Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 19, issue 18
Articles | Volume 19, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8877-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8877-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 19, issue 18
Development and technical paper
 | 
21 Sep 2026
Development and technical paper |  | 21 Sep 2026

Lagrangian tracking methods applied to free surface boundaries in numerical geodynamic models

Timothy S. Gray, Paul J. Tackley, and Taras V. Gerya

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Short summary
This study presents a new way to model how Earth’s surface changes over time as the deep interior moves. The method tracks the surface directly, allowing clearer and more detailed results worldwide while using less computing power. It improves accuracy compared to existing approaches and makes it easier to connect deep Earth processes with oceans, climate, landscapes, and life through time.
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Special issue
Advances in numerical modelling of geological processes