Articles | Volume 19, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-543-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-543-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
15 Jan 2026
Model evaluation paper |
| 15 Jan 2026
| 15 Jan 2026
Evaluation of coupled and uncoupled ocean–ice–atmosphere simulations using icon-2024.07 and NEMOv4.2.0 for the EURO-CORDEX domain
Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany
Wibke Düsterhöft-Wriggers
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg/Rostock, Germany
Rebekka Beddig
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg/Rostock, Germany
Janna Meyer
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg/Rostock, Germany
Claudia Hinrichs
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg/Rostock, Germany
Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann
Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
Joanna Staneva
Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
Birte-Marie Ehlers
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg/Rostock, Germany
Frank Janssen
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg/Rostock, Germany
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Knowledge of what causes maximum water levels is often key in coastal management. Processes, such as storm surge and atmospheric forcing, alter the predicted tide. Whilst most of these processes are modeled in present-day ocean forecasting, there is still a need for a better understanding of situations where modeled and observed water levels deviate from each other. Here, we will use machine learning to detect such anomalies within a network of sea-level observations in the North Sea.
Wei Chen, Joanna Staneva, Sebastian Grayek, Johannes Schulz-Stellenfleth, and Jens Greinert
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This study links the occurrence and persistence of density stratification in the southern North Sea to the increased number of extreme marine heat waves. The study further identified the role of the cold spells at the early stage of a year to the intensity of thermal stratification in summer. In a broader context, the research will have fundamental significance for further discussion of the secondary effects of heat wave events, such as in ecosystems, fisheries, and sediment dynamics.
Matthias Gröger, Christian Dieterich, Jari Haapala, Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Stefan Hagemann, Jaromir Jakacki, Wilhelm May, H. E. Markus Meier, Paul A. Miller, Anna Rutgersson, and Lichuan Wu
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 939–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-939-2021, 2021
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Regional climate studies are typically pursued by single Earth system component models (e.g., ocean models and atmosphere models). These models are driven by prescribed data which hamper the simulation of feedbacks between Earth system components. To overcome this, models were developed that interactively couple model components and allow an adequate simulation of Earth system interactions important for climate. This article reviews recent developments of such models for the Baltic Sea region.
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Short summary
With CORDEX-CMIP6, ensembles of regional climate projections enable analyses on regional climate change. We present a regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model setup for Europe, tailored to provide consistent climate change information for the North and Baltic Seas. The simulation effectively captures the mean climate, variability, and extremes such as storm surges and marine heatwaves. Using this setup, we will contribute climate projections to EURO-CORDEX.
With CORDEX-CMIP6, ensembles of regional climate projections enable analyses on regional climate...
