Articles | Volume 10, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2157-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2157-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Methods for assessment of models
| 
08 Jun 2017
Methods for assessment of models |
| 08 Jun 2017
Defining metrics of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in global climate models
Verena Schenzinger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Scott Osprey
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Physics, Oxford, UK
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Lesley Gray
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Neal Butchart
Met
Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, UK
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Cited
43 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Effect of QBO Phase on the Atmospheric Response to Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Early Winter Z. Labe et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083095
- QBO‐MJO Connection in CMIP5 Models Y. Lim & S. Son https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032157
- Impacts, processes and projections of the quasi-biennial oscillation J. Anstey et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00323-7
- The Buffer Zone of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation A. Match & S. Fueglistaler https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0151.1
- Sensitivity of QBO teleconnection to model circulation biases A. Karpechko et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4014
- Variability of the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Its Wave Forcing Simulated in the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model Y. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0123.1
- Large internal variability dominates over global warming signal in observed lower stratospheric QBO amplitude A. Match & S. Fueglistaler https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0270.1
- Impact of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Northern Winter Stratospheric Polar Vortex in CMIP5/6 Models J. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0663.1
- Understanding the Mechanisms for Tropical Surface Impacts of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) J. García‐Franco et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038474
- Prolonged QBO-ENSO phase alignment caused unbalanced water resources across East Asia F. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2026.07.047
- Representation of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in JRA-3Q H. NAOE et al. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2025-012
- QBO Changes in CMIP6 Climate Projections N. Butchart et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086903
- Revisiting the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation as Seen in ERA5. Part II: Evaluation of Waves and Wave Forcing H. Pahlavan et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0249.1
- Calibration and Uncertainty Quantification of a Gravity Wave Parameterization: A Case Study of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in an Intermediate Complexity Climate Model L. Mansfield & A. Sheshadri https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003245
- Nonlinear characterization and interaction in teleconnection patterns S. Ogunjo & I. Fuwape https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.03.023
- Longitudinally Asymmetric Stratospheric Oscillation on a Tidally Locked Exoplanet M. Cohen et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac625d
- Explaining the period fluctuation of the quasi-biennial oscillation Y. Kim https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5647-2025
- Revisiting the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation as Seen in ERA5. Part I: Description and Momentum Budget H. Pahlavan et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0248.1
- On the role of Rossby wave breaking in the quasi‐biennial modulation of the stratospheric polar vortex during boreal winter H. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3775
- Mean-Flow Damping Forms the Buffer Zone of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation: 1D Theory A. Match & S. Fueglistaler https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0293.1
- The Lack of QBO‐MJO Connection in CMIP6 Models H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087295
- Overview of experiment design and comparison of models participating in phase 1 of the SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) N. Butchart et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1009-2018
- The Influence of Eurasian Snow Extent on the Northern Extratropical Stratosphere in a QBO Resolving Model N. Tyrrell et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027378
- Impact of a Stochastic Nonorographic Gravity Wave Parameterization on the Stratospheric Dynamics of a General Circulation Model F. Serva et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001297
- The Linkage Between Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Precipitation in Sub-Saharan Africa A. Munyentwari et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18101507
- The influence of ENSO events on the stratospheric QBO in a multi-model ensemble F. Serva et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05131-7
- Representation of Modes of Variability in Six U.S. Climate Models C. Orbe et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0956.1
- The importance of stratospheric initial conditions for winter North Atlantic Oscillation predictability and implications for the signal‐to‐noise paradox C. O'Reilly et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3413
- Simulation of the QBO in IAP-AGCM: Analysis of momentum budget Z. Chai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2020.100021
- Descent Rate Models of the Synchronization of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation by the Annual Cycle in Tropical Upwelling K. Rajendran et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0267.1
- Evaluation of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in global climate models for the SPARC QBO‐initiative A. Bushell et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3765
- BCC-CSM2-HR: a high-resolution version of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model T. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2977-2021
- Progress in Simulating the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in CMIP Models J. Richter et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032362
- Surface impacts of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation L. Gray et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8227-2018
- Sensitivity of Gravity Wave Fluxes to Interannual Variations in Tropical Convection and Zonal Wind M. Alexander et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0044.1
- Linear interference between effects of ENSO and QBO on the northern winter stratospheric polar vortex H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-07040-x
- The stratosphere: a review of the dynamics and variability N. Butchart https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1237-2022
- Improved Simulation of the QBO in E3SMv1 J. Richter et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001763
- The disappearing quasi-biennial oscillation under sustained global warming F. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68922-2
- On the magnitude and sensitivity of the quasi-biennial oscillation response to a tropical volcanic eruption F. Brown et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023
- Dynamic configuration before quasi-biennial oscillation disruptions revealed from the perspective of planetary waves Y. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00874-0
- QBOi El Niño Southern Oscillation experiments: assessing relationships between ENSO, MJO, and QBO D. Elsbury et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-317-2026
- The tropical route of quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) teleconnections in a climate model J. García-Franco et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-825-2022
43 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Effect of QBO Phase on the Atmospheric Response to Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Early Winter Z. Labe et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083095
- QBO‐MJO Connection in CMIP5 Models Y. Lim & S. Son https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032157
- Impacts, processes and projections of the quasi-biennial oscillation J. Anstey et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00323-7
- The Buffer Zone of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation A. Match & S. Fueglistaler https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0151.1
- Sensitivity of QBO teleconnection to model circulation biases A. Karpechko et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4014
- Variability of the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Its Wave Forcing Simulated in the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model Y. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0123.1
- Large internal variability dominates over global warming signal in observed lower stratospheric QBO amplitude A. Match & S. Fueglistaler https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0270.1
- Impact of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Northern Winter Stratospheric Polar Vortex in CMIP5/6 Models J. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0663.1
- Understanding the Mechanisms for Tropical Surface Impacts of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) J. García‐Franco et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038474
- Prolonged QBO-ENSO phase alignment caused unbalanced water resources across East Asia F. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2026.07.047
- Representation of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in JRA-3Q H. NAOE et al. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2025-012
- QBO Changes in CMIP6 Climate Projections N. Butchart et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086903
- Revisiting the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation as Seen in ERA5. Part II: Evaluation of Waves and Wave Forcing H. Pahlavan et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0249.1
- Calibration and Uncertainty Quantification of a Gravity Wave Parameterization: A Case Study of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in an Intermediate Complexity Climate Model L. Mansfield & A. Sheshadri https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003245
- Nonlinear characterization and interaction in teleconnection patterns S. Ogunjo & I. Fuwape https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.03.023
- Longitudinally Asymmetric Stratospheric Oscillation on a Tidally Locked Exoplanet M. Cohen et al. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac625d
- Explaining the period fluctuation of the quasi-biennial oscillation Y. Kim https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5647-2025
- Revisiting the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation as Seen in ERA5. Part I: Description and Momentum Budget H. Pahlavan et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0248.1
- On the role of Rossby wave breaking in the quasi‐biennial modulation of the stratospheric polar vortex during boreal winter H. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3775
- Mean-Flow Damping Forms the Buffer Zone of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation: 1D Theory A. Match & S. Fueglistaler https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0293.1
- The Lack of QBO‐MJO Connection in CMIP6 Models H. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087295
- Overview of experiment design and comparison of models participating in phase 1 of the SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) N. Butchart et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1009-2018
- The Influence of Eurasian Snow Extent on the Northern Extratropical Stratosphere in a QBO Resolving Model N. Tyrrell et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027378
- Impact of a Stochastic Nonorographic Gravity Wave Parameterization on the Stratospheric Dynamics of a General Circulation Model F. Serva et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001297
- The Linkage Between Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Precipitation in Sub-Saharan Africa A. Munyentwari et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18101507
- The influence of ENSO events on the stratospheric QBO in a multi-model ensemble F. Serva et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05131-7
- Representation of Modes of Variability in Six U.S. Climate Models C. Orbe et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0956.1
- The importance of stratospheric initial conditions for winter North Atlantic Oscillation predictability and implications for the signal‐to‐noise paradox C. O'Reilly et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3413
- Simulation of the QBO in IAP-AGCM: Analysis of momentum budget Z. Chai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2020.100021
- Descent Rate Models of the Synchronization of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation by the Annual Cycle in Tropical Upwelling K. Rajendran et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0267.1
- Evaluation of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in global climate models for the SPARC QBO‐initiative A. Bushell et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3765
- BCC-CSM2-HR: a high-resolution version of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model T. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2977-2021
- Progress in Simulating the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in CMIP Models J. Richter et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032362
- Surface impacts of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation L. Gray et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8227-2018
- Sensitivity of Gravity Wave Fluxes to Interannual Variations in Tropical Convection and Zonal Wind M. Alexander et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0044.1
- Linear interference between effects of ENSO and QBO on the northern winter stratospheric polar vortex H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-07040-x
- The stratosphere: a review of the dynamics and variability N. Butchart https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1237-2022
- Improved Simulation of the QBO in E3SMv1 J. Richter et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001763
- The disappearing quasi-biennial oscillation under sustained global warming F. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68922-2
- On the magnitude and sensitivity of the quasi-biennial oscillation response to a tropical volcanic eruption F. Brown et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023
- Dynamic configuration before quasi-biennial oscillation disruptions revealed from the perspective of planetary waves Y. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00874-0
- QBOi El Niño Southern Oscillation experiments: assessing relationships between ENSO, MJO, and QBO D. Elsbury et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-7-317-2026
- The tropical route of quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) teleconnections in a climate model J. García-Franco et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-825-2022
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Short summary
The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is a pattern of winds in the equatorial stratosphere that has been observed for the past 60 years. It is thought to have long-range influences, e.g. on the Northern Hemisphere winter polar vortex and therefore Europe's winter weather. Since its period is about 2 years, being able to predict the QBO might also improve weather forecasting. Using a set of characteristic metrics, this paper examines how reliable current climate models are in simulating the QBO.
The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is a pattern of winds in the equatorial stratosphere that...
