Articles | Volume 19, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-10077-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-10077-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
22 Oct 2026
Development and technical paper |
| 22 Oct 2026
| 22 Oct 2026
Optimization of the fast layer transmittance algorithm in RTTOV v13.1 for strong water vapor absorption channels of the FY-3F HIRAS-II instrument using LBLRTM v12.11
Panxiang Zhang
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230052, China
Beijing Huayun Shinetek Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China
Meteorological Observation Centre of CMA, Beijing, 100081, China
Gang Ma
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
China Meteorological Administration Earth System Numerical Prediction Centre, Beijing, 100081, China
Rui Li
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230052, China
National Satellite Meteorological Centre, Beijing, 100081, China
Wenguang Bai
National Satellite Meteorological Centre, Beijing, 100081, China
Chengli Qi
National Satellite Meteorological Centre, Beijing, 100081, China
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Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 6553–6569, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6553-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6553-2026, 2026
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China’s Fengyun-4M, planned for launch in late 2026, will be the first geostationary satellite to carry a passive microwave instrument, opening a new era of weather observation. To better use its more than one hundred channels, we developed a retrieval method and an optimized channel setup for all-sky temperature profile retrieval over ocean. The results indicate that this algorithm shows low errors while reducing computing time, which is a preferred choice for future operational use.
Min Min, Qiang Yu, Jun Li, Han Lin, Yunheng Xue, Xinran Xia, Di Di, Bo Li, and Peng Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 14205–14228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14205-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14205-2026, 2026
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A physics‑constrained transfer learning framework enables accurate radiance transformation across satellite sensors with different spectral response functions (SRFs). It integrates a Spectral‑Fidelity‑Preserving model from radiative transfer. Tests confirm robustness to calibration uncertainties and define SRF constraints. FY‑4A/B application improves cloud and precipitation retrievals, enabling operational algorithm transfer.
Shangyi Liu, Cathy Clerbaux, Anne Boynard, Mingjian Gu, Chengli Qi, Bruno Franco, Lieven Clarisse, Shan Han, Mengya Sheng, Nicolas Theys, and Zhao-Cheng Zeng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5017, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5017, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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The March 2026 Tehran refinery explosions released massive amounts of toxic sulfur dioxide gas. We used multiple satellites to track this plume, discovering that intense fires pushed the pollution high into the atmosphere, causing it to travel across continents for days. Current air quality forecast models completely missed this major event. This highlights the urgent need to use advanced satellites to monitor pollution from armed conflicts to assess global climate risks.
Ruijie Zhang, Lu Zhang, Xingying Zhang, Peng Zhang, Minqiang Zhou, Xifeng Cao, Chonghui Cheng, and Huirong Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3007, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3007, 2026
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Measuring carbon dioxide from individual power plants is important for checking emissions, but satellite observations face a trade-off: sharper views are often noisier, while averaging many measurements can blur the plume. We used China’s Daqi-1 satellite data, simulations, and real power plant cases to test how much averaging is useful. We found that no single setting is best. Reliable estimates must balance noise reduction, plume detail, and the number of useful observations.
Mengya Sheng, Runyi Zhou, Jiancong Hua, Shan Han, Shangyi Liu, Lin Zhang, Wei Wang, Ruijun Dang, Hansen Cao, Zichong Chen, Yixuan Gu, Mingxu Liu, Lu Lee, Chengli Qi, Feng Lu, Changpei Han, Mark W. Shephard, Nadir Guendouz, Camille Viatte, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Cathy Clerbaux, and Zhao-Cheng Zeng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 7803–7826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7803-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7803-2026, 2026
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Geostationary observations of NH3 provide an unprecedented opportunity to monitor spatial and temporal variations in emissions and their evolution throughout the day. Using 3 years of observations from FY-4B/GIIRS over East Asia, we demonstrated the enhanced capability of geostationary observations to identify emission sources and capture daytime variations associated with agricultural activities. This shows the potential of future geostationary satellites for monitoring air quality globally.
Xiaozhong Cao, Qiyun Guo, Haowen Luo, Jincheng Wang, Rongkang Yang, Die Xiao, Yinfeng Liu, Zhongliang Sun, Shijun Liu, Sijie Chen, Anfan Huang, Guo Jianping, and Peng Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 3231–3251, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3231-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3231-2026, 2026
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The Ascent-Drift-Descent Radiosonde System (ADDRS) represents an emerging cost-effective technology for upper-air measurements, Its 'Internet cloud + instrument terminal' design enables targeted observations for extreme weather research. Initial data application shows high potential for numerical weather prediction, The pilot application of ADDRS is list in the World Meteorological Organization Region II Coordination 2025-2027 demonstration project (No.RA II-18-I-DP-2).
Shangyi Liu, Yingjun Zheng, Mengya Sheng, Lu Lee, Chengli Qi, Feng Lu, Bruno Franco, Lieven Clarisse, Cathy Clerbaux, Nicolas Theys, Jhoon Kim, and Zhao-Cheng Zeng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1745, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1745, 2026
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Volcanic sulfur dioxide evolves rapidly after an eruption, which makes it challenging to monitor. Taking the 2024 Kanlaon eruption as a case study, we propose using a constellation of GEO and LEO satellites to track SO2 mass and layer height at high frequency. In particular, we present the first quantitative SO2 retrieval from a GEO hyperspectral infrared sounder (FY-4B/GIIRS). This research provides a vital blueprint for the future global monitoring of volcanic events.
Qixiang Sun, Husi Letu, Yongqian Wang, Peng Zhang, Hong Liang, Chong Shi, Shuai Yin, Jiancheng Shi, and Dabin Ji
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 371–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-371-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-371-2026, 2026
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The Tibetan Plateau plays a vital role in Asia’s water cycle, but tracking water vapor in this mountainous region is difficult, especially under cloudy conditions. We developed a new satellite-based method to generate hourly water vapor data at 0.02-degree resolution from 2016 to 2022, now available at https://doi.org/10.11888/Atmos.tpdc.301518, which improves accuracy and reveals fine-scale moisture transport critical for understanding rainfall and extreme weather.
Jing Xi, Yu Wang, Rui Li, Banghai Wu, Xiaoye Fan, Xinbin Ma, and Zixiang Meng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 15–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-15-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-15-2026, 2026
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The impacts of Saharan dust aerosols on 3-D structure of organized precipitation systems of different horizontal sizes over the tropical Atlantic Ocean in spring were studied using multiple satellite observations. Results show that under comparable thermodynamic conditions, dust-laden precipitation systems have higher storm tops, broader upper-level precipitation areas with more large particles, stronger convective activities, and heavier surface rain rates than clean ones.
Zhenhao Wu, Jian Shang, Chunguan Cui, Peng Zhang, Songyan Gu, Lin Chen, and Yunfei Fu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5137–5148, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5137-2025, 2025
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We have established a new dataset of rain cell precipitation parameters and visible-infrared and microwave signals by combining multi-instrument observation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The purpose of this dataset is to promote the three-dimensional studies of rain cell precipitation systems and to reveal the spatial and temporal variations in their scale, morphology, and intensity.
Yixiao Fu, Cheng-Zhi Zou, Peng Zhang, Banghai Wu, Shengli Wu, Shi Liu, and Yu Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4651–4670, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4651-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4651-2025, 2025
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This study presents a climate data record (CDR) of atmospheric column water vapor and sea surface temperature using over two decades of stable-orbit satellite-based passive microwave imagery observations. The evaluation results show that the CDR has long-term consistency and continuity, and is more accurate than other similar products in climate covariability, suggesting that the CDR is suitable for climate change research and for constraining climate model simulations.
Xinyu Li, Lin Zhu, Hongfu Sun, Jun Li, Ximing Lv, Chengli Qi, and Huanhuan Yan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2333–2352, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2333-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2333-2025, 2025
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Xinran Xia, Rubin Jiang, Min Min, Shengli Wu, Peng Zhang, and Xiangao Xia
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Revised manuscript not accepted
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Based on the MicroWave Radiation Imager aboard FY-3 series satellites, we developed a global terrestrial precipitable water vapor dataset from 2012 to 2020. This dataset overcomes the limitations of infrared observations and provides accurate, all-weather PWV data ,spanning all types of land surface. Researchers are expected to leverage it to explore the role of water vapor in weather patterns, refine precipitation forecasting, and validate climate simulations.
Zhao-Cheng Zeng, Lu Lee, Chengli Qi, Lieven Clarisse, and Martin Van Damme
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3693–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3693-2023, 2023
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This study presents an NH3 retrieval algorithm based on the optimal estimation method for the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) on board China’s FengYun-4B satellite (FY-4B/GIIRS). Retrieval results demonstrate the capability of FY-4B/GIIRS in capturing the diurnal NH3 changes in East Asia. This operational geostationary observation by FY-4B/GIIRS represents an important advancement over the twice-per-day observations provided by current low-Earth-orbit (LEO) instruments.
Ying Chen, Ruibo Lei, Xi Zhao, Shengli Wu, Yue Liu, Pei Fan, Qing Ji, Peng Zhang, and Xiaoping Pang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3223–3242, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3223-2023, 2023
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The sea ice concentration product derived from the Microwave Radiation Image sensors on board the FengYun-3 satellites can reasonably and independently identify the seasonal and long-term changes of sea ice, as well as extreme cases of annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent in polar regions. It is comparable with other sea ice concentration products and applied to the studies of climate and marine environment.
Zhao-Cheng Zeng, Lu Lee, and Chengli Qi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3059–3083, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3059-2023, 2023
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Observations from geostationary orbit provide contiguous coverage with a high temporal resolution, representing an important advancement over current low-Earth-orbit instruments. Using measurements from GIIRS on board China's FengYun satellite, the world’s first geostationary hyperspectral infrared sounder, we showed the first results of diurnal CO in eastern Asia from a geostationary orbit, which will have great potential in improving local and global air quality and climate research.
Hongxia Zhu, Rui Li, Shuping Yang, Chun Zhao, Zhe Jiang, and Chen Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2421–2437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2421-2023, 2023
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The impacts of atmospheric dust aerosols and cloud dynamic conditions on precipitation vertical development in southeastern China were studied using multiple satellite observations. It was found that the precipitating drops under dusty conditions grow faster in the middle layer but slower in the upper and lower layers compared with their pristine counterparts. Quantitative estimation of the sensitivity of the precipitation top temperature to the dust aerosol optical depth is also provided.
Tai-Long He, Dylan B. A. Jones, Kazuyuki Miyazaki, Kevin W. Bowman, Zhe Jiang, Xiaokang Chen, Rui Li, Yuxiang Zhang, and Kunna Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14059–14074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14059-2022, 2022
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We use a deep-learning (DL) model to estimate Chinese NOx emissions by combining satellite analysis and in situ measurements. Our results are consistent with conventional analyses of Chinese NOx emissions. Comparison with mobility data shows that the DL model has a better capability to capture changes in NOx. We analyse Chinese NOx emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period. Our results illustrate the potential use of DL as a complementary tool for conventional air quality studies.
Yungang Wang, Liping Fu, Fang Jiang, Xiuqing Hu, Chengbao Liu, Xiaoxin Zhang, Jiawei Li, Zhipeng Ren, Fei He, Lingfeng Sun, Ling Sun, Zhongdong Yang, Peng Zhang, Jingsong Wang, and Tian Mao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1577–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1577-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1577-2022, 2022
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Far-ultraviolet (FUV) airglow radiation is particularly well suited for space-based remote sensing. The Ionospheric Photometer (IPM) instrument carried aboard the Feng Yun 3-D satellite measures the spectral radiance of the Earth FUV airglow. IPM is a tiny, highly sensitive, and robust remote sensing instrument. Initial results demonstrate that the performance of IPM meets the designed requirement and therefore can be used to study the thermosphere and ionosphere in the future.
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Short summary
To enhance atmospheric transmittance accuracy in strong water vapor absorption bands, this study proposes an optimized scheme for the fast transmittance algorithm applied to the Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder-II. It introduces a transmittance threshold for sample selection and a weighted least squares regression with transmittance weighting. Validation against line-by-line models and observations shows significant improvements in forward model accuracy and stability at 6.7 μm.
To enhance atmospheric transmittance accuracy in strong water vapor absorption bands, this study...
