Articles | Volume 9, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1423-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1423-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
19 Apr 2016
Development and technical paper |
| 19 Apr 2016
Development and evaluation of CNRM Earth system model – CNRM-ESM1
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Christine Delire
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Bertrand Decharme
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Aurore Voldoire
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
David Salas y Melia
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Matthieu Chevallier
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
David Saint-Martin
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Olivier Aumont
Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN-IPSL Laboratory, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
Jean-Christophe Calvet
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Dominique Carrer
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Hervé Douville
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Laurent Franchistéguy
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Emilie Joetzjer
Department of Ecology, Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, 111 AJM Johnson Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
Séphane Sénési
CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France
Viewed
Total article views: 7,755 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 22 Jul 2015)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,895 | 2,511 | 349 | 7,755 | 863 | 348 | 457 |
- HTML: 4,895
- PDF: 2,511
- XML: 349
- Total: 7,755
- Supplement: 863
- BibTeX: 348
- EndNote: 457
Total article views: 6,951 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 19 Apr 2016)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,516 | 2,110 | 325 | 6,951 | 530 | 340 | 447 |
- HTML: 4,516
- PDF: 2,110
- XML: 325
- Total: 6,951
- Supplement: 530
- BibTeX: 340
- EndNote: 447
Total article views: 804 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 22 Jul 2015)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 379 | 401 | 24 | 804 | 333 | 8 | 10 |
- HTML: 379
- PDF: 401
- XML: 24
- Total: 804
- Supplement: 333
- BibTeX: 8
- EndNote: 10
Cited
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Advances in understanding large‐scale responses of the water cycle to climate change R. Allan et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14337
- Trends in carbon sink along the Belt and Road in the future under high emission scenario J. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2022.100149
- Assessing the Decadal Predictability of Land and Ocean Carbon Uptake R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076092
- Enhanced future vegetation growth with elevated carbon dioxide concentrations could increase fire activity R. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01228-7
- How Does the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Affect the Boreal Winter Tropospheric Circulation in CMIP5/6 Models? J. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0024.1
- Role of Atlantification in Enhanced Primary Productivity in the Barents Sea K. Noh et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF003709
- Projections of future bioclimatic indicators using bias-corrected CMIP6 models: a case study in a tropical monsoon region M. Kamruzzaman et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35487-w
- Multi-stage ensemble-learning-based model fusion for surface ozone simulations: A focus on CMIP6 models Z. Sun & A. Archibald https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2021.100124
- Climate change and conservation of Caladenia orchids in Western Australia J. Calevo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03185-9
- Soil Functions: Connecting Earth's Critical Zone S. Banwart et al. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020544
- Impact of regional climate change on the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in a tropical island environment: La Réunion K. Lamy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162484
- Relative uptake of carbonyl sulphide to carbon dioxide: insights from a coupled boundary layer – canopy inverse modelling framework P. Bosman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3225-2026
- Inconsistent strategies to spin up models in CMIP5: implications for ocean biogeochemical model performance assessment R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1827-2016
- Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM‐ESM2‐1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present‐Day and Future Climate R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001791
- Impact of Solar Radiation Modification on Allowable CO2 Emissions: What Can We Learn From Multimodel Simulations? M. Plazzotta et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001165
- Impact of canopy environmental variables on the diurnal dynamics of water and carbon dioxide exchange at leaf and canopy level R. González-Armas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024
- On the relation of CMIP6 GCMs errors at RCM driving boundary condition zones and inner region for Central Europe region E. Holtanová et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07216-z
- Phosphorus Limitation on Carbon Sequestration in China under RCP8.5 J. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-2195-y
- Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models V. Arora et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4173-2020
- Consistent Trends in Dry Spell Length in Recent Observations and Future Projections C. Wainwright et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097231
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering on surface air temperature in China: a surface energy budget perspective Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022
- Enhancing Understanding of the Impact of Climate Change on Malaria in West Africa Using the Vector-Borne Disease Community Model of the International Center for Theoretical Physics (VECTRI) and the Bias-Corrected Phase 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Data (CMIP6) P. Fall et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040145
- Explaining Globally Inhomogeneous Future Changes in Monsoons Using Simple Moist Energy Diagnostics R. Bombardi & W. Boos https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-1012.1
- ESD Reviews: Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation C. Heinze et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-379-2019
- Potential negative impacts of climate change outweigh opportunities for the Colombian Pacific Ocean Shrimp Fishery I. Benavides et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71029-7
- Global Carbon Budget 2019 P. Friedlingstein et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
- Projected climate change impacts on the inflow of a Southeastern Brazilian hydropower reservoir N. da Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-026-02560-8
- Emergent Constraint for Future Decline in Arctic Phytoplankton Concentration K. Noh et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003427
- Energy-conserving physics for nonhydrostatic dynamics in mass coordinate models O. Guba et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1429-2024
- IPSL-CM5A2 – an Earth system model designed for multi-millennial climate simulations P. Sepulchre et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3011-2020
- Development of the UKESM-TOPAZ Earth System Model (Version 1.0) and Preliminary Evaluation of its Biogeochemical Simulations H. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-021-00263-0
- Ventilation of the deep Gulf of Mexico and potential insights to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. Amon et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade1685
- Impact of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Northern Winter Stratospheric Polar Vortex in CMIP5/6 Models J. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0663.1
- The CNRM Global Atmosphere Model ARPEGE‐Climat 6.3: Description and Evaluation R. Roehrig et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002075
- Seasonal Variability of the Surface Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Synthesis K. Rodgers et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007798
- Tracking Improvement in Simulated Marine Biogeochemistry Between CMIP5 and CMIP6 R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-020-00160-0
- Quantifying Progress Across Different CMIP Phases With the ESMValTool L. Bock et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032321
- Constraints on biomass energy deployment in mitigation pathways: the case of water scarcity R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabcd7
- A New Process‐Based Soil Methane Scheme: Evaluation Over Arctic Field Sites With the ISBA Land Surface Model X. Morel et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001329
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Advances in understanding large‐scale responses of the water cycle to climate change R. Allan et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14337
- Trends in carbon sink along the Belt and Road in the future under high emission scenario J. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2022.100149
- Assessing the Decadal Predictability of Land and Ocean Carbon Uptake R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076092
- Enhanced future vegetation growth with elevated carbon dioxide concentrations could increase fire activity R. Allen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01228-7
- How Does the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Affect the Boreal Winter Tropospheric Circulation in CMIP5/6 Models? J. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0024.1
- Role of Atlantification in Enhanced Primary Productivity in the Barents Sea K. Noh et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF003709
- Projections of future bioclimatic indicators using bias-corrected CMIP6 models: a case study in a tropical monsoon region M. Kamruzzaman et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35487-w
- Multi-stage ensemble-learning-based model fusion for surface ozone simulations: A focus on CMIP6 models Z. Sun & A. Archibald https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2021.100124
- Climate change and conservation of Caladenia orchids in Western Australia J. Calevo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03185-9
- Soil Functions: Connecting Earth's Critical Zone S. Banwart et al. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020544
- Impact of regional climate change on the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in a tropical island environment: La Réunion K. Lamy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162484
- Relative uptake of carbonyl sulphide to carbon dioxide: insights from a coupled boundary layer – canopy inverse modelling framework P. Bosman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3225-2026
- Inconsistent strategies to spin up models in CMIP5: implications for ocean biogeochemical model performance assessment R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1827-2016
- Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM‐ESM2‐1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present‐Day and Future Climate R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001791
- Impact of Solar Radiation Modification on Allowable CO2 Emissions: What Can We Learn From Multimodel Simulations? M. Plazzotta et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001165
- Impact of canopy environmental variables on the diurnal dynamics of water and carbon dioxide exchange at leaf and canopy level R. González-Armas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024
- On the relation of CMIP6 GCMs errors at RCM driving boundary condition zones and inner region for Central Europe region E. Holtanová et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07216-z
- Phosphorus Limitation on Carbon Sequestration in China under RCP8.5 J. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-2195-y
- Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models V. Arora et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4173-2020
- Consistent Trends in Dry Spell Length in Recent Observations and Future Projections C. Wainwright et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097231
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention geoengineering on surface air temperature in China: a surface energy budget perspective Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7667-2022
- Enhancing Understanding of the Impact of Climate Change on Malaria in West Africa Using the Vector-Borne Disease Community Model of the International Center for Theoretical Physics (VECTRI) and the Bias-Corrected Phase 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Data (CMIP6) P. Fall et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040145
- Explaining Globally Inhomogeneous Future Changes in Monsoons Using Simple Moist Energy Diagnostics R. Bombardi & W. Boos https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-1012.1
- ESD Reviews: Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation C. Heinze et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-379-2019
- Potential negative impacts of climate change outweigh opportunities for the Colombian Pacific Ocean Shrimp Fishery I. Benavides et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71029-7
- Global Carbon Budget 2019 P. Friedlingstein et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
- Projected climate change impacts on the inflow of a Southeastern Brazilian hydropower reservoir N. da Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-026-02560-8
- Emergent Constraint for Future Decline in Arctic Phytoplankton Concentration K. Noh et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003427
- Energy-conserving physics for nonhydrostatic dynamics in mass coordinate models O. Guba et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1429-2024
- IPSL-CM5A2 – an Earth system model designed for multi-millennial climate simulations P. Sepulchre et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3011-2020
- Development of the UKESM-TOPAZ Earth System Model (Version 1.0) and Preliminary Evaluation of its Biogeochemical Simulations H. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-021-00263-0
- Ventilation of the deep Gulf of Mexico and potential insights to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. Amon et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade1685
- Impact of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Northern Winter Stratospheric Polar Vortex in CMIP5/6 Models J. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0663.1
- The CNRM Global Atmosphere Model ARPEGE‐Climat 6.3: Description and Evaluation R. Roehrig et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002075
- Seasonal Variability of the Surface Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Synthesis K. Rodgers et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007798
- Tracking Improvement in Simulated Marine Biogeochemistry Between CMIP5 and CMIP6 R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-020-00160-0
- Quantifying Progress Across Different CMIP Phases With the ESMValTool L. Bock et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032321
- Constraints on biomass energy deployment in mitigation pathways: the case of water scarcity R. Séférian et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabcd7
- A New Process‐Based Soil Methane Scheme: Evaluation Over Arctic Field Sites With the ISBA Land Surface Model X. Morel et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001329
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 05 Oct 2026
Short summary
This paper presents the first IPCC-class Earth system model developed at Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-ESM1). We detail how the various carbon reservoirs were initialized and analyze the behavior of the carbon cycle and its prominent physical drivers, comparing model results to the most up-to-date climate and carbon cycle dataset over the latest decades.
This paper presents the first IPCC-class Earth system model developed at Centre National de...
