Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9411-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-9411-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
06 Oct 2026
Model description paper |
| 06 Oct 2026
| 06 Oct 2026
Schumpeterian disaggregation and integrated assessment: An endogenous, stock-flow consistent economy in disequilibrium for FRIDA v2.1
Martin B. Grimeland
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Economics, Innovation, and Technology, Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Oslo, 0107, Norway
Benjamin Blanz
Research Unit Sustainability and Climate Risk, University of Hamburg, 20144 Hamburg, Germany
William Schoenberg
System Dynamics Group, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7802, 5020, Bergen, 5020, Norway
isee systems inc., 24 Hanover St. Suite 8A, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
Beniamino Callegari
School of Economics, Innovation, and Technology, Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Oslo, 0107, Norway
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Christopher D. Wells, Benjamin Blanz, Lennart Ramme, Jannes Breier, Beniamino Callegari, Adakudlu Muralidhar, Jefferson K. Rajah, Andreas Nicolaidis Lindqvist, Axel E. Eriksson, William Alexander Schoenberg, Alexandre C. Köberle, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Cecilie Mauritzen, Martin B. Grimeland, and Chris Smith
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Computer models built to study future developments of human activity and climate change often exclude the impacts of climate change. Here, we include these effects in a new model. We create functions connecting changes in global temperature, carbon dioxide, and sea level to energy supply and demand, food systems, mortality, economic damages, and other important quantities. Including these effects will allow us to explore their impact on future changes in the human and climate realms.
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The current crop of models assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to produce their assessment reports lack endogenous process-based representations of climate-driven changes to human activities, limiting understanding of the feedback between climate and humans. FRIDA (Feedback-based knowledge Repository for IntegrateD Assessments) v2.1 integrates these systems and generate results that suggest standard scenarios the shared socioeconomic pathways baseline scenarios may overestimate economic growth, highlighting the importance of feedbacks for realistic projections and informed policymaking.
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This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
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Using the integrated assessment model FRIDA v2.1, we examine how climate impacts spread through interconnected human and Earth systems, including the economy, energy, food, water, finance, and behaviour. We find that interacting climate impacts can reduce economic growth strongly than models assuming isolated effects. Financial feedbacks are especially important, and nonlinear climate–society interactions can amplify risks across sectors even without explicit climate tipping points.
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Understanding the change in climate that would occur under different future pathways of greenhouse gas emissions and changes in land use is crucial. Here, we develop a new simple climate model to help study this. We reduce the number of inputs so that our model can be connected to a model of the human causes of climate change. This way, we can study the interaction between climate change and society, including climate impacts. Our model broadly agrees with historical observations.
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Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 1229–1260, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1229-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1229-2026, 2026
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Computer models built to study future developments of human activity and climate change often exclude the impacts of climate change. Here, we include these effects in a new model. We create functions connecting changes in global temperature, carbon dioxide, and sea level to energy supply and demand, food systems, mortality, economic damages, and other important quantities. Including these effects will allow us to explore their impact on future changes in the human and climate realms.
Lennart Ramme, Benjamin Blanz, Christopher Wells, Tony E. Wong, William Schoenberg, Chris Smith, and Chao Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 10017–10052, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-10017-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-10017-2025, 2025
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We present FRISIA version 1.0, a model for emulating sea level rise (SLR) and representing SLR impacts and adaptation in integrated assessment models (IAMs). FRISIA includes previously uncaptured coastal socio-economic feedback and a diverse set of impact strains, thereby improving the represenation of SLR impacts in IAMs. Here we describe the baseline behaviour of FRISIA, explore the effects of the additional feedback and showcase the coupling of FRISIA to an IAM.
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The current crop of models assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to produce their assessment reports lack endogenous process-based representations of climate-driven changes to human activities, limiting understanding of the feedback between climate and humans. FRIDA (Feedback-based knowledge Repository for IntegrateD Assessments) v2.1 integrates these systems and generate results that suggest standard scenarios the shared socioeconomic pathways baseline scenarios may overestimate economic growth, highlighting the importance of feedbacks for realistic projections and informed policymaking.
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Climate models often exclude human behaviour. We introduce a model that includes economic, social, and environmental factors that influence dietary choices. This helps us understand how behaviour shifts impact future emissions and climate conditions. By considering a range of plausible behaviours, we provide a more accurate picture of potential outcomes, improving representations in climate models.
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Short summary
This study develops a novel global economic model to better capture how climate change interacts with finance, innovation, employment, and public budgets. Instead of treating climate damage as a simple output loss, the model traces how rising temperatures affect investment risk, productivity, unemployment, and government spending. Large simulation ensembles show that without stronger climate action, growth slows, financial fragility rises, and welfare and debt pressures increase.
This study develops a novel global economic model to better capture how climate change interacts...
