Articles | Volume 19, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-10719-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-10719-2026
Development and technical paper
 | 
11 Nov 2026
Development and technical paper |  | 11 Nov 2026

A hybrid physics–ML framework for integrating groundwater dynamics into land surface modeling: a ParFlow-based demonstration in headwater watersheds of the Pearl River Basin, China

Chen Yang, Hui Huang, Zeyu Tang, Yongjiu Dai, and Xiaobin Chang

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Short summary
Groundwater strongly influences exchanges of water and energy between land and atmosphere, but detailed simulation is computationally expensive. We developed a faster approach that preserves groundwater–land surface interactions. In a representative watershed within China's Pearl River Basin, it ran 18.24 times faster while closely matching the physics-based model, offering a practical way to represent groundwater in large-scale environmental modeling.
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