Articles | Volume 13, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3731-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3731-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
25 Aug 2020
Model evaluation paper |
| 25 Aug 2020
| 25 Aug 2020
Global aerosol simulations using NICAM.16 on a 14 km grid spacing for a climate study: improved and remaining issues relative to a lower-resolution model
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Yousuke Sato
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
RIKEN Center for Computational Research, Kobe, Japan
Hisashi Yashiro
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
RIKEN Center for Computational Research, Kobe, Japan
Kentaroh Suzuki
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,
Japan
Eiji Oikawa
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga,
Japan
Rei Kudo
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Takashi M. Nagao
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,
Japan
Teruyuki Nakajima
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Related authors
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Daisuke Goto, Tatsuya Seiki, Kentaroh Suzuki, Hisashi Yashiro, and Toshihiko Takemura
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 651–684, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models with coarse grid sizes include uncertainties about the processes in aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. To reduce these uncertainties, here we performed numerical simulations using a new version of our global aerosol transport model with a finer grid size over a longer period than in our previous study. As a result, we found that the cloud microphysics module influences the aerosol distributions through both aerosol wet deposition and aerosol–cloud interactions.
Min Zhao, Tie Dai, Daisuke Goto, Hao Wang, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 235–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During a springtime pollution input from South Asia to the Tibetan Plateau, we combined atmospheric chemistry modeling and data assimilation methods to assimilate and forecast aerosols from South Asia and the Tibetan Plateau. Assimilation of observations over a whole time window leads to a more reasonable distribution of daily variations in the aerosol forecast field. We also find that aerosol assimilation can improve the surface solar energy forecast in the Tibetan Plateau region.
Tie Dai, Yueming Cheng, Daisuke Goto, Yingruo Li, Xiao Tang, Guangyu Shi, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4357–4379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) over China has significantly declined as a consequence of the clean air actions. We have developed a new emission inversion system to dynamically update the SO2 emission grid by grid over China by assimilating ground-based SO2 observations. The inverted SO2 emission over China in November 2016 on average had declined by 49.4 % since 2010, which is well in agreement with the bottom-up estimation of 48.0 %.
Chihiro Kodama, Tomoki Ohno, Tatsuya Seiki, Hisashi Yashiro, Akira T. Noda, Masuo Nakano, Yohei Yamada, Woosub Roh, Masaki Satoh, Tomoko Nitta, Daisuke Goto, Hiroaki Miura, Tomoe Nasuno, Tomoki Miyakawa, Ying-Wen Chen, and Masato Sugi
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 795–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the latest stable version of NICAM, a global atmospheric model, developed for high-resolution climate simulations toward the IPCC Assessment Report. Our model explicitly treats convection, clouds, and precipitation and could reduce the uncertainty of climate change projection. A series of test simulations demonstrated improvements (e.g., high cloud) and issues (e.g., low cloud, precipitation pattern), suggesting further necessity for model improvement and higher resolutions.
Daisuke Goto, Yu Morino, Toshimasa Ohara, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Junya Uchida, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3589–3607, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3589-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3589-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To obtain reliable distribution of atmospheric Cs-137 emitted from the Fukushima accident, we proposed a multi-model ensemble (MME) method using observations. We found the MME-estimated Cs-137 concentrations using all available observations had lower bias, lower uncertainty, higher correlation and higher precision against the observations compared to single-model results. It can be applied not only to the Cs-137 distribution but also any atmospheric materials such as PM2.5 distribution.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Daisuke Goto, Nick A. J. Schutgens, Guangyu Shi, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13445–13467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13445-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13445-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol vertical information is critical to quantify the influences of aerosol on the climate and environment; however, large uncertainties still persist in model simulations. Global aerosol vertical distributions are more accurately simulated by assimilating the vertical aerosol extinction coefficients from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP).
Nick Schutgens, Svetlana Tsyro, Edward Gryspeerdt, Daisuke Goto, Natalie Weigum, Michael Schulz, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9761–9780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9761-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9761-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate representativeness errors in observations due to mismatching spatio-temporal sampling, on timescales of hours to a year and length scales of 50 to 200 km, for a variety of observing systems (in situ or remote sensing ground sites, satellites with imagers or lidar, etc.) and develop strategies to reduce them. This study is relevant to the use of observations in constructing satellite L3 products, observational intercomparison and model evaluation.
Nick A. J. Schutgens, Edward Gryspeerdt, Natalie Weigum, Svetlana Tsyro, Daisuke Goto, Michael Schulz, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6335–6353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6335-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6335-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We show that evaluating global aerosol model data with observations of very different spatial scales (200 vs. 10 km) can lead to large discrepancies, solely due to different spatial sampling. Strategies for reducing these sampling errors are developed and tested using a set of high-resolution model simulations.
D. Goto, T. Dai, M. Satoh, H. Tomita, J. Uchida, S. Misawa, T. Inoue, H. Tsuruta, K. Ueda, C. F. S. Ng, A. Takami, N. Sugimoto, A. Shimizu, T. Ohara, and T. Nakajima
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 235–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-235-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-235-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An aerosol-coupled global non-hydrostatic model with a stretched-grid system has been developed to simulate aerosols on a region scale of 10 km grids. The regional simulation does require either a nesting technique or lateral boundary conditions, as opposed to general regional models. It generally reproduces monthly mean distributions of the observed sulfate and SO2 over East Asia as well as the diurnal and synoptic variations of the observed ones around the main target region, Tokyo/Japan.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Monica Campanelli, Victor Estellés, Gaurav Kumar, Teruyuki Nakajima, Masahiro Momoi, Julian Gröbner, Stelios Kazadzis, Natalia Kouremeti, Angelos Karanikolas, Africa Barreto, Saulius Nevas, Kerstin Schwind, Philipp Schneider, Iiro Harju, Petri Kärhä, Henri Diémoz, Rei Kudo, Akihiro Uchiyama, Akihiro Yamazaki, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Gabriele Mevi, Annalisa Di Bernardino, and Stefano Casadio
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5029–5050, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To retrieve columnar aerosol properties from sun photometers, some calibration factors are needed. The on-site calibrations, performed as frequently as possible to monitor changes in the machine conditions, allow operators to track and evaluate the calibration status on a continuous basis, reducing the data gaps incurred by the periodic shipments for performing centralized calibrations. The performance of the on-site calibration procedures was evaluated, providing very good results.
Takashi M. Nagao, Kentaroh Suzuki, and Makoto Kuji
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-141, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-141, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
In satellite remote sensing, estimating cloud base height (CBH) is more challenging than estimating cloud top height because the cloud base is obscured by the cloud itself. We developed an algorithm using the specific channel (known as the oxygen A-band channel) of the SGLI instrument on JAXA’s GCOM-C satellite to estimate CBH together with other cloud properties. This algorithm can provide global distributions of CBH across various cloud types, including liquid, ice, and mixed-phase clouds.
Hajime Okamoto, Kaori Sato, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Jin, Shota Ogawa, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Yuichiro Hagihara, EIji Oikawa, Maki Kikuchi, Masaki Satoh, and Wooosub Roh
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-103, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-103, 2024
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
The article gives the descriptions of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) level 2 (L2) cloud mask and cloud particle type algorithms for CPR and ATLID onboard Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite. The 355nm-multiple scattering polarization lidar was used to develop ATLID algorithm. Evaluations show the agreements for CPR-only, ATLID-only and CPR-ATLID synergy algorithms to be about 80%, 85% and 80%, respectively on average for about two EarthCARE orbits.
Hajime Okamoto, Kaori Sato, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Jin, Takashi Nakajima, Minrui Wang, Masaki Satoh, Kentaroh Suzuki, Woosub Roh, Akira Yamauchi, Hiroaki Horie, Yuichi Ohno, Yuichiro Hagihara, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Rei Kudo, Takuji Kubota, and Toshiyuki Tanaka
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-101, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This article gives overviews of the JAXA L2 algorithms and products by Japanese science teams for EarthCARE. The algorithms provide corrected Doppler velocity, cloud particle shape and orientations, microphysics of clouds and aerosols, and radiative fluxes and heating rate. The retrievals by the algorithms are demonstrated and evaluated using NICAM/J-simulator outputs. The JAXA EarthCARE L2 products will bring new scientific knowledge about the clouds, aerosols, radiation and convections.
Tomoaki Nishizawa, Rei Kudo, Eiji Oikawa, Akiko Higurashi, Yoshitaka Jin, Nobuo Sugimoto, Kaori Sato, and Hajime Okamoto
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-100, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-100, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
We developed algorithms to produce JAXA ATLID L2 aerosol products using ATLID L1 data. The algorithms estimate layer identifiers such as aerosol or cloud layers, (2) particle optical properties at 355 nm, (3) particle type identifiers, and (4) planetary boundary layer height. We demonstrated the algorithm performance using the simulated ATLID L1 data and found the algorithm’s capability to provide valuable insights into the global distribution of aerosols and clouds.
Kaori Sato, Hajime Okamoto, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Jin, Takashi Nakajima, Minrui Wang, Masaki Satoh, Woosub Roh, Hiroshi Ishimoto, and Rei Kudo
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-99, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-99, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces the JAXA EarthCARE L2 cloud product using satellite observations and simulated EarthCARE data. The outputs from the product feature a 3D global view of the dominant ice habit categories and corresponding microphysics. Habit and size distribution transitions from cloud to precipitation will be quantified by the L2 cloud algorithms. With Doppler data, the products can be beneficial for further understanding of the coupling of cloud microphysics, radiation, and dynamics.
Akira Yamauchi, Kentaroh Suzuki, Eiji Oikawa, Miho Sekiguchi, Takashi Nagao, and Haruma Ishida
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-78, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
A Japanese team developed the Level 2 atmospheric radiation flux and heating rate product for EarthCARE, which offers vertical profiles of longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes and heating rates. This study outlines the algorithm for the radiative product and its comparative validation against satellite and ground-based observations. It also analyzes errors in radiative fluxes at various scales and their dependence on cloud type, with ice-containing clouds identified as a primary error source.
Charlotte M. Beall, Po-Lun Ma, Matthew W. Christensen, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Adam Varble, Kentaroh Suzuki, and Takuro Michibata
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5287–5302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Single-layer warm liquid clouds cover nearly one-third of the Earth's surface, and uncertainties regarding the impact of aerosols on their radiative properties pose a significant challenge to climate prediction. Here, we demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to constrain Earth system model estimates of the radiative forcing from the interactions of aerosols with clouds due to warm rain processes.
Daisuke Goto, Tatsuya Seiki, Kentaroh Suzuki, Hisashi Yashiro, and Toshihiko Takemura
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 651–684, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models with coarse grid sizes include uncertainties about the processes in aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. To reduce these uncertainties, here we performed numerical simulations using a new version of our global aerosol transport model with a finer grid size over a longer period than in our previous study. As a result, we found that the cloud microphysics module influences the aerosol distributions through both aerosol wet deposition and aerosol–cloud interactions.
Min Zhao, Tie Dai, Daisuke Goto, Hao Wang, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 235–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During a springtime pollution input from South Asia to the Tibetan Plateau, we combined atmospheric chemistry modeling and data assimilation methods to assimilate and forecast aerosols from South Asia and the Tibetan Plateau. Assimilation of observations over a whole time window leads to a more reasonable distribution of daily variations in the aerosol forecast field. We also find that aerosol assimilation can improve the surface solar energy forecast in the Tibetan Plateau region.
Rei Kudo, Akiko Higurashi, Eiji Oikawa, Masahiro Fujikawa, Hiroshi Ishimoto, and Tomoaki Nishizawa
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3835–3863, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A synergistic retrieval method of aerosol components (water-soluble, light-absorbing, dust, and sea salt particles) from CALIOP and MODIS observations was developed. The total global 3-D distributions and those for each component showed good consistency with the CALIOP and MODIS official products and previous studies. The shortwave direct radiative effects of each component at the top and bottom of the atmosphere and for the heating rate were also consistent with previous studies.
Minrui Wang, Takashi Y. Nakajima, Woosub Roh, Masaki Satoh, Kentaroh Suzuki, Takuji Kubota, and Mayumi Yoshida
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 603–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-603-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-603-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
SMILE (a spectral misalignment in which a shift in the center wavelength appears as a distortion in the spectral image) was detected during our recent work. To evaluate how it affects the cloud retrieval products, we did a simulation of EarthCARE-MSI forward radiation, evaluating the error in simulated scenes from a global cloud system-resolving model and a satellite simulator. Our results indicated that the error from SMILE was generally small and negligible for oceanic scenes.
Maria Paula Pérez-Peña, Jenny A. Fisher, Dylan B. Millet, Hisashi Yashiro, Ray L. Langenfelds, Paul B. Krummel, and Scott H. Kable
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12367–12386, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12367-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12367-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used two atmospheric models to test the implications of previously unexplored aldehyde photochemistry on the atmospheric levels of molecular hydrogen (H2). We showed that the new photochemistry from aldehydes produces more H2 over densely forested areas. Compared to the rest of the world, it is over these forested regions where the produced H2 is more likely to be removed. The results highlight that other processes that contribute to atmospheric H2 levels should be studied further.
Monica Campanelli, Henri Diémoz, Anna Maria Siani, Alcide di Sarra, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Rei Kudo, Gabriele Fasano, Giampietro Casasanta, Luca Tofful, Marco Cacciani, Paolo Sanò, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1171–1183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol optical depth (AOD) characteristics in an urban area of Rome were retrieved over a period of 11 years (2010–2020) to determine, for the first time, their effect on the incoming ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation. The surface forcing efficiency shows that the AOD is the primary parameter affecting the surface irradiance in Rome, and it is found to be greater for smaller zenith angles and for larger and more absorbing particles in the UV range (such as, e.g., mineral dust).
Rei Kudo, Henri Diémoz, Victor Estellés, Monica Campanelli, Masahiro Momoi, Franco Marenco, Claire L. Ryder, Osamu Ijima, Akihiro Uchiyama, Kouichi Nakashima, Akihiro Yamazaki, Ryoji Nagasawa, Nozomu Ohkawara, and Haruma Ishida
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3395–3426, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3395-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3395-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new method, Skyrad pack MRI version 2, was developed to retrieve aerosol physical and optical properties, water vapor, and ozone column concentrations from the sky radiometer, a filter radiometer deployed in the SKYNET international network. Our method showed good performance in a radiative closure study using surface solar irradiances from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network and a comparison using aircraft in situ measurements of Saharan dust events during the SAVEX-D 2015 campaign.
Tie Dai, Yueming Cheng, Daisuke Goto, Yingruo Li, Xiao Tang, Guangyu Shi, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4357–4379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) over China has significantly declined as a consequence of the clean air actions. We have developed a new emission inversion system to dynamically update the SO2 emission grid by grid over China by assimilating ground-based SO2 observations. The inverted SO2 emission over China in November 2016 on average had declined by 49.4 % since 2010, which is well in agreement with the bottom-up estimation of 48.0 %.
Mayumi Yoshida, Keiya Yumimoto, Takashi M. Nagao, Taichu Y. Tanaka, Maki Kikuchi, and Hiroshi Murakami
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1797–1813, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1797-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1797-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new aerosol satellite retrieval algorithm combining a numerical aerosol forecast. This is the first study that utilizes the assimilated model forecast of aerosol as an a priori estimate of the retrieval. Aerosol retrievals were improved by effectively incorporating both model and satellite information. By using the assimilated forecast as an a priori estimate, information from previous observations can be propagated to future retrievals, thus leading to better retrieval accuracy.
Chihiro Kodama, Tomoki Ohno, Tatsuya Seiki, Hisashi Yashiro, Akira T. Noda, Masuo Nakano, Yohei Yamada, Woosub Roh, Masaki Satoh, Tomoko Nitta, Daisuke Goto, Hiroaki Miura, Tomoe Nasuno, Tomoki Miyakawa, Ying-Wen Chen, and Masato Sugi
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 795–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the latest stable version of NICAM, a global atmospheric model, developed for high-resolution climate simulations toward the IPCC Assessment Report. Our model explicitly treats convection, clouds, and precipitation and could reduce the uncertainty of climate change projection. A series of test simulations demonstrated improvements (e.g., high cloud) and issues (e.g., low cloud, precipitation pattern), suggesting further necessity for model improvement and higher resolutions.
Takuro Michibata, Kentaroh Suzuki, and Toshihiko Takemura
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13771–13780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13771-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13771-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work reveals that prognostic precipitation significantly reduces the magnitude of aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci), mainly due to the collection process associated with snowflakes and underlying cloud droplets. This precipitation-driven buffering effect, which is missing in traditional GCMs, can explain the model–observation discrepancy in ERFaci. These results underscore the necessity for a prognostic precipitation framework in GCMs for more reliable climate simulations.
Shin-ichiro Shima, Yousuke Sato, Akihiro Hashimoto, and Ryohei Misumi
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4107–4157, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4107-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4107-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using the super-droplet method, we constructed a detailed numerical model of mixed-phase clouds based on kinetic description and subsequently demonstrated that a large-eddy simulation of a cumulonimbus which predicts ice particle morphology without assuming ice categories or mass–dimension relationships is possible. Our results strongly support the particle-based modeling methodology’s efficacy for simulating mixed-phase clouds.
Teruyuki Nakajima, Monica Campanelli, Huizheng Che, Victor Estellés, Hitoshi Irie, Sang-Woo Kim, Jhoon Kim, Dong Liu, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Govindan Pandithurai, Vijay Kumar Soni, Boossarasiri Thana, Nas-Urt Tugjsurn, Kazuma Aoki, Sujung Go, Makiko Hashimoto, Akiko Higurashi, Stelios Kazadzis, Pradeep Khatri, Natalia Kouremeti, Rei Kudo, Franco Marenco, Masahiro Momoi, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, Claire L. Ryder, Akihiro Uchiyama, and Akihiro Yamazaki
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4195–4218, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4195-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4195-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper overviews the progress in sky radiometer technology and the development of the network called SKYNET. It is found that the technology has produced useful on-site calibration methods, retrieval algorithms, and data analyses from sky radiometer observations of aerosol, cloud, water vapor, and ozone. The paper also discusses current issues of SKYNET to provide better information for the community.
Masahiro Momoi, Rei Kudo, Kazuma Aoki, Tatsuhiro Mori, Kazuhiko Miura, Hiroshi Okamoto, Hitoshi Irie, Yoshinori Shoji, Akihiro Uchiyama, Osamu Ijima, Matsumi Takano, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2635–2658, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2635-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2635-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The water vapor channel of sun photometers, such as a sky radiometer, has been calibrated at limited observation sites (e.g., Mauna Loa) in previous studies, but our procedure has made on-site calibration possible by using sky radiances in addition to direct solar irradiance. The retrieved precipitable water vapor values correspond well to those derived from a global-navigation-satellite-system–global-positioning-system receiver, a microwave radiometer, and an AERONET sun–sky radiometer.
Daisuke Goto, Yu Morino, Toshimasa Ohara, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Junya Uchida, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3589–3607, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3589-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3589-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To obtain reliable distribution of atmospheric Cs-137 emitted from the Fukushima accident, we proposed a multi-model ensemble (MME) method using observations. We found the MME-estimated Cs-137 concentrations using all available observations had lower bias, lower uncertainty, higher correlation and higher precision against the observations compared to single-model results. It can be applied not only to the Cs-137 distribution but also any atmospheric materials such as PM2.5 distribution.
Zhe Jiang, Minzheng Duan, Huizheng Che, Wenxing Zhang, Teruyuki Nakajima, Makiko Hashimoto, Bin Chen, and Akihiro Yamazaki
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1195–1212, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1195-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1195-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed the aerosol optical properties derived by SKYRAD.pack versions 5.0 and 4.2 using the radiometer measurements over Qionghai and Yucheng in China, which are two new sites of SKYNET. The seasonal variability of the aerosol properties over the two sites were investigated based on SKYRAD.pack V5.0. The validation results provide valuable references for continued improvement of the retrieval algorithms of SKYNET and other aerosol observational networks.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Daisuke Goto, Nick A. J. Schutgens, Guangyu Shi, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13445–13467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13445-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13445-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol vertical information is critical to quantify the influences of aerosol on the climate and environment; however, large uncertainties still persist in model simulations. Global aerosol vertical distributions are more accurately simulated by assimilating the vertical aerosol extinction coefficients from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP).
Takuro Michibata, Kentaroh Suzuki, Tomoo Ogura, and Xianwen Jing
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4297–4307, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4297-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4297-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new diagnostic tool for cloud and precipitation microphysics has been added to the latest version of the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observational Simulator Package (COSP2). The tool generates warm rain process statistics from several instrument simulators online during the COSP execution. This online diagnostic is intended to serve as a tool that facilitates efficient model development and the evaluation of multiple climate models.
Hiroshi Ishimoto, Rei Kudo, and Kouji Adachi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 107–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-107-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-107-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a shape model of coated soot particles and created a dataset of their optical properties. To simulate the detailed shape properties of mixtures of soot aggregates and adhered water-soluble substances, we propose a simple model of surface tension derived from the artificial surface potential. The results of some single-scattering properties including lidar backscattering were discussed.
Takashi Arakawa, Takahiro Inoue, Hisashi Yashiro, and Masaki Satoh
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-147, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-147, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we discussed the design concept and implementation of a coupling software Jcup. The design concept can be summarized as dividing the function of the software into changing and not changing the values of the data and enabling users to manage and implement the function of changing the value. Based upon this concept, Jcup is constructed so that 1) remapping table is utilized as input information and 2) interpolation calculation codes can be freely implemented by users.
Rei Kudo, Toshinori Aoyagi, and Tomoaki Nishizawa
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3031–3046, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3031-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3031-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical profiles of the aerosol physical and optical properties, with a focus on seasonal means and on transport events, were investigated by the synergistic method using lidar and sky radiometer. The retrieved vertical profiles were input to the one-dimensional atmospheric model, and the impacts of the transported aerosols on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) were studied. The vertical profile of the aerosol direct heating has important effects on the ABL evolution.
Yoko Tsushima, Florent Brient, Stephen A. Klein, Dimitra Konsta, Christine C. Nam, Xin Qu, Keith D. Williams, Steven C. Sherwood, Kentaroh Suzuki, and Mark D. Zelinka
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4285–4305, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4285-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4285-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud feedback is the largest uncertainty associated with estimates of climate sensitivity. Diagnostics have been developed to evaluate cloud processes in climate models. For this understanding to be reflected in better estimates of cloud feedbacks, it is vital to continue to develop such tools and to exploit them fully during the model development process. Code repositories have been created to store and document the programs which will allow climate modellers to compute these diagnostics.
Nick Schutgens, Svetlana Tsyro, Edward Gryspeerdt, Daisuke Goto, Natalie Weigum, Michael Schulz, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9761–9780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9761-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9761-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate representativeness errors in observations due to mismatching spatio-temporal sampling, on timescales of hours to a year and length scales of 50 to 200 km, for a variety of observing systems (in situ or remote sensing ground sites, satellites with imagers or lidar, etc.) and develop strategies to reduce them. This study is relevant to the use of observations in constructing satellite L3 products, observational intercomparison and model evaluation.
Brian H. Kahn, Georgios Matheou, Qing Yue, Thomas Fauchez, Eric J. Fetzer, Matthew Lebsock, João Martins, Mathias M. Schreier, Kentaroh Suzuki, and João Teixeira
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9451–9468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9451-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9451-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The global-scale patterns of subtropical marine boundary layer clouds are investigated with coincident NASA A-train satellite and reanalysis data. This study is novel in that all data are used at the finest spatial and temporal resolution possible. Our results are consistent with surface-based data and suggest that the combination of satellite and reanalysis data sets have potential to add to the global context of our understanding of the subtropical cumulus-dominated marine boundary layer.
Takuro Michibata, Kentaroh Suzuki, Yousuke Sato, and Toshihiko Takemura
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15413–15424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15413-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15413-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study identifies a fundamental flaw of a GCM in aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. The model predicts a monotonic increase in the LWP in response to increased aerosols, which is in stark contrast to satellite retrievals that show a regional variation in the sign of the LWP response. The model also fails to represent the observed dependency of the LWP response on macrophysical regimes. The model biases are attributed to the autoconversion process, with a lack of buffering mechanisms.
Rei Kudo, Tomoaki Nishizawa, and Toshinori Aoyagi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3223–3243, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3223-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3223-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An algorithm for estimating the vertical profiles of the aerosol physical and optical properties, and the solar heating rate from combining sky radiometer and lidar measurements was proposed. The validity and performance of the algorithm were shown by the intensive sensitivity tests using simulated data for different aerosol profiles and the application to the actual measurements in Tsukuba, Japan.
Hisashi Yashiro, Koji Terasaki, Takemasa Miyoshi, and Hirofumi Tomita
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2293–2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2293-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2293-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We propose the design and implementation of an ensemble data assimilation framework for weather prediction at a high resolution and with a large ensemble size. We consider the deployment of this framework on the data throughput of file I/O and multi-node communication. With regard to high-performance computing systems, where data throughput performance increases at a slower rate than computational performance, our new framework promises drastic reduction of total execution time.
Huikyo Lee, Olga V. Kalashnikova, Kentaroh Suzuki, Amy Braverman, Michael J. Garay, and Ralph A. Kahn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6627–6640, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6627-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6627-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on NASA's TERRA satellite has provided a global distribution of aerosol amount and type information for each month over 16+ years since March 2000. This study analyzes, for the first time, characteristics of observed and simulated distributions of aerosols for three broad classes of aerosols: spherical nonabsorbing, spherical absorbing, and nonspherical – near or downwind of their major source regions.
Nick A. J. Schutgens, Edward Gryspeerdt, Natalie Weigum, Svetlana Tsyro, Daisuke Goto, Michael Schulz, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6335–6353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6335-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6335-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We show that evaluating global aerosol model data with observations of very different spatial scales (200 vs. 10 km) can lead to large discrepancies, solely due to different spatial sampling. Strategies for reducing these sampling errors are developed and tested using a set of high-resolution model simulations.
S. Nishizawa, H. Yashiro, Y. Sato, Y. Miyamoto, and H. Tomita
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3393–3419, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3393-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3393-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of the large grid aspect ratio of horizontal to vertical grid spacing traditionally used in meteorological large-eddy simulations on simulated turbulence is investigated with a series of sensitivity tests with various grid configurations. We confirmed that the grid aspect ratio should be taken into account in the sub-grid scale model to reproduce the theoretical energy spectrum. We also found that the grid aspect ratio has an influence on the turbulent statistics.
M. D. Lebsock, K. Suzuki, L. F. Millán, and P. M. Kalmus
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3631–3645, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3631-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3631-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the feasibility of using a differential absorption radar technique for the remote sensing of water vapor within clouds near the Earth surface from a spaceborne platform. The proposed methodology is shown to be theoretically achievable and complimentary to existing water vapor remote sensing methods.
J. Leinonen, M. D. Lebsock, S. Tanelli, K. Suzuki, H. Yashiro, and Y. Miyamoto
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3493–3517, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3493-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3493-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Using multiple frequencies in cloud and precipitation radars enables them to be both sensitive enough to detect thin clouds and to penetrate heavy precipitation, profiling the entire vertical structure of the atmospheric component of the water cycle. Here, we evaluate the performance of a potential future three-frequency space-based radar system by simulating its observations using data from a high-resolution global atmospheric model.
D. Goto, T. Dai, M. Satoh, H. Tomita, J. Uchida, S. Misawa, T. Inoue, H. Tsuruta, K. Ueda, C. F. S. Ng, A. Takami, N. Sugimoto, A. Shimizu, T. Ohara, and T. Nakajima
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 235–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-235-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-235-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An aerosol-coupled global non-hydrostatic model with a stretched-grid system has been developed to simulate aerosols on a region scale of 10 km grids. The regional simulation does require either a nesting technique or lateral boundary conditions, as opposed to general regional models. It generally reproduces monthly mean distributions of the observed sulfate and SO2 over East Asia as well as the diurnal and synoptic variations of the observed ones around the main target region, Tokyo/Japan.
Related subject area
Atmospheric sciences
An updated parameterization of the unstable atmospheric surface layer in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system
The impact of cloud microphysics and ice nucleation on Southern Ocean clouds assessed with single-column modeling and instrument simulators
An updated aerosol simulation in the Community Earth System Model (v2.1.3): dust and marine aerosol emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation
Exploring ship track spreading rates with a physics-informed Langevin particle parameterization
Do data-driven models beat numerical models in forecasting weather extremes? A comparison of IFS HRES, Pangu-Weather, and GraphCast
Development of the MPAS-CMAQ coupled system (V1.0) for multiscale global air quality modeling
Assessment of object-based indices to identify convective organization
The Global Forest Fire Emissions Prediction System version 1.0
NEIVAv1.0: Next-generation Emissions InVentory expansion of Akagi et al. (2011) version 1.0
FLEXPART version 11: improved accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility
Challenges of high-fidelity air quality modeling in urban environments – PALM sensitivity study during stable conditions
Air quality modeling intercomparison and multiscale ensemble chain for Latin America
Recommended coupling to global meteorological fields for long-term tracer simulations with WRF-GHG
Selecting CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) for Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) dynamical downscaling over Southeast Asia using a standardised benchmarking framework
Improved definition of prior uncertainties in CO2 and CO fossil fuel fluxes and its impact on multi-species inversion with GEOS-Chem (v12.5)
RASCAL v1.0: an open-source tool for climatological time series reconstruction and extension
Introducing graupel density prediction in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) double-moment 6-class (WDM6) microphysics and evaluation of the modified scheme during the ICE-POP field campaign
Enabling high-performance cloud computing for the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) version 5.3.3: performance evaluation and benefits for the user community
Atmospheric-river-induced precipitation in California as simulated by the regionally refined Simple Convective Resolving E3SM Atmosphere Model (SCREAM) Version 0
Recent improvements and maximum covariance analysis of aerosol and cloud properties in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model
GPU-HADVPPM4HIP V1.0: using the heterogeneous-compute interface for portability (HIP) to speed up the piecewise parabolic method in the CAMx (v6.10) air quality model on China's domestic GPU-like accelerator
Preliminary evaluation of the effect of electro-coalescence with conducting sphere approximation on the formation of warm cumulus clouds using SCALE-SDM version 0.2.5–2.3.0
Exploring the footprint representation of microwave radiance observations in an Arctic limited-area data assimilation system
Orbital-Radar v1.0.0: A tool to transform suborbital radar observations to synthetic EarthCARE cloud radar data
Analysis of model error in forecast errors of extended atmospheric Lorenz 05 systems and the ECMWF system
Description and validation of Vehicular Emissions from Road Traffic (VERT) 1.0, an R-based framework for estimating road transport emissions from traffic flows
AeroMix v1.0.1: a Python package for modeling aerosol optical properties and mixing states
Impact of ITCZ width on global climate: ITCZ-MIP
Deep-learning-driven simulations of boundary layer clouds over the Southern Great Plains
Mixed-precision computing in the GRIST dynamical core for weather and climate modelling
A conservative immersed boundary method for the multi-physics urban large-eddy simulation model uDALES v2.0
RCEMIP-II: mock-Walker simulations as phase II of the radiative–convective equilibrium model intercomparison project
Objective identification of meteorological fronts and climatologies from ERA-Interim and ERA5
TAMS: a tracking, classifying, and variable-assigning algorithm for mesoscale convective systems in simulated and satellite-derived datasets
Development of the adjoint of the unified tropospheric–stratospheric chemistry extension (UCX) in GEOS-Chem adjoint v36
New explicit formulae for the settling speed of prolate spheroids in the atmosphere: theoretical background and implementation in AerSett v2.0.2
ZJU-AERO V0.5: an Accurate and Efficient Radar Operator designed for CMA-GFS/MESO with the capability to simulate non-spherical hydrometeors
The Year of Polar Prediction site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP) phase 1: project overview and Arctic winter forecast evaluation
Evaluating CHASER V4.0 global formaldehyde (HCHO) simulations using satellite, aircraft, and ground-based remote-sensing observations
Global variable-resolution simulations of extreme precipitation over Henan, China, in 2021 with MPAS-Atmosphere v7.3
The CHIMERE chemistry-transport model v2023r1
tobac v1.5: introducing fast 3D tracking, splits and mergers, and other enhancements for identifying and analysing meteorological phenomena
Merged Observatory Data Files (MODFs): an integrated observational data product supporting process-oriented investigations and diagnostics
Simulation of marine stratocumulus using the super-droplet method: numerical convergence and comparison to a double-moment bulk scheme using SCALE-SDM 5.2.6-2.3.1
Modeling of PAHs From Global to Regional Scales: Model Development and Investigation of Health Risks from 2013 to 2018 in China
WRF-Comfort: simulating microscale variability in outdoor heat stress at the city scale with a mesoscale model
Representing effects of surface heterogeneity in a multi-plume eddy diffusivity mass flux boundary layer parameterization
Can TROPOMI NO2 satellite data be used to track the drop in and resurgence of NOx emissions in Germany between 2019–2021 using the multi-source plume method (MSPM)?
A spatiotemporally separated framework for reconstructing the sources of atmospheric radionuclide releases
A parameterization scheme for the floating wind farm in a coupled atmosphere–wave model (COAWST v3.7)
Prabhakar Namdev, Maithili Sharan, Piyush Srivastava, and Saroj Kanta Mishra
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8093–8114, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Inadequate representation of surface–atmosphere interaction processes is a major source of uncertainty in numerical weather prediction models. Here, an effort has been made to improve the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 4.2.2 by introducing a unique theoretical framework under convective conditions. In addition, to enhance the potential applicability of the WRF modeling system, various commonly used similarity functions under convective conditions have also been installed.
Andrew Gettelman, Richard Forbes, Roger Marchand, Chih-Chieh Chen, and Mark Fielding
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8069–8092, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8069-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8069-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Supercooled liquid clouds (liquid clouds colder than 0°C) are common at higher latitudes (especially over the Southern Ocean) and are critical for constraining climate projections. We compare a single-column version of a weather model to observations with two different cloud schemes and find that both the dynamical environment and atmospheric aerosols are important for reproducing observations.
Yujuan Wang, Peng Zhang, Jie Li, Yaman Liu, Yanxu Zhang, Jiawei Li, and Zhiwei Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7995–8021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study updates the CESM's aerosol schemes, focusing on dust, marine aerosol emissions, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) . Dust emission modifications make deflation areas more continuous, improving results in North America and the sub-Arctic. Humidity correction to sea-salt emissions has a minor effect. Introducing marine organic aerosol emissions, coupled with ocean biogeochemical processes, and adding aqueous reactions for SOA formation advance the CESM's aerosol modelling results.
Lucas A. McMichael, Michael J. Schmidt, Robert Wood, Peter N. Blossey, and Lekha Patel
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7867–7888, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is a climate intervention technique to potentially cool the climate. Climate models used to gauge regional climate impacts associated with MCB often assume large areas of the ocean are uniformly perturbed. However, a more realistic representation of MCB application would require information about how an injected particle plume spreads. This work aims to develop such a plume-spreading model.
Leonardo Olivetti and Gabriele Messori
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7915–7962, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7915-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7915-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Data-driven models are becoming a viable alternative to physics-based models for weather forecasting up to 15 d into the future. However, it is unclear whether they are as reliable as physics-based models when forecasting weather extremes. We evaluate their performance in forecasting near-surface cold, hot, and windy extremes globally. We find that data-driven models can compete with physics-based models and that the choice of the best model mainly depends on the region and type of extreme.
David C. Wong, Jeff Willison, Jonathan E. Pleim, Golam Sarwar, James Beidler, Russ Bullock, Jerold A. Herwehe, Rob Gilliam, Daiwen Kang, Christian Hogrefe, George Pouliot, and Hosein Foroutan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7855–7866, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7855-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7855-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work describe how we linked the meteorological Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere (MPAS-A) with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) air quality model to form a coupled modelling system. This could be used to study air quality or climate and air quality interaction at a global scale. This new model scales well in high-performance computing environments and performs well with respect to ground surface networks in terms of ozone and PM2.5.
Giulio Mandorli and Claudia J. Stubenrauch
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7795–7813, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7795-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7795-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, several studies focused their attention on the disposition of convection. Lots of methods, called indices, have been developed to quantify the amount of convection clustering. These indices are evaluated in this study by defining criteria that must be satisfied and then evaluating the indices against these standards. None of the indices meet all criteria, with some only partially meeting them.
Kerry Anderson, Jack Chen, Peter Englefield, Debora Griffin, Paul A. Makar, and Dan Thompson
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7713–7749, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Forest Fire Emissions Prediction System (GFFEPS) is a model that predicts smoke and carbon emissions from wildland fires. The model calculates emissions from the ground up based on satellite-detected fires, modelled weather and fire characteristics. Unlike other global models, GFFEPS uses daily weather conditions to capture changing burning conditions on a day-to-day basis. GFFEPS produced lower carbon emissions due to the changing weather not captured by the other models.
Samiha Binte Shahid, Forrest G. Lacey, Christine Wiedinmyer, Robert J. Yokelson, and Kelley C. Barsanti
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7679–7711, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7679-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7679-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Next-generation Emissions InVentory expansion of Akagi (NEIVA) v.1.0 is a comprehensive biomass burning emissions database that allows integration of new data and flexible querying. Data are stored in connected datasets, including recommended averages of ~1500 constituents for 14 globally relevant fire types. Individual compounds were mapped to common model species to allow better attribution of emissions in modeling studies that predict the effects of fires on air quality and climate.
Lucie Bakels, Daria Tatsii, Anne Tipka, Rona Thompson, Marina Dütsch, Michael Blaschek, Petra Seibert, Katharina Baier, Silvia Bucci, Massimo Cassiani, Sabine Eckhardt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Stephan Henne, Pirmin Kaufmann, Vincent Lechner, Christian Maurer, Marie D. Mulder, Ignacio Pisso, Andreas Plach, Rakesh Subramanian, Martin Vojta, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7595–7627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Computer models are essential for improving our understanding of how gases and particles move in the atmosphere. We present an update of the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART. FLEXPART 11 is more accurate due to a reduced number of interpolations and a new scheme for wet deposition. It can simulate non-spherical aerosols and includes linear chemical reactions. It is parallelised using OpenMP and includes new user options. A new user manual details how to use FLEXPART 11.
Jaroslav Resler, Petra Bauerová, Michal Belda, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Vladimír Fuka, Jan Geletič, Radek Jareš, Jan Karel, Josef Keder, Pavel Krč, William Patiño, Jelena Radović, Hynek Řezníček, Matthias Sühring, Adriana Šindelářová, and Ondřej Vlček
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7513–7537, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed modeling of urban air quality in stable conditions is a challenge. We show the unprecedented sensitivity of a large eddy simulation (LES) model to meteorological boundary conditions and model parameters in an urban environment under stable conditions. We demonstrate the crucial role of boundary conditions for the comparability of results with observations. The study reveals a strong sensitivity of the results to model parameters and model numerical instabilities during such conditions.
Jorge E. Pachón, Mariel A. Opazo, Pablo Lichtig, Nicolas Huneeus, Idir Bouarar, Guy Brasseur, Cathy W. Y. Li, Johannes Flemming, Laurent Menut, Camilo Menares, Laura Gallardo, Michael Gauss, Mikhail Sofiev, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Julia Palamarchuk, Andreas Uppstu, Laura Dawidowski, Nestor Y. Rojas, María de Fátima Andrade, Mario E. Gavidia-Calderón, Alejandro H. Delgado Peralta, and Daniel Schuch
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7467–7512, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Latin America (LAC) has some of the most populated urban areas in the world, with high levels of air pollution. Air quality management in LAC has been traditionally focused on surveillance and building emission inventories. This study performed the first intercomparison and model evaluation in LAC, with interesting and insightful findings for the region. A multiscale modeling ensemble chain was assembled as a first step towards an air quality forecasting system.
David Ho, Michał Gałkowski, Friedemann Reum, Santiago Botía, Julia Marshall, Kai Uwe Totsche, and Christoph Gerbig
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7401–7422, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric model users often overlook the impact of the land–atmosphere interaction. This study accessed various setups of WRF-GHG simulations that ensure consistency between the model and driving reanalysis fields. We found that a combination of nudging and frequent re-initialization allows certain improvement by constraining the soil moisture fields and, through its impact on atmospheric mixing, improves atmospheric transport.
Phuong Loan Nguyen, Lisa V. Alexander, Marcus J. Thatcher, Son C. H. Truong, Rachael N. Isphording, and John L. McGregor
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7285–7315, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7285-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7285-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a comprehensive approach to select a subset of CMIP6 models for dynamical downscaling over Southeast Asia, taking into account model performance, model independence, data availability and the range of future climate projections. The standardised benchmarking framework is applied to assess model performance through both statistical and process-based metrics. Ultimately, we identify two independent model groups that are suitable for dynamical downscaling in the Southeast Asian region.
Ingrid Super, Tia Scarpelli, Arjan Droste, and Paul I. Palmer
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7263–7284, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring greenhouse gas emission reductions requires a combination of models and observations, as well as an initial emission estimate. Each component provides information with a certain level of certainty and is weighted to yield the most reliable estimate of actual emissions. We describe efforts for estimating the uncertainty in the initial emission estimate, which significantly impacts the outcome. Hence, a good uncertainty estimate is key for obtaining reliable information on emissions.
Álvaro González-Cervera and Luis Durán
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7245–7261, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7245-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7245-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
RASCAL is an open-source Python tool designed for reconstructing daily climate observations, especially in regions with complex local phenomena. It merges large-scale weather patterns with local weather using the analog method. Evaluations in central Spain show that RASCAL outperforms ERA20C reanalysis in reconstructing precipitation and temperature. RASCAL offers opportunities for broad scientific applications, from short-term forecasts to local-scale climate change scenarios.
Sun-Young Park, Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim, Kwonil Kim, Gyuwon Lee, and Jason A. Milbrandt
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7199–7218, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We enhance the WDM6 scheme by incorporating predicted graupel density. The modification affects graupel characteristics, including fall velocity–diameter and mass–diameter relationships. Simulations highlight changes in graupel distribution and precipitation patterns, potentially influencing surface snow amounts. The study underscores the significance of integrating predicted graupel density for a more realistic portrayal of microphysical properties in weather models.
Christos I. Efstathiou, Elizabeth Adams, Carlie J. Coats, Robert Zelt, Mark Reed, John McGee, Kristen M. Foley, Fahim I. Sidi, David C. Wong, Steven Fine, and Saravanan Arunachalam
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7001–7027, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a summary of enabling high-performance computing of the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) – a state-of-the-science community multiscale air quality model – on two cloud computing platforms through documenting the technologies, model performance, scaling and relative merits. This may be a new paradigm for computationally intense future model applications. We initiated this work due to a need to leverage cloud computing advances and to ease the learning curve for new users.
Peter A. Bogenschutz, Jishi Zhang, Qi Tang, and Philip Cameron-Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7029–7050, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using high-resolution and state-of-the-art modeling techniques we simulate five atmospheric river events for California to test the capability to represent precipitation for these events. We find that our model is able to capture the distribution of precipitation very well but suffers from overestimating the precipitation amounts over high elevation. Increasing the resolution further has no impact on reducing this bias, while increasing the domain size does have modest impacts.
Manu Anna Thomas, Klaus Wyser, Shiyu Wang, Marios Chatziparaschos, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Montserrat Costa-Surós, Maria Gonçalves Ageitos, Maria Kanakidou, Carlos Pérez García-Pando, Athanasios Nenes, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, and Abhay Devasthale
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6903–6927, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interactions occur at a range of spatio-temporal scales. While evaluating recent developments in EC-Earth3-AerChem, this study aims to understand the extent to which the Twomey effect manifests itself at larger scales. We find a reduction in the warm bias over the Southern Ocean due to model improvements. While we see footprints of the Twomey effect at larger scales, the negative relationship between cloud droplet number and liquid water drives the shortwave radiative effect.
Kai Cao, Qizhong Wu, Lingling Wang, Hengliang Guo, Nan Wang, Huaqiong Cheng, Xiao Tang, Dongxing Li, Lina Liu, Dongqing Li, Hao Wu, and Lanning Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6887–6901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
AMD’s heterogeneous-compute interface for portability was implemented to port the piecewise parabolic method solver from NVIDIA GPUs to China's GPU-like accelerators. The results show that the larger the model scale, the more acceleration effect on the GPU-like accelerator, up to 28.9 times. The multi-level parallelism achieves a speedup of 32.7 times on the heterogeneous cluster. By comparing the results, the GPU-like accelerators have more accuracy for the geoscience numerical models.
Ruyi Zhang, Limin Zhou, Shin-ichiro Shima, and Huawei Yang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6761–6774, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6761-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6761-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Solar activity weakly ionises Earth's atmosphere, charging cloud droplets. Electro-coalescence is when oppositely charged droplets stick together. We introduce an analytical expression of electro-coalescence probability and use it in a warm-cumulus-cloud simulation. Results show that charge cases increase rain and droplet size, with the new method outperforming older ones. The new method requires longer computation time, but its impact on rain justifies inclusion in meteorology models.
Máté Mile, Stephanie Guedj, and Roger Randriamampianina
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6571–6587, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations provide crucial information about atmospheric constituents in a global distribution that helps to better predict the weather over sparsely observed regions like the Arctic. However, the use of satellite data is usually conservative and imperfect. In this study, a better spatial representation of satellite observations is discussed and explored by a so-called footprint function or operator, highlighting its added value through a case study and diagnostics.
Lukas Pfitzenmaier, Pavlos Kollias, Nils Risse, Imke Schirmacher, Bernat Puigdomenech Treserras, and Katia Lamer
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-129, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-129, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Orbital-radar is a Python tool transferring sub-orbital radar data (ground-based, airborne, and forward-simulated NWP) into synthetical space-borne cloud profiling radar data mimicking the platform characteristics, e.g. EarthCARE or CloudSat CPR. The novelty of orbital-radar is the simulation platform characteristic noise floors and errors. By this long time data sets can be transformed into synthetic observations for Cal/Valor sensitivity studies for new or future satellite missions.
Hynek Bednář and Holger Kantz
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6489–6511, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The forecast error growth of atmospheric phenomena is caused by initial and model errors. When studying the initial error growth, it may turn out that small-scale phenomena, which contribute little to the forecast product, significantly affect the ability to predict this product. With a negative result, we investigate in the extended Lorenz (2005) system whether omitting these phenomena will improve predictability. A theory explaining and describing this behavior is developed.
Giorgio Veratti, Alessandro Bigi, Sergio Teggi, and Grazia Ghermandi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6465–6487, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present VERT (Vehicular Emissions from Road Traffic), an R package designed to estimate transport emissions using traffic estimates and vehicle fleet composition data. Compared to other tools available in the literature, VERT stands out for its user-friendly configuration and flexibility of user input. Case studies demonstrate its accuracy in both urban and regional contexts, making it a valuable tool for air quality management and transport scenario planning.
Sam P. Raj, Puna Ram Sinha, Rohit Srivastava, Srinivas Bikkina, and Damu Bala Subrahamanyam
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6379–6399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6379-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6379-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Python successor to the aerosol module of the OPAC model, named AeroMix, has been developed, with enhanced capabilities to better represent real atmospheric aerosol mixing scenarios. AeroMix’s performance in modeling aerosol mixing states has been evaluated against field measurements, substantiating its potential as a versatile aerosol optical model framework for next-generation algorithms to infer aerosol mixing states and chemical composition.
Angeline G. Pendergrass, Michael P. Byrne, Oliver Watt-Meyer, Penelope Maher, and Mark J. Webb
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6365–6378, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The width of the tropical rain belt affects many aspects of our climate, yet we do not understand what controls it. To better understand it, we present a method to change it in numerical model experiments. We show that the method works well in four different models. The behavior of the width is unexpectedly simple in some ways, such as how strong the winds are as it changes, but in other ways, it is more complicated, especially how temperature increases with carbon dioxide.
Tianning Su and Yunyan Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6319–6336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using 2 decades of field observations over the Southern Great Plains, this study developed a deep-learning model to simulate the complex dynamics of boundary layer clouds. The deep-learning model can serve as the cloud parameterization within reanalysis frameworks, offering insights into improving the simulation of low clouds. By quantifying biases due to various meteorological factors and parameterizations, this deep-learning-driven approach helps bridge the observation–modeling divide.
Siyuan Chen, Yi Zhang, Yiming Wang, Zhuang Liu, Xiaohan Li, and Wei Xue
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6301–6318, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores strategies and techniques for implementing mixed-precision code optimization within an atmosphere model dynamical core. The coded equation terms in the governing equations that are sensitive (or insensitive) to the precision level have been identified. The performance of mixed-precision computing in weather and climate simulations was analyzed.
Sam O. Owens, Dipanjan Majumdar, Chris E. Wilson, Paul Bartholomew, and Maarten van Reeuwijk
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6277–6300, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Designing cities that are resilient, sustainable, and beneficial to health requires an understanding of urban climate and air quality. This article presents an upgrade to the multi-physics numerical model uDALES, which can simulate microscale airflow, heat transfer, and pollutant dispersion in urban environments. This upgrade enables it to resolve realistic urban geometries more accurately and to take advantage of the resources available on current and future high-performance computing systems.
Allison A. Wing, Levi G. Silvers, and Kevin A. Reed
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6195–6225, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the experimental design for a model intercomparison project to study tropical clouds and climate. It is a follow-up from a prior project that used a simplified framework for tropical climate. The new project adds one new component – a specified pattern of sea surface temperatures as the lower boundary condition. We provide example results from one cloud-resolving model and one global climate model and test the sensitivity to the experimental parameters.
Philip G. Sansom and Jennifer L. Catto
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6137–6151, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6137-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6137-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Weather fronts bring a lot of rain and strong winds to many regions of the mid-latitudes. We have developed an updated method of identifying these fronts in gridded data that can be used on new datasets with small grid spacing. The method can be easily applied to different datasets due to the use of open-source software for its development and shows improvements over similar previous methods. We present an updated estimate of the average frequency of fronts over the past 40 years.
Kelly M. Núñez Ocasio and Zachary L. Moon
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6035–6049, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6035-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6035-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
TAMS is an open-source Python-based package for tracking and classifying mesoscale convective systems that can be used to study observed and simulated systems. Each step of the algorithm is described in this paper with examples showing how to make use of visualization and post-processing tools within the package. A unique and valuable feature of this tracker is its support for unstructured grids in the identification stage and grid-independent tracking.
Irene C. Dedoussi, Daven K. Henze, Sebastian D. Eastham, Raymond L. Speth, and Steven R. H. Barrett
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5689–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric model gradients provide a meaningful tool for better understanding the underlying atmospheric processes. Adjoint modeling enables computationally efficient gradient calculations. We present the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem unified chemistry extension (UCX). With this development, the GEOS-Chem adjoint model can capture stratospheric ozone and other processes jointly with tropospheric processes. We apply it to characterize the Antarctic ozone depletion potential of active halogen species.
Sylvain Mailler, Sotirios Mallios, Arineh Cholakian, Vassilis Amiridis, Laurent Menut, and Romain Pennel
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5641–5655, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose two explicit expressions to calculate the settling speed of solid atmospheric particles with prolate spheroidal shapes. The first formulation is based on theoretical arguments only, while the second one is based on computational fluid dynamics calculations. We show that the first method is suitable for virtually all atmospheric aerosols, provided their shape can be adequately described as a prolate spheroid, and we provide an implementation of the first method in AerSett v2.0.2.
Hejun Xie, Lei Bi, and Wei Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5657–5688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A radar operator plays a crucial role in utilizing radar observations to enhance numerical weather forecasts. However, developing an advanced radar operator is challenging due to various complexities associated with the wave scattering by non-spherical hydrometeors, radar beam propagation, and multiple platforms. In this study, we introduce a novel radar operator named the Accurate and Efficient Radar Operator developed by ZheJiang University (ZJU-AERO) which boasts several unique features.
Jonathan J. Day, Gunilla Svensson, Barbara Casati, Taneil Uttal, Siri-Jodha Khalsa, Eric Bazile, Elena Akish, Niramson Azouz, Lara Ferrighi, Helmut Frank, Michael Gallagher, Øystein Godøy, Leslie M. Hartten, Laura X. Huang, Jareth Holt, Massimo Di Stefano, Irene Suomi, Zen Mariani, Sara Morris, Ewan O'Connor, Roberta Pirazzini, Teresa Remes, Rostislav Fadeev, Amy Solomon, Johanna Tjernström, and Mikhail Tolstykh
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5511–5543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The YOPP site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP), which was designed to facilitate enhanced weather forecast evaluation in polar regions, is discussed here, focussing on describing the archive of forecast data and presenting a multi-model evaluation at Arctic supersites during February and March 2018. The study highlights an underestimation in boundary layer temperature variance that is common across models and a related inability to forecast cold extremes at several of the sites.
Hossain Mohammed Syedul Hoque, Kengo Sudo, Hitoshi Irie, Yanfeng He, and Md Firoz Khan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5545–5571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using multi-platform observations, we validated global formaldehyde (HCHO) simulations from a chemistry transport model. HCHO is a crucial intermediate in the chemical catalytic cycle that governs the ozone formation in the troposphere. The model was capable of replicating the observed spatiotemporal variability in HCHO. In a few cases, the model's capability was limited. This is attributed to the uncertainties in the observations and the model parameters.
Zijun Liu, Li Dong, Zongxu Qiu, Xingrong Li, Huiling Yuan, Dongmei Meng, Xiaobin Qiu, Dingyuan Liang, and Yafei Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5477–5496, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we completed a series of simulations with MPAS-Atmosphere (version 7.3) to study the extreme precipitation event of Henan, China, during 20–22 July 2021. We found the different performance of two built-in parameterization scheme suites (mesoscale and convection-permitting suites) with global quasi-uniform and variable-resolution meshes. This study holds significant implications for advancing the understanding of the scale-aware capability of MPAS-Atmosphere.
Laurent Menut, Arineh Cholakian, Romain Pennel, Guillaume Siour, Sylvain Mailler, Myrto Valari, Lya Lugon, and Yann Meurdesoif
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5431–5457, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5431-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5431-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new version of the CHIMERE model is presented. This version contains both computational and physico-chemical changes. The computational changes make it easy to choose the variables to be extracted as a result, including values of maximum sub-hourly concentrations. Performance tests show that the model is 1.5 to 2 times faster than the previous version for the same setup. Processes such as turbulence, transport schemes and dry deposition have been modified and updated.
G. Alexander Sokolowsky, Sean W. Freeman, William K. Jones, Julia Kukulies, Fabian Senf, Peter J. Marinescu, Max Heikenfeld, Kelcy N. Brunner, Eric C. Bruning, Scott M. Collis, Robert C. Jackson, Gabrielle R. Leung, Nils Pfeifer, Bhupendra A. Raut, Stephen M. Saleeby, Philip Stier, and Susan C. van den Heever
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5309–5330, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5309-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5309-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Building on previous analysis tools developed for atmospheric science, the original release of the Tracking and Object-Based Analysis (tobac) Python package, v1.2, was open-source, modular, and insensitive to the type of gridded input data. Here, we present the latest version of tobac, v1.5, which substantially improves scientific capabilities and computational efficiency from the previous version. These enhancements permit new uses for tobac in atmospheric science and potentially other fields.
Taneil Uttal, Leslie M. Hartten, Siri Jodha Khalsa, Barbara Casati, Gunilla Svensson, Jonathan Day, Jareth Holt, Elena Akish, Sara Morris, Ewan O'Connor, Roberta Pirazzini, Laura X. Huang, Robert Crawford, Zen Mariani, Øystein Godøy, Johanna A. K. Tjernström, Giri Prakash, Nicki Hickmon, Marion Maturilli, and Christopher J. Cox
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5225–5247, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Merged Observatory Data File (MODF) format to systematically collate complex atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial data sets collected by multiple instruments during field campaigns is presented. The MODF format is also designed to be applied to model output data, yielding format-matching Merged Model Data Files (MMDFs). MODFs plus MMDFs will augment and accelerate the synergistic use of model results with observational data to increase understanding and predictive skill.
Chongzhi Yin, Shin-ichiro Shima, Lulin Xue, and Chunsong Lu
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5167–5189, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate numerical convergence properties of a particle-based numerical cloud microphysics model (SDM) and a double-moment bulk scheme for simulating a marine stratocumulus case, compare their results with model intercomparison project results, and present possible explanations for the different results of the SDM and the bulk scheme. Aerosol processes can be accurately simulated using SDM, and this may be an important factor affecting the behavior and morphology of marine stratocumulus.
Zichen Wu, Xueshun Chen, Zifa Wang, Huansheng Chen, Zhe Wang, Qing Mu, Lin Wu, Wending Wang, Xiao Tang, Jie Li, Ying Li, Qizhong Wu, Yang Wang, Zhiyin Zou, and Zijian Jiang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1437, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1437, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a model to simulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from global to regional scales. The model can well reproduce the distribution of PAHs. The concentration of BaP (indicator species for PAHs) could exceed the target values of 1 ng m-3 over some areas (e.g., in central Europe, India, and eastern China). The change of BaP is less than PM2.5 from 2013 to 2018. China still faces significant potential health risks posed by BaP although "the Action Plan" has been implemented.
Alberto Martilli, Negin Nazarian, E. Scott Krayenhoff, Jacob Lachapelle, Jiachen Lu, Esther Rivas, Alejandro Rodriguez-Sanchez, Beatriz Sanchez, and José Luis Santiago
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5023–5039, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present a model that quantifies the thermal stress and its microscale variability at a city scale with a mesoscale model. This tool can have multiple applications, from early warnings of extreme heat to the vulnerable population to the evaluation of the effectiveness of heat mitigation strategies. It is the first model that includes information on microscale variability in a mesoscale model, something that is essential for fully evaluating heat stress.
Nathan P. Arnold
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5041–5056, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system models often represent the land surface at smaller scales than the atmosphere, but surface–atmosphere coupling uses only aggregated surface properties. This study presents a method to allow heterogeneous surface properties to modify boundary layer updrafts. The method is tested in single column experiments. Updraft properties are found to reasonably covary with surface conditions, and simulated boundary layer variability is enhanced over more heterogeneous land surfaces.
Enrico Dammers, Janot Tokaya, Christian Mielke, Kevin Hausmann, Debora Griffin, Chris McLinden, Henk Eskes, and Renske Timmermans
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4983–5007, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen dioxide (NOx) is produced by sources such as industry and traffic and is directly linked to negative impacts on health and the environment. The current construction of emission inventories to keep track of NOx emissions is slow and time-consuming. Satellite measurements provide a way to quickly and independently estimate emissions. In this study, we apply a consistent methodology to derive NOx emissions over Germany and illustrate the value of having such a method for fast projections.
Yuhan Xu, Sheng Fang, Xinwen Dong, and Shuhan Zhuang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4961–4982, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent atmospheric radionuclide leakages from unknown sources have posed a new challenge in nuclear emergency assessment. Reconstruction via environmental observations is the only feasible way to identify sources, but simultaneous reconstruction of the source location and release rate yields high uncertainties. We propose a spatiotemporally separated reconstruction strategy that avoids these uncertainties and outperforms state-of-the-art methods with respect to accuracy and uncertainty ranges.
Shaokun Deng, Shengmu Yang, Shengli Chen, Daoyi Chen, Xuefeng Yang, and Shanshan Cui
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4891–4909, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4891-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global offshore wind power development is moving from offshore to deeper waters, where floating offshore wind turbines have an advantage over bottom-fixed turbines. However, current wind farm parameterization schemes in mesoscale models are not applicable to floating turbines. We propose a floating wind farm parameterization scheme that accounts for the attenuation of the significant wave height by floating turbines. The results indicate that it has a significant effect on the power output.
Cited articles
Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation:
2 Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6837–6844,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901161, 2000.
Adler, R. F., Huffman, G. J., Chang, A., Ferraro, R., Xie, P., Janowiak, J.,
Rudolf, B., Schneider, U., Curtis, S., Bolvin, D., Gruber, A., Susskind, J.,
and Arkin, P.: The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)
monthly precipitation analysis 1979–present, J. Hydrometeorol., 4,
1147–1167, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Bates, T. S., Charlson, R. J., and Gammon, R. H.: Evidence for the climate
role of marine biogenic sulphur, Nature, 329, 319–321, 1987.
Berry, E. X.: Cloud droplet growth by collection, J. Atmos. Sci., 24,
688–701, 1967.
Boutle, I. A., Abel, S. J., Hill, P. G., and Morcrette, C. J.: Spatial
variability of liquid cloud and rain: observations and microphysical
effects, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 583–594, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2140, 2014.
Carslaw, K. S., Lee, L. A., Reddington, C. L., Pringle, K. J., Rap, A.,
Forster, P. M., Mann, G. W., Spracklen, D. V., Woodhouse, M. T., Regayre, L.
A., and Pierce, J. R.: Large contribution of natural aerosols to uncertainty
in direct forcing, Nature, 503, 67–71, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12674, 2013.
Che, H., Zhang, X.-Y., Xia, X., Goloub, P., Holben, B., Zhao, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X.-C., Wang, H., Blarel, L., Damiri, B., Zhang, R., Deng, X., Ma, Y., Wang, T., Geng, F., Qi, B., Zhu, J., Yu, J., Chen, Q., and Shi, G.: Ground-based aerosol climatology of China: aerosol optical depths from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) 2002–2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7619–7652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7619-2015, 2015.
Chikira, M. and Sugiyama, M.: A Cumulus Parameterization with
State-Dependent Entrainment Rate. Part I: Description and Sensitivity to
Temperature and Humidity Profiles, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2171–2193,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3316.1, 2010.
Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global distribution and climate forcing
of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4407,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001397, 2002.
Dai, T., Goto, D., Schutgens, N. A. J., Dong, X., Shi, G., and Nakajima, T.:
Simulated aerosol key optical properties over global scale using an aerosol
transport model coupled with a new type of dynamic core, Atmos. Environ.,
82, 71–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.018, 2014.
Dai, T., Shi, G., and Nakajima, T.: Analysis and evaluation of the global aerosol optical properties simulated by an online aerosol-coupled non-hydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 743–758, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-4098-z, 2015.
Dai, T., Cheng, Y., Zhang, P., Shi, G., Sekiguchi, M., Suzuki, K., Goto, D.,
and Nakajima, T.: Impacts of meteorological nudging on the global dust cycle
simulated by NICAM coupled with an aerosol model, Atmos. Environ., 190,
99–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.016, 2018.
Diehl, T., Heil, A., Chin, M., Pan, X., Streets, D., Schultz, M., and Kinne, S.: Anthropogenic, biomass burning, and volcanic emissions of black carbon, organic carbon, and SO2 from 1980 to 2010 for hindcast model experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 24895–24954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-24895-2012, 2012.
Eckhardt, S., Quennehen, B., Olivié, D. J. L., Berntsen, T. K., Cherian, R., Christensen, J. H., Collins, W., Crepinsek, S., Daskalakis, N., Flanner, M., Herber, A., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Huang, L., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Langner, J., Law, K. S., Lund, M. T., Mahmood, R., Massling, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Nielsen, I. E., Nøjgaard, J. K., Quaas, J., Quinn, P. K., Raut, J.-C., Rumbold, S. T., Schulz, M., Sharma, S., Skeie, R. B., Skov, H., Uttal, T., von Salzen, K., and Stohl, A.: Current model capabilities for simulating black carbon and sulfate concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere: a multi-model evaluation using a comprehensive measurement data set, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, 2015.
Ezzati, M., Lopez, A. D., Rodgers, A., Vander Hoorn, S., Murray, C. J., and
Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group: Selected major risk factors
and global and regional burden of disease, Lancet, 360, 1347–1360,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11403-6, 2002.
Galmarini, S., Kioutsioukis, I., Solazzo, E., Alyuz, U., Balzarini, A., Bellasio, R., Benedictow, A. M. K., Bianconi, R., Bieser, J., Brandt, J., Christensen, J. H., Colette, A., Curci, G., Davila, Y., Dong, X., Flemming, J., Francis, X., Fraser, A., Fu, J., Henze, D. K., Hogrefe, C., Im, U., Garcia Vivanco, M., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Jonson, J. E., Kitwiroon, N., Manders, A., Mathur, R., Palacios-Peña, L., Pirovano, G., Pozzoli, L., Prank, M., Schultz, M., Sokhi, R. S., Sudo, K., Tuccella, P., Takemura, T., Sekiya, T., and Unal, A.: Two-scale multi-model ensemble: is a hybrid ensemble of opportunity telling us more?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8727–8744, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8727-2018, 2018.
Garrett, T. J., Brattström, S., Sharma, S., Worthy, D. E.
J., and Novelli, P.: The role of scavenging in the seasonal transport of black
carbon and sulfate to the Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16805,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048221, 2011.
Gelaro, R., Putman, W. M., Pawson, S., Draper, C., Molod, A., Norris, P. M.,
Ott, L., Priveì, N., Reale, O., Achuthavarier, D., Bosilovich, M., Buchard,
V., Chao, W., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Silva, A., Darmenov, A., and Errico,
R. M.: Evaluation of the 7 km GEOS-5 Nature Run, Tech. Rep. NASA/TM –
2014-104606, NASA, 2015.
Ghan, S. J.: Technical Note: Estimating aerosol effects on cloud radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9971–9974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9971-2013, 2013.
Ghan, S. J., Leung, L. R., Easter, R. C., and Abdul-Razzak, A.: Prediction
of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.,
102, 21777–21794, 1997.
Giles, D. M., Holben B. N., Eck, T. F., Sinyuk, A., Smirnov, A., Slutsker,
I., Dickerson, R. R., Thimpson, A. M., and Schafer, J. S.: An analysis of
AERONET aerosol absorption properties and classifications representative of
aerosol source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D17203,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018127, 2012.
Goto, D., Takemura, T., and Nakajima, T.: Importance of global aerosol
modeling including secondary organic aerosol formed from monoterpene, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, D07205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009019, 2008.
Goto, D., Nakajima, T., Takemura, T., and Sudo, K.: A study of uncertainties in the sulfate distribution and its radiative forcing associated with sulfur chemistry in a global aerosol model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10889–10910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10889-2011, 2011.
Goto, D., Oshima, N., Nakajima, T., Takemura, T., and Ohara, T.: Impact of the aging process of black carbon aerosols on their spatial distribution, hygroscopicity, and radiative forcing in a global climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 29801–29849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-29801-2012, 2012.
Goto, D., Dai, T., Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Uchida, J., Misawa, S., Inoue, T., Tsuruta, H., Ueda, K., Ng, C. F. S., Takami, A., Sugimoto, N., Shimizu, A., Ohara, T., and Nakajima, T.: Application of a global nonhydrostatic model with a stretched-grid system to regional aerosol simulations around Japan, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 235–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-235-2015, 2015a.
Goto D., Nakajima, T., Dai, T., Takemura, T., Kajino, M., Matsui, H.,
Takami, A., Hatakeyama, S., Sugimoto, N., Shimizu, A., and Ohara, T.: An
evaluation of simulated particulate sulfate over East Asia through global
model intercomparison, J. Geophy. Res.-Atmos., 120, 6247–6270,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021693, 2015b.
Goto, D., Ueda, K., Ng, C. F. S., Takami, A., Ariga, T., Matsuhashi, K., and
Nakajima, T.: Estimation of excess mortality due to long-term exposure to
PM2.5 in Japan using a high-resolution model for present and future
scenarios. Atmos. Environ., 140, 320–332,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.015, 2016.
Goto, D., Sato, Y., Yashiro, H., and Suzuki, K.: Validation of
high-resolution aerosol optical thickness simulated by a global
non-hydrostatic model against remote sensing measurements, AIP Conference
Proceedings, 1810, 100002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975557, 2017.
Goto, D., Nakajima, T., Dai, T., Yashiro, H., Sato, Y., Suzuki, K., Uchida,
J., Misawa, S., Yonemoto, R., Trieu, T. T. N., Tomita, H., and Satoh, M.:
Multi-scale Simulations of Atmospheric Pollutants Using a Non-hydrostatic
Icosahedral Atmospheric Model, in:
Land-Atmospheric Research Applications in South and Southeast Asia, edited by: Vadrevu, K., Ohara, T., and Justice, C., Springer
Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry, Springer, Cham, 2018.
Goto, D., Kikuchi, M., Suzuki, K., Hayasaki, M., Yoshida, M., Nagao, T. M.,
Choi, M., Kim, J., Sugimoto, N., Shimizu, A., Oikawa, E., and Nakajima, T.:
Aerosol model evaluation using two geostationary satellites over East Asia
in May 2016, Atmos. Res., 217, 93–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.10.016,
2019.
Goto, D., Sato, Y., Yashiro, Y., Suzuki, K., Oikawa, E., Kudo, R., and Nakajima T.: A source code of NICAM.16 for aerosol simulations with 14-km and 56-km grid spacings [Software], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3988927, 2020a.
Goto, D., Sato, Y., Yashiro, H., Suzuki, K., Oikawa, E., Kudo, R., and Nakajima, T.: A data for aerosol simulations by NICAM.16 with 14-km and 56-km grid spacings [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687323, 2020b.
Grosvenor, D. P. and Wood, R.: The effect of solar zenith angle on MODIS cloud optical and microphysical retrievals within marine liquid water clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7291–7321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7291-2014, 2014.
Grythe, H., Ström, J., Krejci, R., Quinn, P., and Stohl, A.: A review of sea-spray aerosol source functions using a large global set of sea salt aerosol concentration measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1277–1297, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1277-2014, 2014.
Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T.,
Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B.,
Steincrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P. A.:
Global-Model of Natural Volatile Organic-Compound Emissions, J. Geophys.
Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995.
Hakuba, M. Z., Folini, D., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., and Wild, M.: Spatial
representativeness of ground-based solar radiation measurements, J. Geophys.
Res., 118, 8585–8597, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50673, 2013.
Haywood, J. M. and Shine, K. P.: Multi-spectral calculations of the
radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column
model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1907–1930, 1997.
Heintzenberg, J., Covert, D. C., and van Dingenen, R.: Size distribution and
chemical composition of marine aerosols: a compilation and review, Tellus,
52B, 1104–1122, 2000.
Hess, M., Koepke, P., and Schult, I.: Optical properties of aerosols and
clouds: The software package OPAC, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831–844,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2,
1998.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer,
A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F.,
Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A federated instrument network
and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66,
1–16, 1998.
Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J. E., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Seland,
Ø., and Gettelman, A.: Constraining cloud droplet number concentrations
in GCMs suppresses the aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36,
L12807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038568, 2009.
Hu, L., Keller, C. A., Long, M. S., Sherwen, T., Auer, B., Da Silva, A., Nielsen, J. E., Pawson, S., Thompson, M. A., Trayanov, A. L., Travis, K. R., Grange, S. K., Evans, M. J., and Jacob, D. J.: Global simulation of tropospheric chemistry at 12.5 km resolution: performance and evaluation of the GEOS-Chem chemical module (v10-1) within the NASA GEOS Earth system model (GEOS-5 ESM), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4603–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4603-2018, 2018.
Huneeus, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Griesfeller, J., Prospero, J., Kinne, S., Bauer, S., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Grini, A., Horowitz, L., Koch, D., Krol, M. C., Landing, W., Liu, X., Mahowald, N., Miller, R., Morcrette, J.-J., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Zender, C. S.: Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7781–7816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011, 2011.
Ikeda, K., Tanimoto, H., Sugita, T., Akiyoshi, H., Kanaya, Y., Zhu, C., and Taketani, F.: Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source contributions, and budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10515–10533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10515-2017, 2017.
Ishijima, K., Takigawa, M., Yamashita, Y., Yashiro, H., Kodama, C.,
Satoh, M., Tsuboi, K., Matsueda, H., Niwa, Y., and Hirao, S.: Analysis of
High Radon-222 Concentration Events Using Multi-Horizontal-Resolution NICAM
Simulations, SOLA, 14, 111–115, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2018-019, 2018
Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Maring, H., Clarke, A. D., Dibb, J. E., Emmons, L. K., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Russell, P. B., Singh, H. B., Thompson, A. M., Shaw, G. E., McCauley, E., Pederson, J. R., and Fisher, J. A.: The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5191–5212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010, 2010.
Jacobson, M. Z.: Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent
anthropogenic and natural aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1551–1568,
2001.
Janssens-Maenhout, G., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Dentener, F., Muntean, M., Pouliot, G., Keating, T., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J., Wankmüller, R., Denier van der Gon, H., Kuenen, J. J. P., Klimont, Z., Frost, G., Darras, S., Koffi, B., and Li, M.: HTAP_v2.2: a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015.
Jing, X. and Suzuki, K.: The impact of process-based warm rain
constraints on the aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45,
10729–10737, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079956, 2018.
Jing, X. W., Suzuki, K., Guo, H., Goto, D., Ogura, T., Koshiro, T., and
Mümlmenstädt, J.: A multi-model study on warm precipitation biases
in global models compared to satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 11806–11824, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027310, 2017.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L.,
Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M.,
Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang,
J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jeene, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR
40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471 1996.
Kim, D., Chin, M., Yu, H., Diehl, T., Tan, Q., Kahn, R. A., Tsigaridis, K.,
Bauer, S. E., Takemura, T., Pozzoli, L., Bellouin, N., Schulz, M.,
Peyridieu, S., Chédin, A., and Koffi, B.: Sources, sinks, and
transatlantic transport of North African dust aerosol: A multimodel analysis
and comparison with remote sensing data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,
6259–6277, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021099, 2014.
Kinne, S.: Aerosol radiative effects with MACv2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10919–10959, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10919-2019, 2019.
Kipling, Z., Stier, P., Johnson, C. E., Mann, G. W., Bellouin, N., Bauer, S. E., Bergman, T., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Ghan, S. J., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Kokkola, H., Liu, X., Luo, G., van Noije, T., Pringle, K. J., von Salzen, K., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., and Zhang, K.: What controls the vertical distribution of aerosol? Relationships between process sensitivity in HadGEM3–UKCA and inter-model variation from AeroCom Phase II, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2221–2241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2221-2016, 2016.
Koch, D., Schulz, M., Kinne, S., McNaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Bond, T. C., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Clarke, A., De Luca, N., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Dubovik, O., Easter, R., Fahey, D. W., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X., Miller, R., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Perlwitz, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J. P., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., van Aardenne, J. A., and Zhao, Y.: Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9001–9026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9001-2009, 2009.
Kodama, C., Yamada, Y., Noda, A. T., Kajikawa, Y., Nasuno, T., Yamaura, T.,
Takahashi, H. G., Hara, M., Kawatani, Y., Satoh, M., and Sugi, M.: A 20-year
climatology of a NICAM AMIP-type simulation, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser.
II, 93, 393–424, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-024, 2015.
Kodama, C., Ohno, T., Seiki, T., Yashiro, H., Noda, A. T., Nakano, M., Yamada, Y., Roh, W., Satoh, M., Nitta, T., Goto, D., Miura, H., Nasuno, T., Miyakawa, T., Chen, Y.-W., and Sugi, M.: The non-hydrostatic global atmospheric model for CMIP6 HighResMIP simulations (NICAM16-S): Experimental design, model description, and sensitivity experiments, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-369, in review, 2020.
Koffi, B., Schulz, M., Bréon, F. -M., Dentener, F., Steensen, B. M.,
Griesfeller, J., Winker, D., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Chin, M., Diehl,
T., Easter, R., Ghan, S., Hauglustaine, D. A., Iversen T., Kirkevåg, A.,
Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Myhre, G., Rasch, P., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B.,
Steenrod, S. D., Stier, P., Tackett, J., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K.,
Vuolo, M. R., Yoon, J., and Zhang, K.: Evaluation of the aerosol vertical
distribution in global aerosol models through comparison against CALIOP
measurements: AeroCom phase II results, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121,
7254–7283, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024639, 2016.
Korras-Carraca, M. B., Pappas, V., Hatzianastassiou, N., Vardavas, I., and
Matsoukas, C.: Global vertically resolved aerosol direct radiation effect
from three years of CALIOP data using the FORTH radiation transfer model,
Atmos. Res., 224, 138–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.03.024, 2019.
Lauer, A. and Hamilton, K.: Simulating clouds with global climate models: A
comparison of CMIP5 results with CMIP3 and satellite data, J. Climate, 26, 3823–3845,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00451.1, 2013.
Lebsock, M. and Su, J.: Application of active spaceborne remote sensing for
understanding biases between passive cloud water path retrievals, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 119, 8962–8979,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021568, 2014.
Le Treut, H. and Li, Z.-X.: Sensitivity of an atmospheric general
circulation model to prescribed SST changes: Feedback effects associated
with the simulation of cloud optical properties, Clim. Dynam., 5, 175–187,
1991.
Levy, R. C., Mattoo, S., Munchak, L. A., Remer, L. A., Sayer, A. M., Patadia, F., and Hsu, N. C.: The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2989–3034, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2989-2013, 2013.
Li, Z., Lau, W. K.-M., Ramanathan, V., Wu, G., Ding, Y., Manoj, M. G., Liu,
J., Qian, Y., Li, J., Zhou, T., Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Ming, Y., Wang, Y.,
Huang, J., Wang, B., Xu, X., Lee, S. -S., Cribb, M., Zhang, F., Yang, X.,
Zhao, C., Takemura, T., Wang, K., Xia, X., Yin, Y., Zhang, H., Guo, J.,
Zhao, P. M., Sugimoto, N., Babu, S. S, and Brasseur, G. P.: Aerosol and
monsoon climate interactions over Asia, Rev. Geophys., 54, 866–929,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000500, 2016.
Lin, G., Qian, Y., Yan, H., Zhao, C., Ghan, S. J., Easter, R., and Zhang,
K.: Quantification of marine aerosol subgrid variability and its correlation
with clouds based on high-resolution regional modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, 6329–6346, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026567, 2017.
Liu, J., Fan, S., Horowitz, L. W., and Levy II, H.: Evaluation of factors
controlling long-range transport of black carbon to the Arctic, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, D04307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015145, 2011.
Liu, X., Penner, J. E., Das, B., Bergmann, D., Rodriguez, J. M., Strahan,
S., Wang, M., and Feng, T.: Uncertainties in global aerosol simulations:
Assessment using three meteorological data sets, J. Geophys. Res., 112,
D11212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008216, 2007.
Loeb, N. G., Wielicki, B. A., Doelling, D. R., Smith, D. R., Keyes, D. F.,
Kato, S., Manalo-Smith, N., and Wong, T.: Toward optimal closure of the
Earth's top-of-atmosphere radiation budget, J. Climate, 22, 748–766,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2637.1, 2009.
Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Chuang, C. C., and Penner, J. E.: Prediction of
the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 104,
9169–9198, 1999.
Lund, M. T. and Berntsen, T.: Parameterization of black carbon aging in the OsloCTM2 and implications for regional transport to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6999–7014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6999-2012, 2012.
Lund, M. T., Samset, B. H., Skeie, R. B., Watson-Parris, D., Katich, J. M.,
Schwarz, J. P., and Weinzierl, B.: Short black carbon lifetime from a global
set of aircraft observations, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 1, 31,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0040-x, 2018.
Ma, P.-L., Rasch, P. J., Fast, J. D., Easter, R. C., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Liu, X., Ghan, S. J., and Singh, B.: Assessing the CAM5 physics suite in the WRF-Chem model: implementation, resolution sensitivity, and a first evaluation for a regional case study, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 755–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-755-2014, 2014.
Malavell, F. F., Haywood, J. M., Jones, A., Gettelman, A., Clarisse, L.,
Bauduin, S., Allan R. P., Karset, I. H. H., Krisjánsson, J. E.,
Oreopoulos, L., Cho, N., Lee, D., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Grosvenor, D.
P., Carslaw, K. S., Dhomse, S., Mann, G. W., Schmidt, A., Coe, H., Hartley,
M. E., Dalvi, M., Hill, A. A., Johnson, B. T., Johnson, C. E., Knight, J.
R., O'Connor, F. M., Partridge, D. G., Stier, P., Myhre, G., Platnick, S.,
Stephens, G. L., Takahashi, H., and Thordarson, T.: Strong constraints on
aerosol-cloud interactions from volcanic eruptions, Nature, 546, 485–491,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22974, 2017.
Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.: Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1347–1370, 1994.
Marelle, L., Raut, J.-C., Law, K. S., Berg, L. K., Fast, J. D., Easter, R. C., Shrivastava, M., and Thomas, J. L.: Improvements to the WRF-Chem 3.5.1 model for quasi-hemispheric simulations of aerosols and ozone in the Arctic, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3661–3677, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3661-2017, 2017.
Matsui, H. and Mahowald, N.: Development of a global aerosol model using a
two-dimensional sectional method: 2. Evaluation and sensitivity simulations.
J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 9, 1887–1920, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS000937, 2017.
Matsui, H., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Sahu, L. K., Zhao, Y.,
Fuelberg, H. E., Sessions, W. R., Diskin, G., Blake, D. R., Wisthaler, A.,
and Koike, M.: Seasonal variation of the transport of black carbon aerosol
from the Asian continent to the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, D05202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015067, 2011.
Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T.: A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for
planetary boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791–1806, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1791:AHOTCM>2.0.CO;2, 1974.
Miura, H.: An upwind-biases conservative advection scheme for spherical
hexagonal-pentagonal grids, Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 4038–4044, 2007.
Miyamoto, Y., Kajikawa, Y., Yoshida, R., Yamaura, T., Yashiro, H., and
Tomita, H.: Deep moist atmospheric convection in a subkilometer global
simulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4922–4926, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50944,
2013.
Monahan, E. C., Spiel, D. E., and Davidson, K. L.: A model of marine aerosol
generation via whitecaps and wave disruption, in: Oceanic Whitecaps and Their
Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes, edited by: Monahan, E. C. and
Niocaill, G. M., Springer, New York, 167–174, 1986.
Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Takegawa, N., Komazaki, Y., Kurata, G.,
Shirai, T., Blake, D. R., Miyakawa, T., and Koike, M.: Evolution of mixing
state of black carbon particles: Aircraft measurements over the western
Pacific in March 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11803,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028943, 2007.
Myhre, G., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Bellouin, N., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Feichter, J., Ghan, S. J., Hauglustaine, D., Iversen, T., Kinne, S., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Lund, M. T., Luo, G., Ma, X., van Noije, T., Penner, J. E., Rasch, P. J., Ruiz, A., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Wang, P., Wang, Z., Xu, L., Yu, H., Yu, F., Yoon, J.-H., Zhang, K., Zhang, H., and Zhou, C.: Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1853–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1853-2013, 2013.
Nakajima, T., Tonna, G., Rao, R., Kaufman, Y., and Holben, B.: Use of sky
brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate
polydispersions, Appl. Optics, 35, 2672–2686, 1996.
Nakanishi, M. and Niino, H.: An improved Mellor–Yamada level 3 model with
condensation physics: its design and verification, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol.,
112, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000020164.04146.98, 2004.
Nam, C., Bony S., Dufresne, J.-L., and Chepfer, H.: The “too few, too
bright” tropical low-cloud problem in CMIP5 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39,
L21801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053421, 2012.
NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/National Weather Service/NOAA (National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration)/U.S. Department of Commerce: NCEP FNL Operational Model Global Tropospheric Analyses, continuing from July 1999, Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6M043C6, 2000.
Niwa, Y., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., and Imasu, R.: A three-dimensional
icosahedral grid advection scheme preserving monotonicity and consistency
with continuity for atmospheric tracer transport, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 89,
255–268, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2011-306, 2011.
Ohmura, A., Dutton, E. G., Forgan, B., Fröhlich, C.,
Gilgen, H., Hegner, H., Heimo, A., König-Langlo, G.,
McArthur, B., Müller, G., Philipona, R., Pinker, R.,
Whitlock, C. H., Dehne, K., and Wild, M.: Baseline surface radiation network
(BSRN/WCRP), a new precision radiometry for climate research, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2115–2136, 1998.
Oikawa, E., Nakajima, T., and Winker, D.: An evaluation of the shortwave
direct aerosol radiative forcing using CALIOP and MODIS observations, J.
Geophys. Res., 123, 1211–1233, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027247, 2018.
Oshima, N., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Koike, M., Kita, K.,
Matsui, H., Kajino, M., Nakamura, H., Jung, J. S., and Kim, Y. J.: Wet
removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East
Asia (A-FORCE) aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D3204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016552, 2012.
Partanen, A.-I., Dunne, E. M., Bergman, T., Laakso, A., Kokkola, H., Ovadnevaite, J., Sogacheva, L., Baisnée, D., Sciare, J., Manders, A., O'Dowd, C., de Leeuw, G., and Korhonen, H.: Global modelling of direct and indirect effects of sea spray aerosol using a source function encapsulating wave state, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11731–11752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11731-2014, 2014.
Pincus, R., McFarlane, S. A., and Klein, S. A.: Albedo bias and the
horizontal variability of clouds in subtropical marine boundary layers:
Observations from ships and satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 104,
6183–6191, 1999.
Platnick, S., Hubanks, P., Meyer, K., and King, M. D.: MODIS Atmosphere L3 Monthly Product. NASA MODIS
Adaptive Processing System, Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD08_M3.006, 2015a.
Platnick, S., Hubanks, P., Meyer, K. and King, M. D.: MODIS Atmosphere L3 Monthly Product. NASA MODIS Adaptive Processing System, Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD08_M3.006, 2015b.
Prospero, J. M., Uematsu, M., and Savoie, D.: Mineral aerosol transport to
the Pacific Ocean, in Chemical Oceanography, edited by: Riley, J. P.,
Chester, R., and Duce, R. A., Academic, New York, USA, 10, 188–218, 1989.
Qian, Y., Gustafson Jr., W. I., and Fast, J. D.: An investigation of the sub-grid variability of trace gases and aerosols for global climate modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6917–6946, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6917-2010, 2010.
Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J.,
Christensen, J., Flanner, M., Kupiainen, K., Luhavainen, H., Shepherd, M.,
Shevchenko, V., Skov, H., and Vestreng, V.: The Impact of black carton on
Arctic climate, 4, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), 2011.
Raut, J.-C., Marelle, L., Fast, J. D., Thomas, J. L., Weinzierl, B., Law, K. S., Berg, L. K., Roiger, A., Easter, R. C., Heimerl, K., Onishi, T., Delanoë, J., and Schlager, H.: Cross-polar transport and scavenging of Siberian aerosols containing black carbon during the 2012 ACCESS summer campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10969–10995, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10969-2017, 2017.
Samset, B. H., Myhre, G., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Bellouin, N., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Iversen, T., Kinne, S., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Penner, J. E., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., and Zhang, K.: Black carbon vertical profiles strongly affect its radiative forcing uncertainty, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2423–2434, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2423-2013, 2013.
Samset, B. H., Myhre, G., Herber, A., Kondo, Y., Li. S.- M., Moteki, N., Koike, M., Oshima, N., Schwarz, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Penner, J. E., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., and Zhang, K.: Modelled black carbon radiative forcing and atmospheric lifetime in AeroCom Phase II constrained by aircraft observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12465–12477, https://doi.org/10.5194-acp-14-12465-2014, 2014.
Sand, M., Samset, B. H., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Ghan, S. J., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Luo, G., Myhre, G., Noije, T. V., Penner, J. E., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Yu, F., Zhang, K., and Zhang, H.: Aerosols at the poles: an AeroCom Phase II multi-model evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12197–12218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12197-2017, 2017.
Sato, Y., Miura, H., Yashiro, H., Goto, D., Takemura, T., Tomita, H., and
Nakajima, T.: Unrealistically pristine air in the Arctic produced by current
global scale models, Sci. Rep., 6, 26561, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26561, 2016.
Sato, Y., Goto, D., Michibata, T., Suzuki, K., Takemura, T., Tomita, H., and
Nakajima, T.: Aerosol effects on cloud water amounts were successfully
simulated by a global cloud-system resolving model, Nat. Commun., 9, 985,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03379-6, 2018.
Satoh, M., Matsuno, T., Tomita, H., Miura, H., Nasuno, T., and Iga, S.:
Nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) for global cloud
resolving simulations. J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3486–3514,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.006, 2008.
Satoh, M., Inoue, T., and Miura, H.: Evaluations of cloud properties of
global and local cloud system resolving models using CALIPSO and CloudSat
simulators, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012247, 2010.
Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Yashiro, H., Miura, H., Kodama, C., Seiki, T., Noda,
A.T., Yamada, Y., Goto, D., Sawada, M., Miyoshi, T., Niwa, Y., Hara, M.,
Ohno, T., Iga, S., Arakawa, T., Inoue, T., and Kubokawa, H.: The
non-hydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model: description and development,
Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. 1, 18–49,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-014-0018-1, 2014.
Sayer, A. M., Munchak, L. A., Hsu, N. C., Levy, R. C., Bettenhausen, C., and
Jeong, M.-J.: MODIS Collection 6 aerosol products: Comparison between Aqua's
e-Deep Blue, Dark Target, and “merged” data sets, and usage
recommendations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 13965–13989,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022453, 2014.
Schutgens, N. A. J., Gryspeerdt, E., Weigum, N., Tsyro, S., Goto, D., Schulz, M., and Stier, P.: Will a perfect model agree with perfect observations? The impact of spatial sampling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6335–6353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6335-2016, 2016.
Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Fahey, D. W., Thomson, D. S., Watts, L. A.,
Wilson, J. C., Reeves, J. M., Darbeheshti, M., Baumgardner, D. G., Kok, G.
L., Chung, S. H., Schulz, M., Hendricks, J., Lauer, A., Kärcher, B.,
Slowik, J. G., Rosenlof, K. H., Thompson, T. L., Langford, A. O.,
Loewenstein, M., and Aikin, K. C.: Single-particle measurements of
midlatitude black carbon and light-scatting aerosols from the boundary layer
to the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16207,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007076, 2006.
Schwarz, J. P., Spackman, J. R., Gao, R. S., Watts, L. A., Stier, P.,
Schulz, M., Davis, S. M., Wofsy, S. C., and Fahey, D. W.: Global-scale black
carbon profiles observed in the remote atmosphere and compared to models,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044372, 2010.
Schwarz, J. P., Samset, B. H., Perring, A. E., Spackman, J. R., Gao, R. S.,
Stier, P., Schulz, M., Moore, F. L., Ray, E. A., and Fahey, D. W.:
Global-scale seasonally resolved black carbon vertical profiles over the
Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5542–5547, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057775, 2013.
Schwarz, J. P., Weinzierl, B., Samset, B. H., Dollner, M., Heimerl, K., Markovic, M. Z., Perring, A. E., and Ziemba, L.: Aircraft measurements of black carbon vertical profiles show upper tropospheric variability and stability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1132–1140, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071241, 2017.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From
Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York,
USA, 2006.
Sekiguchi, M. and Nakajima, T.: A k-distribution-based radiation code and
its computational optimization for an atmospheric general circulation model,
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 109, 2779–2793, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2008.07.013, 2008.
Sekiya, T., Miyazaki, K., Ogochi, K., Sudo, K., and Takigawa, M.: Global high-resolution simulations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide using CHASER V4.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 959–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-959-2018, 2018.
Sessions, W. R., Reid, J. S., Benedetti, A., Colarco, P. R., da Silva, A., Lu, S., Sekiyama, T., Tanaka, T. Y., Baldasano, J. M., Basart, S., Brooks, M. E., Eck, T. F., Iredell, M., Hansen, J. A., Jorba, O. C., Juang, H.-M. H., Lynch, P., Morcrette, J.-J., Moorthi, S., Mulcahy, J., Pradhan, Y., Razinger, M., Sampson, C. B., Wang, J., and Westphal, D. L.: Development towards a global operational aerosol consensus: basic climatological characteristics of the International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction Multi-Model Ensemble (ICAP-MME), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 335–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-335-2015, 2015.
Sharma, S., Leaitch, W. R., Huang, L., Veber, D., Kolonjari, F., Zhang, W., Hanna, S. J., Bertram, A. K., and Ogren, J. A.: An evaluation of three methods for measuring black carbon in Alert, Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15225–15243, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15225-2017, 2017.
Shindell, D. T., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Doherty, R. M., Faluvegi, G., Fiore, A. M., Hess, P., Koch, D. M., MacKenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Stevenson, D. S., Teich, H., Textor, C., Wild, O., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Bian, H., Cuvelier, C., Duncan, B. N., Folberth, G., Horowitz, L. W., Jonson, J., Kaminski, J. W., Marmer, E., Park, R., Pringle, K. J., Schroeder, S., Szopa, S., Takemura, T., Zeng, G., Keating, T. J., and Zuber, A.: A multi-model assessment of pollution transport to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5353–5372, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5353-2008, 2008.
Sinha, P. R., Kondo, Y., Koike, M., Ogren, J. A., Jefferson, A., Barrett, T.
E., Sheesley, R. J., Ohara, S., Moteki, N., Coe, H., Liu, D., Irwin, M.,
Tunved, P., Quinn, P. K., and Zhao, Y.: Evaluation of ground-based black
carbon measurements by filter-based photometers at two Arctic sites, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 3544-3572, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025843, 2017.
Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and
precipitation in a bufferred system, Nature, 461, 607–613,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08281, 2009.
Su, W., Loeb, N. G., Schuster, G. L., Chin, M., and Rose, F. G.: Global
all-sky shortwave direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols from
combined satellite observations and GOCART simulations: J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 655–669, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018294, 2013.
Sudo, K., Takahashi, M., Kurokawa, J., and Akimoto, H.: CHASER: A global
chemical model of the troposphere: 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res.,
107, 4339, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001113, 2002.
Suzuki, K., Nakajima, T., Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Takemura, T., Nakajima,
T. Y., and Stephens, G. L.: Global cloud-system-resolving simulation of
aerosol effect on warm clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19817,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035449, 2008.
Takata, K., Emori, S., and Watanabe, T.: Development of the minimal advanced
treatments of surface interaction and runoff, Global Planet. Change, 38,
209–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00030-4, 2003.
Takemura, T., Okamoto, H., Maruyama, Y., Numaguti, A., Higurashi, A., and
Nakajima, T.: Global three-dimensional simulation of aerosol optical
thickness distribution of various origins, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
17853–17873, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900265, 2000.
Takemura, T., Nakajima, T., Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., and Kinne, S.: Single-scattering albedo and radiative forcing of various aerosol species with a global three-dimensional model, J. Climate, 15, 333–352, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0333:SSAARF>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Takemura, T., Nozawa, T., Emori, S., Nakajima, T. Y., and Nakajima, T.:
Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with
aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005029, 2005.
Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, H., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I., Iversen, I., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkevåg, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777–1813, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006, 2006.
Tomita, H.: New microphysics with five and six categories with diagnostic
generation of cloud ice, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 86A, 121–142, 2008.
Tomita, H. and Satoh, M.: A new dynamical framework of nonhydrostatic global
model using the icosahedral grid, Fluid Dyn. Res., 34, 357–400, 2004.
Tørseth, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Fjaeraa, A. M., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke, A. G., Lund Myhre, C., Sollberg, S., and Yttri, K. E.: Inroduction to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5447–5481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012, 2012.
Tsigaridis, K., Daskalakis, N., Kanakidou, M., Adams, P. J., Artaxo, P., Bahadur, R., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Bellouin, N., Benedetti, A., Bergman, T., Berntsen, T. K., Beukes, J. P., Bian, H., Carslaw, K. S., Chin, M., Curci, G., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Gong, S. L., Hodzic, A., Hoyle, C. R., Iversen, T., Jathar, S., Jimenez, J. L., Kaiser, J. W., Kirkevåg, A., Koch, D., Kokkola, H., Lee, Y. H., Lin, G., Liu, X., Luo, G., Ma, X., Mann, G. W., Mihalopoulos, N., Morcrette, J.-J., Müller, J.-F., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Ng, N. L., O'Donnell, D., Penner, J. E., Pozzoli, L., Pringle, K. J., Russell, L. M., Schulz, M., Sciare, J., Seland, Ø., Shindell, D. T., Sillman, S., Skeie, R. B., Spracklen, D., Stavrakou, T., Steenrod, S. D., Takemura, T., Tiitta, P., Tilmes, S., Tost, H., van Noije, T., van Zyl, P. G., von Salzen, K., Yu, F., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Zaveri, R. A., Zhang, H., Zhang, K., Zhang, Q., and Zhang, X.: The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10845–10895, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10845-2014, 2014.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T. T., Chen, Y., Rogers, B. M., Mu, M., van Marle, M. J. E., Morton, D. C., Collatz, G. J., Yokelson, R. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 697–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017, 2017.
Watson-Parris, D., Schutgems, N. Winker, D., Burton, S. P., Ferrare, R. A.,
and Stier, P.: On the limits of CALIOP for constraining modeled free
tropospheric aerosol. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9260–9266,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078195, 2018.
Willis, M. D., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Processes controlling
the composition and abundance of Arctic aerosol, Rev. Geophys., 56, 621–671,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000602, 2018.
Winker, D. M., Tackett, J. L., Getzewich, B. J., Liu, Z., Vaughan, M. A., and Rogers, R. R.: The global 3-D distribution of tropospheric aerosols as characterized by CALIOP, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3345–3361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3345-2013, 2013.
Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Jimenez, R., Kort, E., Pittman, J. V., Park, S.,
Commane, R., Xiang, B., Santoni, G., Jacob, G., Fisher, J., Pickett-Heaps,
C., Wang, H., Wecht, K., Wang, Q.-Q., Stephens, Q.-Q., Shertz, S., Watt,
A.S., Romashkin, P., Campos, T., Haggerty, J., Cooper, W. A., Rogers, D.,
Beaton, S., Hendershot, R., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Gao, R. S., Moore,
F., Montzka, S. A., Schwarz, J. P., Perring, A. E., Hurst, D., Miller, B.
R., Sweeney, C., Oltmans, S., Nance, D., Hintsa, E., Dutton, G., Watts, L.
A., Spackman, J. R., Rosenlof, K. H., Ray, E. A., Hall, B., Zondlo, M. A.,
Diao, M., Keeling, R., Bent, J., Atlas, E. L., Lueb, R., and Mahoney, M. J.:
HIPPO Merged 10-second Meteorology, Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosol Data
(R_20121129). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA,
https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/hippo_010, 2012.
Yasunari, T. J., Kim, K.-M., da Silva, A. M., Hayasaki, M., Akiyama, M., and
Murao, N.: Extreme air pollution events in Hokkaido, Japan, traced back to
early snowmelt and large-scale wildfires over East Eurasia: Case studies,
Sci. Rep., 8, 6413, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24335-w, 2018.
Yu, P., Froyd, K. D., Portmann, R. W., Toon, O. B., Freitas, S. R., Bardeen,
C. G., Brock, C., Fan, T., Gao, R. -S., Latich, J. M., Kupc, A., Liu, S.,
Maloney, C., Murphy, D. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Schill, G., Schwarz, J. P., and
Williamson, C.: Efficient in-cloud removal of aerosols by deep convection,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 1061–1069, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080544, 2019.
Zhang, X. Y., Wang, Y. Q., Niu, T., Zhang, X. C., Gong, S. L., Zhang, Y. M., and Sun, J. Y.: Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 779–799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-779-2012, 2012.
Short summary
We executed a global aerosol model over 3 years with the finest grid size in the world. The results elucidated that global annual averages of parameters associated with the aerosols were generally comparable to those obtained from a low-resolution model (LRM), but spatiotemporal variabilities of the aerosol components and their associated parameters provided better results closer to the observations than those from the LRM. This study clarified the advantages of the high-resolution model.
We executed a global aerosol model over 3 years with the finest grid size in the world. The...
