Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1219-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1219-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
01 Apr 2016
Model description paper |
| 01 Apr 2016
Discrete-Element bonded-particle Sea Ice model DESIgn, version 1.3a – model description and implementation
Agnieszka Herman
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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Cited
55 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Parameterization of Submesoscale Mixed Layer Restratification under Sea Ice K. Shrestha & G. Manucharyan https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0024.1
- Granular effects in sea ice rheology in the marginal ice zone A. Herman https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0260
- Eddy‐Induced Dispersion of Sea Ice Floes at the Marginal Ice Zone M. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105656
- Parameter Calibration of Chilled Cast Iron Based on the Discrete Element Method 升. 姜 https://doi.org/10.12677/mos.2026.159137
- Toward brash ice recognition for convoyed ship following: a segmentation framework combining segment-anything and morphological Chan-Vese models B. Mei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127240
- Application of Discrete Element Methods to Approximate Sea Ice Dynamics A. Damsgaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001299
- Observations of Stress‐Strain in Drifting Sea Ice at Floe Scale J. Parno et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017761
- High-resolution regional sea-ice model based on the discrete element method with boundary conditions from a large-scale model for ice drift A. Tsarau et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2024.26
- Nonlinear simulation of wave group attenuation due to scattering in broken floe fields B. Xu & P. Guyenne https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2022.102139
- Undulatory forcing of an intruder through granular media: effects of frequency and packing fraction D. Carvalho & E. Franklin https://doi.org/10.1103/xb4r-bcxp
- Numerical simulation of concrete abrasion induced by unbreakable ice floes J. Kim & Y. Kim https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2018.01.003
- Bonded Discrete Element Simulations of Sea Ice With Non‐Local Failure: Applications to Nares Strait B. West et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002614
- A Review of Arctic Sea Ice Climate Predictability in Large-Scale Earth System Models M. Holland & E. Hunke https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.113
- Particle-Continuum Multiscale Modeling of Sea Ice Floes Q. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1137/23M155904X
- Area-Averaged Surface Moisture Flux over Fragmented Sea Ice: Floe Size Distribution Effects and the Associated Convection Structure within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer M. Wenta & A. Herman https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110654
- Small-scale computational fluid dynamics modelling of the wave induced ice floe-grease ice interaction in the Antarctic marginal ice zone R. Marquart et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.104108
- Particle, kinetic and hydrodynamic models for sea ice floes, Part I: Non-rotating floes Q. Deng & S. Ha https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2025.134951
- Wave energy attenuation in fields of colliding ice floes – Part 2: A laboratory case study A. Herman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2901-2019
- Wave energy attenuation in fields of colliding ice floes – Part 1: Discrete-element modelling of dissipation due to ice–water drag A. Herman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2887-2019
- Modeling ice block failure within drift ice and ice rubble M. Prasanna et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.105.045001
- Well-Posedness of Hibler’s Dynamical Sea-Ice Model X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00332-022-09803-y
- Wave-induced stress and breaking of sea ice in a coupled hydrodynamic discrete-element wave–ice model A. Herman https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2711-2017
- Lagrangian Data Assimilation and Parameter Estimation of an Idealized Sea Ice Discrete Element Model N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002513
- A free, square, point-loaded ice sheet: A finite element-discrete element approach V. Lilja et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.102644
- Smoothed particle hydrodynamics implementation of the standard viscous–plastic sea-ice model and validation in simple idealized experiments O. Marquis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1013-2024
- The Effects of Ice Floe‐Floe Interactions on Pressure Ridging in Sea Ice A. Damsgaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002336
- Parametric Study on Strength Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Ice Beam Using Discrete Element Method S. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188409
- Collaborative behavior of intruders moving amid grains D. Carvalho & E. Franklin https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0124556
- neXtSIM: a new Lagrangian sea ice model P. Rampal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1055-2016
- Wave‐Induced Surge Motion and Collisions of Sea Ice Floes: Finite‐Floe‐Size Effects A. Herman https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014500
- Towards a high-resolution sea-ice model: exploring the potential of modelling ice floe fracture with the peridynamic method Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2024.43
- Regimes of Sea‐Ice Floe Melt: Ice‐Ocean Coupling at the Submesoscales M. Gupta & A. Thompson https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018894
- The influence of the spatial distribution of leads and ice floes on the atmospheric boundary layer over fragmented sea ice M. Wenta & A. Herman https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.15
- Challenges and Prospects in Ocean Circulation Models B. Fox-Kemper et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00065
- A prognosticative synopsis of contemporary marginal ice zone research V. Squire https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0094
- WIce-FOAM 1.0: coupled dynamic and thermodynamic modelling of heterogeneous sea ice and waves using OpenFOAM-v2306 R. Marquart et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-10053-2025
- Contacts, motion, and chain breaking in a two-dimensional granular system displaced by an intruder D. Carvalho et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.105.034903
- Remote Measurement of Sea Ice Dynamics With Regularized Optimal Transport M. Parno et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083037
- A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for the Small-Scale Dynamics of Wave, Ice Floe and Interstitial Grease Ice Interaction R. Marquart et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050176
- Effective material properties of a finite element-discrete element model of an ice sheet V. Lilja et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2019.106107
- Simulating intersection angles between conjugate faults in sea ice with different viscous–plastic rheologies D. Ringeisen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1167-2019
- Laboratory study of wave-induced ice-ice collisions using robust principal component analysis and sensor fusion H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103010
- A generalized stress correction scheme for the Maxwell elasto-brittle rheology: impact on the fracture angles and deformations M. Plante & L. Tremblay https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5623-2021
- Wave–ice interactions in the neXtSIM sea-ice model T. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2117-2017
- Discrete element simulations of granular sea ice in triaxial tests under different confining pressures and boundary conditions A. Khosravi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2025.105567
- Modeling the state of marine ecosystems: A case study of the Okhotsk Sea C. Varotsos & V. Krapivin https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.02.003
- Heavy footprints of upper-ocean eddies on weakened Arctic sea ice in marginal ice zones G. Manucharyan & A. Thompson https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29663-0
- Graph Neural Network for Colliding Particles with an Application to Sea Ice Floe Modeling R. Zhu https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-026-11188-z
- Thinning sea ice weakens buttressing force of iceberg mélange and promotes calving A. Robel https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14596
- Sea ice mechanics F. Paul* et al. https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2023.3.0816
- Inferring the seasonality of sea ice floes in the Weddell Sea using ICESat-2 M. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1241-2025
- SubZero: A Sea Ice Model With an Explicit Representation of the Floe Life Cycle G. Manucharyan & B. Montemuro https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003247
- A high-resolution pseudo-polygon discrete element model for regional sea ice R. Kuppurangi & M. Wang https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-024-00891-z
- Superfloe Parameterization with Physics Constraints for Uncertainty Quantification of Sea Ice Floes N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1137/21M1428777
- A viscous continuum theory of sea ice motion based on stochastic floe dynamics S. Toppaladoddi https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10279
55 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Parameterization of Submesoscale Mixed Layer Restratification under Sea Ice K. Shrestha & G. Manucharyan https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0024.1
- Granular effects in sea ice rheology in the marginal ice zone A. Herman https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0260
- Eddy‐Induced Dispersion of Sea Ice Floes at the Marginal Ice Zone M. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105656
- Parameter Calibration of Chilled Cast Iron Based on the Discrete Element Method 升. 姜 https://doi.org/10.12677/mos.2026.159137
- Toward brash ice recognition for convoyed ship following: a segmentation framework combining segment-anything and morphological Chan-Vese models B. Mei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.127240
- Application of Discrete Element Methods to Approximate Sea Ice Dynamics A. Damsgaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001299
- Observations of Stress‐Strain in Drifting Sea Ice at Floe Scale J. Parno et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017761
- High-resolution regional sea-ice model based on the discrete element method with boundary conditions from a large-scale model for ice drift A. Tsarau et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2024.26
- Nonlinear simulation of wave group attenuation due to scattering in broken floe fields B. Xu & P. Guyenne https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2022.102139
- Undulatory forcing of an intruder through granular media: effects of frequency and packing fraction D. Carvalho & E. Franklin https://doi.org/10.1103/xb4r-bcxp
- Numerical simulation of concrete abrasion induced by unbreakable ice floes J. Kim & Y. Kim https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2018.01.003
- Bonded Discrete Element Simulations of Sea Ice With Non‐Local Failure: Applications to Nares Strait B. West et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002614
- A Review of Arctic Sea Ice Climate Predictability in Large-Scale Earth System Models M. Holland & E. Hunke https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.113
- Particle-Continuum Multiscale Modeling of Sea Ice Floes Q. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1137/23M155904X
- Area-Averaged Surface Moisture Flux over Fragmented Sea Ice: Floe Size Distribution Effects and the Associated Convection Structure within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer M. Wenta & A. Herman https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110654
- Small-scale computational fluid dynamics modelling of the wave induced ice floe-grease ice interaction in the Antarctic marginal ice zone R. Marquart et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.104108
- Particle, kinetic and hydrodynamic models for sea ice floes, Part I: Non-rotating floes Q. Deng & S. Ha https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2025.134951
- Wave energy attenuation in fields of colliding ice floes – Part 2: A laboratory case study A. Herman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2901-2019
- Wave energy attenuation in fields of colliding ice floes – Part 1: Discrete-element modelling of dissipation due to ice–water drag A. Herman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2887-2019
- Modeling ice block failure within drift ice and ice rubble M. Prasanna et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.105.045001
- Well-Posedness of Hibler’s Dynamical Sea-Ice Model X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00332-022-09803-y
- Wave-induced stress and breaking of sea ice in a coupled hydrodynamic discrete-element wave–ice model A. Herman https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2711-2017
- Lagrangian Data Assimilation and Parameter Estimation of an Idealized Sea Ice Discrete Element Model N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002513
- A free, square, point-loaded ice sheet: A finite element-discrete element approach V. Lilja et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.102644
- Smoothed particle hydrodynamics implementation of the standard viscous–plastic sea-ice model and validation in simple idealized experiments O. Marquis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1013-2024
- The Effects of Ice Floe‐Floe Interactions on Pressure Ridging in Sea Ice A. Damsgaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002336
- Parametric Study on Strength Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Ice Beam Using Discrete Element Method S. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188409
- Collaborative behavior of intruders moving amid grains D. Carvalho & E. Franklin https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0124556
- neXtSIM: a new Lagrangian sea ice model P. Rampal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1055-2016
- Wave‐Induced Surge Motion and Collisions of Sea Ice Floes: Finite‐Floe‐Size Effects A. Herman https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014500
- Towards a high-resolution sea-ice model: exploring the potential of modelling ice floe fracture with the peridynamic method Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2024.43
- Regimes of Sea‐Ice Floe Melt: Ice‐Ocean Coupling at the Submesoscales M. Gupta & A. Thompson https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018894
- The influence of the spatial distribution of leads and ice floes on the atmospheric boundary layer over fragmented sea ice M. Wenta & A. Herman https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.15
- Challenges and Prospects in Ocean Circulation Models B. Fox-Kemper et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00065
- A prognosticative synopsis of contemporary marginal ice zone research V. Squire https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0094
- WIce-FOAM 1.0: coupled dynamic and thermodynamic modelling of heterogeneous sea ice and waves using OpenFOAM-v2306 R. Marquart et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-10053-2025
- Contacts, motion, and chain breaking in a two-dimensional granular system displaced by an intruder D. Carvalho et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.105.034903
- Remote Measurement of Sea Ice Dynamics With Regularized Optimal Transport M. Parno et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083037
- A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for the Small-Scale Dynamics of Wave, Ice Floe and Interstitial Grease Ice Interaction R. Marquart et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050176
- Effective material properties of a finite element-discrete element model of an ice sheet V. Lilja et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2019.106107
- Simulating intersection angles between conjugate faults in sea ice with different viscous–plastic rheologies D. Ringeisen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1167-2019
- Laboratory study of wave-induced ice-ice collisions using robust principal component analysis and sensor fusion H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103010
- A generalized stress correction scheme for the Maxwell elasto-brittle rheology: impact on the fracture angles and deformations M. Plante & L. Tremblay https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5623-2021
- Wave–ice interactions in the neXtSIM sea-ice model T. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2117-2017
- Discrete element simulations of granular sea ice in triaxial tests under different confining pressures and boundary conditions A. Khosravi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2025.105567
- Modeling the state of marine ecosystems: A case study of the Okhotsk Sea C. Varotsos & V. Krapivin https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.02.003
- Heavy footprints of upper-ocean eddies on weakened Arctic sea ice in marginal ice zones G. Manucharyan & A. Thompson https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29663-0
- Graph Neural Network for Colliding Particles with an Application to Sea Ice Floe Modeling R. Zhu https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-026-11188-z
- Thinning sea ice weakens buttressing force of iceberg mélange and promotes calving A. Robel https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14596
- Sea ice mechanics F. Paul* et al. https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2023.3.0816
- Inferring the seasonality of sea ice floes in the Weddell Sea using ICESat-2 M. Gupta et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1241-2025
- SubZero: A Sea Ice Model With an Explicit Representation of the Floe Life Cycle G. Manucharyan & B. Montemuro https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003247
- A high-resolution pseudo-polygon discrete element model for regional sea ice R. Kuppurangi & M. Wang https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-024-00891-z
- Superfloe Parameterization with Physics Constraints for Uncertainty Quantification of Sea Ice Floes N. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1137/21M1428777
- A viscous continuum theory of sea ice motion based on stochastic floe dynamics S. Toppaladoddi https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10279
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Oct 2026
Short summary
Recent developments in observational and modeling techniques allow us to analyze sea ice with increasingly higher resolution. Instead of a continuous ice cover we observe a complex, constantly changing medium composed of interacting floes. Understanding these aspects of sea ice behavior requires new modeling methods, like the Discrete-Element Sea Ice model (DESIgn) in which sea ice is treated as an assemblage of grains that freeze together or break apart in response to wind and ocean currents.
Recent developments in observational and modeling techniques allow us to analyze sea ice with...
