski & A. Grinsted 10.5194/tc-16-2683-2022
- Glacier Energy and Mass Balance (GEMB): a model of firn processes for cryosphere research A. Gardner et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-2277-2023
- The firn meltwater Retention Model Intercomparison Project (RetMIP): evaluation of nine firn models at four weather station sites on the Greenland ice sheet B. Vandecrux et al. 10.5194/tc-14-3785-2020
- The singing firn J. Chaput et al. 10.1017/aog.2023.34
- Long-term development of a perennial firn aquifer on the Lomonosovfonna ice cap, Svalbard T. van den Akker et al. 10.5194/tc-19-1513-2025
- Hydrologic modeling of a perennial firn aquifer in southeast Greenland O. Miller et al. 10.1017/jog.2022.88
- Numerical experiments on firn isotope diffusion with the Community Firn Model V. Gkinis et al. 10.1017/jog.2021.1
- Simulations of firn processes over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets: 1980–2021 B. Medley et al. 10.5194/tc-16-3971-2022
- Spatial Response of Greenland's Firn Layer to NAO Variability M. Brils et al. 10.1029/2023JF007082
- Atmospheric River Precipitation Contributed to Rapid Increases in Surface Height of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in 2019 S. Adusumilli et al. 10.1029/2020GL091076
- An evaluation of a physics-based firn model and a semi-empirical firn model across the Greenland Ice Sheet (1980–2020) M. Thompson-Munson et al. 10.5194/tc-17-2185-2023
- The Onset of Recrystallization in Polar Firn A. Ogunmolasuyi et al. 10.1029/2023GL103435
- Polar firn properties in Greenland and Antarctica and related effects on microwave brightness temperatures H. Xu et al. 10.5194/tc-17-2793-2023
- Progress toward globally complete frontal ablation estimates of marine-terminating glaciers W. Kochtitzky et al. 10.1017/aog.2023.35
- Abrupt Holocene ice loss due to thinning and ungrounding in the Weddell Sea Embayment M. Grieman et al. 10.1038/s41561-024-01375-8
- Uncertainty in East Antarctic Firn Thickness Constrained Using a Model Ensemble Approach V. Verjans et al. 10.1029/2020GL092060
- A local model of snow–firn dynamics and application to the Colle Gnifetti site F. Banfi & C. De Michele 10.5194/tc-16-1031-2022
- Radio-frequency ice permittivity and the impact on neutrino detection experiments D. Besson 10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01504-3
- Firn on ice sheets C. Amory et al. 10.1038/s43017-023-00507-9
- Large interannual variability in supraglacial lakes around East Antarctica J. Arthur et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-29385-3
- Analytical solutions for the advective–diffusive ice column in the presence of strain heating D. Moreno-Parada et al. 10.5194/tc-18-4215-2024
- Extreme melt season ice layers reduce firn permeability across Greenland R. Culberg et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-22656-5
- The Palmer ice core as a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series E. Thomas et al. 10.1177/20530196231155191
- Multi-technique estimation of ice mass balance in Greenland: impact of the uncertainties on firn densification and GIA models A. Sanchez Lofficial et al. 10.1093/gji/ggaf015
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- High-frequency climate variability in the Holocene from a coastal-dome ice core in east-central Greenland A. Hughes et al. 10.5194/cp-16-1369-2020
- The Community Firn Model (CFM) v1.0 C. Stevens et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-4355-2020
- Bayesian calibration of firn densification models V. Verjans et al. 10.5194/tc-14-3017-2020
Latest update: 06 May 2025
Short summary
Understanding processes in snow (firn), including compaction and airflow, is important for calculating how much mass the ice sheets are losing and for interpreting climate records from ice cores. We have developed the open-source Community Firn Model to simulate these processes. We used it to compare 13 different firn compaction equations and found that they do not agree within 10 %. We also show that including firn compaction in a firn-air model improves the match with data from ice cores.
Understanding processes in snow (firn), including compaction and airflow, is important for...
