Articles | Volume 13, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-225-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-225-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
29 Jan 2020
Model description paper |
| 29 Jan 2020
| 29 Jan 2020
The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) v1.0: a multi-scale, multi-extent, variable-complexity hydrological model – design and overview
Christopher B. Marsh
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Centre for Hydrology, University of
Saskatchewan, Canada
Global Institute for Water Security,
University of Saskatchewan, Canada
John W. Pomeroy
Centre for Hydrology, University of
Saskatchewan, Canada
Global Institute for Water Security,
University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Howard S. Wheater
Global Institute for Water Security,
University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Centre for Hydrology, University of
Saskatchewan, Canada
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Cited
48 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Predicting Hydrological Change in an Alpine Glacierized Basin and Its Sensitivity to Landscape Evolution and Meteorological Forcings C. Aubry‐Wake & J. Pomeroy https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033363
- Multifactorial Principal‐Monotonicity Inference for Macro‐Scale Distributed Hydrologic Modeling G. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031370
- Performance improvements to modern hydrological models via lookup table optimizations C. Marsh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105018
- SuperflexPy 1.3.0: an open-source Python framework for building, testing, and improving conceptual hydrological models M. Dal Molin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7047-2021
- Exploring how Sentinel-1 wet-snow maps can inform fully distributed physically based snowpack models B. Cluzet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5753-2024
- Snow redistribution in an intermediate-complexity snow hydrology modelling framework L. Quéno et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3533-2024
- Evaluation and interpretation of convolutional long short-term memory networks for regional hydrological modelling S. Anderson & V. Radić https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-795-2022
- Snow cover prediction in the Italian central Apennines using weather forecast and land surface numerical models E. Raparelli et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-519-2023
- Topographically-controlled contribution of avalanches to glacier mass balance in the 21st century M. Kneib et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65608-z
- Challenges of modelling climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources: AI is the game changer—a review C. Onyutha https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae2a60
- Improved streamflow prediction accuracy in Boreal climate watershed using a LSTM model: A comparative study K. Islam et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000359
- Impact of the selected boundary layer schemes and enhanced horizontal resolution on the Weather Research and Forecasting model performance on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula M. Matějka & K. Láska https://doi.org/10.5817/CPR2022-1-2
- Analyzing the sensitivity of a blowing snow model (SnowPappus) to precipitation forcing, blowing snow, and spatial resolution A. Haddjeri et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3081-2024
- A cold-region flood model framework for Canada S. Kondapalli et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2529272
- Advances in hexagon mesh-based flow direction modeling C. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.104099
- The Canadian Global Water Futures programme – creation, foundation, and operation C. DeBeer et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2025.2559600
- HORAYZON v1.2: an efficient and flexible ray-tracing algorithm to compute horizon and sky view factor C. Steger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6817-2022
- Integrating Euclidean and non-Euclidean spatial information for deep learning-based spatiotemporal hydrological simulation L. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131438
- Towards a coherent flood forecasting framework for Canada: Local to global implications L. Arnal et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12895
- Combining static and portable Cosmic ray neutron sensor data to assess catchment scale heterogeneity in soil water storage and their integrated role in catchment runoff response K. Dimitrova-Petrova et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126659
- Parameterizing a hydrological model using a short‐term observational dataset to study runoff generation processes and reproduce recent trends in streamflow at a remote mountainous permafrost basin N. Nesterova et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14278
- Impact of Climate Change on the Frequency of Dynamic Breakup Events and on the Risk of Ice-Jam Floods in Quebec, Canada B. Turcotte et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102891
- A parameter allocation approach for flow simulation using the WetSpa‐Python model A. Bahremand et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13992
- Advances in modelling large river basins in cold regions with Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire—Surface and Hydrology (MESH), the Canadian hydrological land surface scheme H. Wheater et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14557
- Assessments of Solar, Thermal and Net Irradiance from Simple Solar Geometry and Routine Meteorological Measurements in the Pannonian Basin Z. Popov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080935
- Windmapper: An Efficient Wind Downscaling Method for Hydrological Models C. Marsh et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032683
- Monolayer or Multilayer Snow Model: Implications for the HYDROTEL Hydrological Model for Flow Modeling J. Augas et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18070884
- Implications of terrain resolution on modeling rainfall-triggered landslides using a TIN- based model E. Arnone et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105067
- Integrated Hydrologic Modelling of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in Cold Regions X. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.721009
- Subgridding high-resolution numerical weather forecast in the Canadian Selkirk mountain range for local snow modeling in a remote sensing perspective P. Billecocq et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2765-2024
- Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-Sample SPATially distributed analysis (CAMELS-SPAT): streamflow observations, forcing data and geospatial data for hydrologic studies across North America W. Knoben et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5791-2025
- Model of Snow Cover Dynamics Used in Hydrological Forecasting Practice of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia Y. Simonov & N. Semenova https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373925140067
- Cascading downstream impacts of water cycle changes in mountain regions D. Viviroli et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02552-2
- Enhancing simulations of snowpack properties in land surface models with the Soil, Vegetation and Snow scheme v2.0 (SVS2) V. Vionnet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9119-2025
- The cold regions hydrological modelling platform for hydrological diagnosis and prediction based on process understanding J. Pomeroy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128711
- Improvement of springtime streamflow prediction using a snow hydrology model aided with USDA SNOTEL and in-situ snowpit observations D. Kang et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2022.180
- Evaluating the significance of wetland representation in isotope-enabled distributed hydrologic modeling in mesoscale Precambrian shield watersheds A. Tafvizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131377
- A Flexible Snow Model (FSM 2.1.1) including a forest canopy R. Essery et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3583-2025
- Snow Water Equivalent from airborne Ku-band data: the Trail Valley Creek 2018/19 snow experiment B. Montpetit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5465-2025
- State of the Art in Monitoring Methane Emissions from Arctic–boreal Wetlands and Lakes M. Mahdianpari et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18060926
- Enhancing the modularity and interoperability of hydrologic models: A demonstration with the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA) S. Trim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106668
- Algorithm 1057: FunC: A Minimally Invasive C++ Library for the Generation and Analysis of Univariate Lookup Tables S. McAdam & R. Spiteri https://doi.org/10.1145/3734692
- SnowClim v1.0: high-resolution snow model and data for the western United States A. Lute et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5045-2022
- Advances in the simulation of nutrient dynamics in cold climate agricultural basins: Developing new nitrogen and phosphorus modules for the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform D. Costa et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126901
- A review on modeling nutrient dynamics and loadings in forest-dominated watersheds under cold climate conditions Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-02010-6
- CrocO_v1.0: a particle filter to assimilate snowpack observations in a spatialised framework B. Cluzet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1595-2021
- Multi-scale snowdrift-permitting modelling of mountain snowpack V. Vionnet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-743-2021
- Technical note: Introduction of a superconducting gravimeter as novel hydrological sensor for the Alpine research catchment Zugspitze C. Voigt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5047-2021
48 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Predicting Hydrological Change in an Alpine Glacierized Basin and Its Sensitivity to Landscape Evolution and Meteorological Forcings C. Aubry‐Wake & J. Pomeroy https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033363
- Multifactorial Principal‐Monotonicity Inference for Macro‐Scale Distributed Hydrologic Modeling G. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031370
- Performance improvements to modern hydrological models via lookup table optimizations C. Marsh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105018
- SuperflexPy 1.3.0: an open-source Python framework for building, testing, and improving conceptual hydrological models M. Dal Molin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7047-2021
- Exploring how Sentinel-1 wet-snow maps can inform fully distributed physically based snowpack models B. Cluzet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5753-2024
- Snow redistribution in an intermediate-complexity snow hydrology modelling framework L. Quéno et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3533-2024
- Evaluation and interpretation of convolutional long short-term memory networks for regional hydrological modelling S. Anderson & V. Radić https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-795-2022
- Snow cover prediction in the Italian central Apennines using weather forecast and land surface numerical models E. Raparelli et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-519-2023
- Topographically-controlled contribution of avalanches to glacier mass balance in the 21st century M. Kneib et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65608-z
- Challenges of modelling climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources: AI is the game changer—a review C. Onyutha https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae2a60
- Improved streamflow prediction accuracy in Boreal climate watershed using a LSTM model: A comparative study K. Islam et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000359
- Impact of the selected boundary layer schemes and enhanced horizontal resolution on the Weather Research and Forecasting model performance on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula M. Matějka & K. Láska https://doi.org/10.5817/CPR2022-1-2
- Analyzing the sensitivity of a blowing snow model (SnowPappus) to precipitation forcing, blowing snow, and spatial resolution A. Haddjeri et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3081-2024
- A cold-region flood model framework for Canada S. Kondapalli et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2529272
- Advances in hexagon mesh-based flow direction modeling C. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.104099
- The Canadian Global Water Futures programme – creation, foundation, and operation C. DeBeer et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2025.2559600
- HORAYZON v1.2: an efficient and flexible ray-tracing algorithm to compute horizon and sky view factor C. Steger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6817-2022
- Integrating Euclidean and non-Euclidean spatial information for deep learning-based spatiotemporal hydrological simulation L. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131438
- Towards a coherent flood forecasting framework for Canada: Local to global implications L. Arnal et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12895
- Combining static and portable Cosmic ray neutron sensor data to assess catchment scale heterogeneity in soil water storage and their integrated role in catchment runoff response K. Dimitrova-Petrova et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126659
- Parameterizing a hydrological model using a short‐term observational dataset to study runoff generation processes and reproduce recent trends in streamflow at a remote mountainous permafrost basin N. Nesterova et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14278
- Impact of Climate Change on the Frequency of Dynamic Breakup Events and on the Risk of Ice-Jam Floods in Quebec, Canada B. Turcotte et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102891
- A parameter allocation approach for flow simulation using the WetSpa‐Python model A. Bahremand et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13992
- Advances in modelling large river basins in cold regions with Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire—Surface and Hydrology (MESH), the Canadian hydrological land surface scheme H. Wheater et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14557
- Assessments of Solar, Thermal and Net Irradiance from Simple Solar Geometry and Routine Meteorological Measurements in the Pannonian Basin Z. Popov et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080935
- Windmapper: An Efficient Wind Downscaling Method for Hydrological Models C. Marsh et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032683
- Monolayer or Multilayer Snow Model: Implications for the HYDROTEL Hydrological Model for Flow Modeling J. Augas et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18070884
- Implications of terrain resolution on modeling rainfall-triggered landslides using a TIN- based model E. Arnone et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105067
- Integrated Hydrologic Modelling of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in Cold Regions X. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.721009
- Subgridding high-resolution numerical weather forecast in the Canadian Selkirk mountain range for local snow modeling in a remote sensing perspective P. Billecocq et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2765-2024
- Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-Sample SPATially distributed analysis (CAMELS-SPAT): streamflow observations, forcing data and geospatial data for hydrologic studies across North America W. Knoben et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5791-2025
- Model of Snow Cover Dynamics Used in Hydrological Forecasting Practice of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia Y. Simonov & N. Semenova https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373925140067
- Cascading downstream impacts of water cycle changes in mountain regions D. Viviroli et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02552-2
- Enhancing simulations of snowpack properties in land surface models with the Soil, Vegetation and Snow scheme v2.0 (SVS2) V. Vionnet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9119-2025
- The cold regions hydrological modelling platform for hydrological diagnosis and prediction based on process understanding J. Pomeroy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128711
- Improvement of springtime streamflow prediction using a snow hydrology model aided with USDA SNOTEL and in-situ snowpit observations D. Kang et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2022.180
- Evaluating the significance of wetland representation in isotope-enabled distributed hydrologic modeling in mesoscale Precambrian shield watersheds A. Tafvizi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131377
- A Flexible Snow Model (FSM 2.1.1) including a forest canopy R. Essery et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3583-2025
- Snow Water Equivalent from airborne Ku-band data: the Trail Valley Creek 2018/19 snow experiment B. Montpetit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5465-2025
- State of the Art in Monitoring Methane Emissions from Arctic–boreal Wetlands and Lakes M. Mahdianpari et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18060926
- Enhancing the modularity and interoperability of hydrologic models: A demonstration with the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA) S. Trim et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106668
- Algorithm 1057: FunC: A Minimally Invasive C++ Library for the Generation and Analysis of Univariate Lookup Tables S. McAdam & R. Spiteri https://doi.org/10.1145/3734692
- SnowClim v1.0: high-resolution snow model and data for the western United States A. Lute et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5045-2022
- Advances in the simulation of nutrient dynamics in cold climate agricultural basins: Developing new nitrogen and phosphorus modules for the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform D. Costa et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126901
- A review on modeling nutrient dynamics and loadings in forest-dominated watersheds under cold climate conditions Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-02010-6
- CrocO_v1.0: a particle filter to assimilate snowpack observations in a spatialised framework B. Cluzet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1595-2021
- Multi-scale snowdrift-permitting modelling of mountain snowpack V. Vionnet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-743-2021
- Technical note: Introduction of a superconducting gravimeter as novel hydrological sensor for the Alpine research catchment Zugspitze C. Voigt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5047-2021
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) is a next-generation distributed model. Although designed to be applied generally, it has a focus for application where cold-region processes, such as snowpacks, play a role in hydrology. A key feature is that it uses a multi-scale surface representation, increasing efficiency. It also enables algorithm comparisons in a flexible structure. Model philosophy, design, and several cold-region-specific examples are described.
The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) is a next-generation distributed model. Although designed...
