Articles | Volume 16, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5847-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5847-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and technical paper
| 
19 Oct 2023
Development and technical paper |
| 19 Oct 2023
| 19 Oct 2023
Representing the impact of Rhizophora mangroves on flow in a hydrodynamic model (COAWST_rh v1.0): the importance of three-dimensional root system structures
Masaya Yoshikai
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
Coastal Marine Group, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
Takashi Nakamura
School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
Eugene C. Herrera
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
Rempei Suwa
Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
Rene Rollon
Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1001, Philippines
Raghab Ray
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
Shell Technology Center Bangalore (STCB), Karnataka 562149, India
Keita Furukawa
NPO Association for Shore Environment Creation, Kanagawa 220-0023, Japan
Kazuo Nadaoka
School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
Related authors
Raghab Ray, Rempei Suwa, Toshihiro Miyajima, Jeffrey Munar, Masaya Yoshikai, Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Biogeosciences, 20, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-911-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mangroves are blue carbon ecosystems known to store large amounts of organic carbon in the sediments. This study is a first attempt to apply a chronosequence (or space-for-time substitution) approach to evaluate the distribution and accumulation rate of carbon in a 30-year-old (maximum age) restored mangrove forest. Using this approach, the contribution of restored or planted mangroves to sedimentary organic carbon presents an increasing pattern with mangrove age.
Masaya Yoshikai, Takashi Nakamura, Rempei Suwa, Sahadev Sharma, Rene Rollon, Jun Yasuoka, Ryohei Egawa, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Biogeosciences, 19, 1813–1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new individual-based vegetation model to investigate salinity control on mangrove productivity. The model incorporates plant hydraulics and tree competition and predicts unique and complex patterns of mangrove forest structures that vary across soil salinity gradients. The presented model does not hold an empirical expression of salinity influence on productivity and thus may provide a better understanding of mangrove forest dynamics in future climate change.
Fredrik Angelo F. Francisco, Erlyn Kaye P. Mortega, Ayin M. Tamondong, and Eugene C. Herrera
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-5-W4-2025, 245–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-W4-2025-245-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-W4-2025-245-2026, 2026
Kayziel Martinez, Ariel Blanco, Ayin Tamondong, Christian Candido, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-5-2024, 55–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-5-2024-55-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-5-2024-55-2024, 2024
Christian Candido, Ariel Blanco, Ayin Tamondong, Kayziel Martinez, and Kazuo Nadaoka
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-5-2024, 9–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-2024-9-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-2024-9-2024, 2024
Ainalyn Nerves, Francesca Deighl Rivera, Ariel Blanco, Yasmin Tirol, and Kazuo Nadaoka
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-5-2024, 111–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-2024-111-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-2024-111-2024, 2024
Ayin Tamondong, Ariel Blanco, Kayziel Martinez, Christian Candido, and Kazuo Nadaoka
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-5-2024, 205–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-2024-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-5-2024-205-2024, 2024
G. A. M. Narciso, A. M. Tamondong, A. C. Blanco, T. Nakamura, and K. Nadaoka
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W8-2023, 395–401, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-395-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-395-2024, 2024
M. R. Dangin, L. A. Sumagaysay, E. C. Herrera, and R. G. J. P. Bilang
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W8-2023, 143–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-143-2024, 2024
Eugene C. Herrera and Kensuke Naito
Proc. IAHS, 386, 95–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-386-95-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-386-95-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a three-dimensional hydrodynamic study of Laguna Lake to understand the physical processes that govern and influence lake hydraulics for various water uses. Modelling analysis on the lake’s flood detention function revealed different shore-land flood inundation areas and recession durations for varying lake-flood detention levels that warrants the need for a more comprehensive and sustainable flood management operation in the metropolis.
Jonathan S. Serrano, Eugene C. Herrera, and Kensuke Naito
Proc. IAHS, 386, 121–126, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-386-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-386-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the average, twenty typhoons pass through the Philippine Area of Responsibility each year. Five of which are usually considered destructive. In November 2020, Typhoon Vamco costed the Philippines over 19 billion pesos in damages (approximately 347 million US dollars). One of the heavily hit areas is the floodplain of Marikina River Basin. This study analyzed the flood development within the floodplain of the said basin during Typhoon Vamco using a calibrated flood model simulation.
C. D. C. Zablan, A. C. Blanco, Y. H. Primavera-Tirol, and K. Nadaoka
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W2-2023, 1965–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-1965-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-1965-2023, 2023
Raghab Ray, Rempei Suwa, Toshihiro Miyajima, Jeffrey Munar, Masaya Yoshikai, Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Biogeosciences, 20, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-911-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mangroves are blue carbon ecosystems known to store large amounts of organic carbon in the sediments. This study is a first attempt to apply a chronosequence (or space-for-time substitution) approach to evaluate the distribution and accumulation rate of carbon in a 30-year-old (maximum age) restored mangrove forest. Using this approach, the contribution of restored or planted mangroves to sedimentary organic carbon presents an increasing pattern with mangrove age.
C. D. C. Zablan, A. C. Blanco, K. Nadaoka, K. P. Martinez, and A. B. Baloloy
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W6-2022, 391–401, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W6-2022-391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W6-2022-391-2023, 2023
Faisal Amri, Takashi Nakamura, Atsushi Watanabe, Aditiya R. Kartadikaria, and Kazuo Nadaoka
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1067, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1067, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the sea-air CO2 exchange variabilities across the Tropical Maritime Continent between 2010–2019 using numerical model experiment. Model results suggested some periods with higher-than-usual CO2 degassing to the atmosphere related to Indo-Pacific climatic events over the 2010–2019 course. Study conducted here may give insights about sea-air CO2 exchange dynamics in the undersampled area that poorly represented in many climate models and global reconstruction product.
Masaya Yoshikai, Takashi Nakamura, Rempei Suwa, Sahadev Sharma, Rene Rollon, Jun Yasuoka, Ryohei Egawa, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Biogeosciences, 19, 1813–1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new individual-based vegetation model to investigate salinity control on mangrove productivity. The model incorporates plant hydraulics and tree competition and predicts unique and complex patterns of mangrove forest structures that vary across soil salinity gradients. The presented model does not hold an empirical expression of salinity influence on productivity and thus may provide a better understanding of mangrove forest dynamics in future climate change.
J. M. Jamilla, J. Serrano, B. C. Hernandez, and E. Herrera
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVI-4-W6-2021, 193–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-4-W6-2021-193-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-4-W6-2021-193-2021, 2021
J. Serrano, J. M. Jamilla, B. C. Hernandez, and E. Herrera
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVI-4-W6-2021, 265–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-4-W6-2021-265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-4-W6-2021-265-2021, 2021
A. Tamondong, T. Nakamura, T. E. A. Quiros, and K. Nadaoka
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2021, 109–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-109-2021, 2021
Cited articles
Ashall, L. M., Mulligan, R. P., van Proosdij, D., and Poirier, E.: Application and validation of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of a macrotidal salt marsh, Coast. Eng., 114, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2016.04.005, 2016.
Azman, M. S., Sharma, S., Shaharudin, M. A. M., Hamzah, M. L., Adibah, S. N., Zakaria, R. M., and MacKenzie, R. A.: Stand structure, biomass and dynamics of naturally regenerated and restored mangroves in Malaysia, Forest Ecol. Manag., 482, 118852, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118852, 2021.
Best, Ü. S. N., van der Wegen, M., Dijkstra, J., Reyns, J., van Prooijen, B. C., and Roelvink, D.: Wave attenuation potential, sediment properties and mangrove growth dynamics data over Guyana's intertidal mudflats: assessing the potential of mangrove restoration works, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2445–2462, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2445-2022, 2022.
Beudin, A., Kalra, T. S., Ganju, N. K., and Warner, J. C.: Development of a coupled wave-flow-vegetation interaction model, Comput. Geosci., 100, 76–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.12.010, 2017.
Boechat Albernaz, M., Roelofs, L., Pierik, H. J., and Kleinhans, M. G.: Natural levee evolution in vegetated fluvial-tidal environments, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 45, 3824–3841, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5003, 2020.
Bouma, T. J., Van Duren, L. A., Temmerman, S., Claverie, T., Blanco-Garcia, A., Ysebaert, T., and Herman, P. M. J.: Spatial flow and sedimentation patterns within patches of epibenthic structures: Combining field, flume and modelling experiments, Cont. Shelf Res., 27, 1020–1045, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2005.12.019, 2007.
Breda, A., Saco, P. M., Sandi, S. G., Saintilan, N., Riccardi, G., and Rodríguez, J. F.: Accretion, retreat and transgression of coastal wetlands experiencing sea-level rise, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 769–786, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-769-2021, 2021.
Brückner, M. Z., Schwarz, C., van Dijk, W. M., van Oorschot, M., Douma, H., and Kleinhans, M. G.: Salt marsh establishment and eco-engineering effects in dynamic estuaries determined by species growth and mortality, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 2962–2986, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005092, 2019.
Bryan, K. R., Nardin, W., Mullarney, J. C., and Fagherazzi, S.: The role of cross-shore tidal dynamics in controlling intertidal sediment exchange in mangroves in Cù Lao Dung, Vietnam, Cont. Shelf Res., 147, 128–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.06.014, 2017.
Chen, Y., Li, Y., Cai, T., Thompson, C., and Li, Y.: A comparison of biohydrodynamic interaction within mangrove and saltmarsh boundaries, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 41, 1967–1979, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3964, 2016.
Chen, Y., Li, Y., Thompson, C., Wang, X., Cai, T., and Chang, Y.: Differential sediment trapping abilities of mangrove and saltmarsh vegetation in a subtropical estuary, Geomorphology, 318, 270–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.06.018, 2018.
Dai, W., Yang, B., Dong, Z., and Shaker, A.: A new method for 3D individual tree extraction using multispectral airborne LiDAR point clouds, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 144, 400–411, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.08.010, 2018.
Defina, A. and Bixio, A. C.: Mean flow and turbulence in vegetated open channel flow, Water Resour. Res., 41, W07006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003475, 2005.
Fagherazzi, S., Kirwan, M. L., Mudd, S. M., Guntenspergen, G. R., Temmerman, S., D'Alpaos, A., van de Koppel, J., Rybczyk, J. M, Reyes, E., Craft, C., and Clough, J.: Numerical models of salt marsh evolution: Ecological, geomorphic, and climatic factors, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000359, 2012.
Fagherazzi, S., Mariotti, G., Leonardi, N., Canestrelli, A., Nardin, W., and Kearney, W. S.: Salt marsh dynamics in a period of accelerated sea level rise, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, e2019JF005200, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005200, 2020.
Friess, D. A., Rogers, K., Lovelock, C. E., Krauss, K. W., Hamilton, S. E., Lee, S. Y., Lucas, R., Primavera, J., Rajkaran, R., and Shi, S.: The state of the world's mangrove forests: past, present, and future, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 44, 89–115, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033302, 2019.
Furukawa, K., Wolanski, E., and Mueller, H.: Currents and sediment transport in mangrove forests. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 44, 301–310, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0120, 1997.
Hamilton, S. E. and Casey, D.: Creation of a high spatio-temporal resolution global database of continuous mangrove forest cover for the 21st century (CGMFC-21), Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 25, 729–738, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12449, 2016.
Horstman, E., Dohmen-Janssen, M., and Hulscher, S. J. M. H.: Modeling tidal dynamics in a mangrove creek catchment in Delft3D, in: Proceedings of Coastal Dynamics 2013, Arcachon, France, 24–28 June 2013, 833–844, 2013.
Horstman, E. M., Dohmen-Janssen, C. M., Bouma, T. J., and Hulscher, S. J.: Tidal-scale flow routing and sedimentation in mangrove forests: Combining field data and numerical modelling, Geomorphology, 228, 244–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.08.011, 2015.
Jucker, T., Caspersen, J., Chave, J., Antin, C., Barbier, N., Bongers, F., Dalponte, M., van Ewijk, K. Y., Forrester, D. I., Haeni, M., Higgins, S. I., Holdaway, R. J., Iida, Y., Lorimer, C., Marshall, P. L., Momo, S., Moncrieff, G. R., Ploton, P., Poorter, L., Rahman, K. A., Schlund, M., Sonké, B., Sterck, F. J., Trugman, A. T., Usoltsev, V. A., Vanderwel, M. C., Waldner, P., Wedeux, B. M. M., Wirth, C., Wöll, H., Woods, M., Xiang, W., Zimmermann, N. E., and Coomes, D. A.: Allometric equations for integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes, Glob. Change Biol., 23, 177–190, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13388, 2017.
Kalra, T. S., Ganju, N. K., Aretxabaleta, A. L., Carr, J. A., Defne, Z., and Moriarty, J. M.: Modeling marsh dynamics using a 3-D coupled wave-flow-sediment model, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 740921, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.740921, 2022.
Katul, G. G., Mahrt, L., Poggi, D., and Sanz, C.: One-and two-equation models for canopy turbulence, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 113, 81–109, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000037333.48760.e5, 2004.
King, A. T., Tinoco, R. O., and Cowen, E. A.: A k–ε turbulence model based on the scales of vertical shear and stem wakes valid for emergent and submerged vegetated flows, J. Fluid Mech., 701, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.113, 2012.
Kirwan, M. L., Temmerman, S., Skeehan, E. E., Guntenspergen, G. R., and Fagherazzi, S.: Overestimation of marsh vulnerability to sea level rise, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 253–260, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2909, 2016.
Krauss, K. W., Allen, J. A., and Cahoon, D. R.: Differential rates of vertical accretion and elevation change among aerial root types in Micronesian mangrove forests, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 56, 251–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00184-1, 2003.
Krauss, K. W., McKee, K. L., Lovelock, C. E., Cahoon, D. R., Saintilan, N., Reef, R., and Chen, L.: How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level, New Phytol., 202, 19–34, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12605, 2014.
Le Minor, M., Zimmer, M., Helfer, V., Gillis, L. G., and Huhn, K.: Flow and sediment dynamics around structures in mangrove ecosystems – a modeling perspective, in: Dynamic Sedimentary Environments of Mangrove Coasts, edited by: Sidik, F. and Friess, D. A., Elsevier, 83–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816437-2.00012-4, 2021.
Li, C. W. and Busari, A. O.: Hybrid modeling of flows over submerged prismatic vegetation with different areal densities, Eng. Appl. Comp. Fluid, 13, 493–505, https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2019.1610501, 2019.
Liu, C., Shan, Y., and Nepf, H.: Impact of stem size on turbulence and sediment resuspension under unidirectional flow, Water Resour. Res., 57, e2020WR028620, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028620, 2021.
Liu, D., Diplas, P., Fairbanks, J. D., and Hodges, C. C.: An experimental study of flow through rigid vegetation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F04015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001042, 2008.
Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, W., and Li, L.: Simulation of exchange flow between open water and floating vegetation using a modified RNG k–ε turbulence model, Environ. Fluid Mech., 17, 355–372, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-016-9489-5, 2017.
Lokhorst, I. R., Braat, L., Leuven, J. R. F. W., Baar, A. W., van Oorschot, M., Selaković, S., and Kleinhans, M. G.: Morphological effects of vegetation on the tidal–fluvial transition in Holocene estuaries, Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 883–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-883-2018, 2018.
López, F. and García, M. H.: Mean flow and turbulence structure of open-channel flow through non-emergent vegetation, J. Hydraul. Eng., 127, 392–402, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:5(392), 2001.
Lovelock, C. E., Cahoon, D. R., Friess, D. A., Guntenspergen, G. R., Krauss, K. W., Reef, R., Rogers, K., Saunders, M. L., Sidik, F., Swales, A., Saintilan, N., Thuyen, L. X, and Triet, T.: The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise, Nature, 526, 559–563, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15538, 2015.
Mariotti, G. and Canestrelli, A.: Long-term morphodynamics of muddy backbarrier basins: Fill in or empty out?, Water Resour. Res., 53, 7029–7054, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020461, 2017.
Mariotti, G. and Fagherazzi, S.: A numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F01004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001326, 2010.
Marsooli, R., Orton, P. M., Georgas, N., and Blumberg, A. F.: Three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling of coastal flood mitigation by wetlands, Coast. Eng., 111, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2016.01.012, 2016.
Maza, M., Adler, K., Ramos, D., Garcia, A. M., and Nepf, H.: Velocity and drag evolution from the leading edge of a model mangrove forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 9144–9159, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012945, 2017.
Menéndez, P., Losada, I. J., Torres-Ortega, S., Narayan, S., and Beck, M. W.: The global flood protection benefits of mangroves, Scientific Reports, 10, 4404, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61136-6, 2020.
Mudd, S. M., D'Alpaos, A., and Morris, J. T.: How does vegetation affect sedimentation on tidal marshes? Investigating particle capture and hydrodynamic controls on biologically mediated sedimentation. J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F03029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001566, 2010.
Mullarney, J. C., Henderson, S. M., Reyns, J. A., Norris, B. K., and Bryan, K. R.: Spatially varying drag within a wave-exposed mangrove forest and on the adjacent tidal flat, Cont. Shelf Res., 147, 102–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.06.019, 2017.
Nardin, W. and Edmonds, D. A.: Optimum vegetation height and density for inorganic sedimentation in deltaic marshes, Nat. Geosci., 7, 722–726, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2233, 2014.
Nardin, W., Edmonds, D. A., and Fagherazzi, S.: Influence of vegetation on spatial patterns of sediment deposition in deltaic islands during flood, Adv. Water Resour., 93, 236–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.01.001, 2016.
Nepf, H. M.: Drag, turbulence, and diffusion in flow through emergent vegetation, Water Resour. Res., 35, 479–489, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900069, 1999.
Nepf, H. M.: Flow and transport in regions with aquatic vegetation, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 44, 123–142, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-120710-101048, 2012.
Ohira, W., Honda, K., Nagai, M., and Ratanasuwan, A.: Mangrove stilt root morphology modeling for estimating hydraulic drag in tsunami inundation simulation, Trees, 27, 141–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0782-8, 2013.
Otero, V., Van De Kerchove, R., Satyanarayana, B., Martínez-Espinosa, C., Fisol, M. A. B., Ibrahim, M. R. B., Sulong, I., Mohd-Lokman, H., Lucas, R., and Dahdouh-Guebas, F.: Managing mangrove forests from the sky: Forest inventory using field data and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery in the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, peninsular Malaysia, Forest Ecol. Manag., 411, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.12.049, 2018.
Rodríguez, J. F., Saco, P. M., Sandi, S., Saintilan, N., and Riccardi, G.: Potential increase in coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise suggested by considering hydrodynamic attenuation effects, Nat. Commun., 8, 16094, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16094, 2017.
Shan, Y., Liu, C., and Nepf, H.: Comparison of drag and velocity in model mangrove forests with random and in-line tree distributions, J. Hydrol., 568, 735–746, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.077, 2019.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and McWilliams, J. C.: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model, Ocean Model., 9, 347–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002, 2005.
Simard, M., Fatoyinbo, L., Smetanka, C., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., Castañeda-Moya, E., Thomas, N., and Van der Stocken, T.: Mangrove canopy height globally related to precipitation, temperature and cyclone frequency, Nat. Geosci., 12, 40–45, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0279-1, 2019.
Suwa, R., Rollon, R., Sharma, S., Yoshikai, M., Albano, G. M. G., Ono, K., Adi, N. S., Ati, R. N. A., Kusumaningtyas, M. A., Kepel, T. L., Maliao, R. J., Primavera-Tirol, Y. H., Blanco, A. C., and Nadaoka, K.: Mangrove biomass estimation using canopy height and wood density in the South East and East Asian regions, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 248, 106937, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106937, 2021.
Tanino, Y. and Nepf, H. M.: Lateral dispersion in random cylinder arrays at high Reynolds number, J. Fluid Mech., 600, 339–371, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112008000505, 2008.
Temmerman, S., Bouma, T. J., Govers, G., Wang, Z. B., De Vries, M. B., and Herman, P. M. J.: Impact of vegetation on flow routing and sedimentation patterns: Three-dimensional modeling for a tidal marsh, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 110, F04019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000301, 2005.
Tinoco, R. O. and Coco, G.: A laboratory study on sediment resuspension within arrays of rigid cylinders, Adv. Water Resour., 92, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.04.003, 2016.
Umlauf, L. and Burchard, H.: A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models, J. Mar. Res., 61, 235–265, 2003.
van Maanen, B., Coco, G., and Bryan, K. R.: On the ecogeomorphological feedbacks that control tidal channel network evolution in a sandy mangrove setting, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy., 471, 20150115, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0115, 2015.
Warner, J. C., Sherwood, C. R., Arango, H. G., and Signell, R. P.: Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method, Ocean Model., 8, 81–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.003, 2005.
Warner, J. C., Armstrong, B., He, R., and Zambon, J. B.: Development of a coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system, Ocean Model., 35, 230–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.010, 2010.
Weisscher, S. A. H., Van den Hoven, K., Pierik, H. J., and Kleinhans, M.: Building and raising land: mud and vegetation effects in infilling estuaries, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 127, e2021JF006298, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006298, 2022.
Willemsen, P. W. J. M., Horstman, E. M., Borsje, B. W., Friess, D. A., and Dohmen-Janssen, C. M.: Sensitivity of the sediment trapping capacity of an estuarine mangrove forest, Geomorphology, 273, 189–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.038, 2016.
Willemsen, P. W. J. M., Smits, B. P., Borsje, B. W., Herman, P. M. J., Dijkstra, J. T., Bouma, T. J., and Hulscher, S. J. M. H.: Modeling decadal salt marsh development: variability of the salt marsh edge under influence of waves and sediment availability, Water Resour. Res., 58, e2020WR028962, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028962, 2022.
Xie, D., Schwarz, C., Brückner, M. Z., Kleinhans, M. G., Urrego, D. H., Zhou, Z., and Van Maanen, B.: Mangrove diversity loss under sea-level rise triggered by bio-morphodynamic feedbacks and anthropogenic pressures, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 114033, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc122, 2020.
Xu, Y. and Nepf, H.: Measured and predicted turbulent kinetic energy in flow through emergent vegetation with real plant morphology, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2020WR027892, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027892, 2020.
Xu, Y. and Nepf, H.: Suspended sediment concentration profile in a Typha latifolia canopy, Water Resour. Res., 57, e2021WR029902, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR029902, 2021.
Xu, Y., Esposito, C. R., Beltrán-Burgos, M., and Nepf, H. M.: Competing effects of vegetation density on sedimentation in deltaic marshes, Nat. Commun., 13, 4641, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32270-8, 2022.
Yang, J. Q. and Nepf, H. M.: A turbulence-based bed-load transport model for bare and vegetated channels, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 10–428, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079319, 2018.
Yoshikai, M: MasayaYoshikai/COAWST_mangrove_rh: COAWST_rh (v1.0), Zenodo [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7974346, 2023.
Yoshikai, M., Nakamura, T., Suwa, R., Argamosa, R., Okamoto, T., Rollon, R., Basina, R., Primavera-Tirol, Y. H., Blanco, A. C., Adi, N. S., and Nadaoka, K.: Scaling relations and substrate conditions controlling the complexity of Rhizophora prop root system, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 248, 107014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107014, 2021.
Yoshikai, M., Nakamura, T., Bautista, D. M., Herrera, E. C., Baloloy, A., Suwa, R., Basina, R., Primavera-Tirol, Y. H., Blanco, A.C., and Nadaoka, K.: Field measurement and prediction of drag in a planted Rhizophora mangrove forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC018320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018320, 2022a.
Yoshikai, M., Nakamura, T., Suwa, R., Sharma, S., Rollon, R., Yasuoka, J., Egawa, R., and Nadaoka, K.: Predicting mangrove forest dynamics across a soil salinity gradient using an individual-based vegetation model linked with plant hydraulics, Biogeosciences, 19, 1813–1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, 2022b.
Zhang, K., Liu, H., Li, Y., Xu, H., Shen, J., Rhome, J., and Smith III, T. J.: The role of mangroves in attenuating storm surges, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 102, 11–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.02.021, 2012.
Zhang, Y., Svyatsky, D., Rowland, J. C., Moulton, J. D., Cao, Z., Wolfram, P. J., Xu, C., and Pasqualini, D.: Impact of coastal marsh eco-geomorphologic change on saltwater intrusion under future sea level rise, Water Resour. Res., e2021WR030333 https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030333, 2022.
Zhu, Q., Wiberg, P. L., and Reidenbach, M. A.: Quantifying Seasonal Seagrass Effects on Flow and Sediment Dynamics in a Back-Barrier Bay, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016547, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016547, 2021.
Short summary
Due to complex root system structures, representing the impacts of Rhizophora mangroves on flow in hydrodynamic models has been challenging. This study presents a new drag and turbulence model that leverages an empirical model for root systems. The model can be applied without rigorous measurements of root structures and showed high performance in flow simulations; this may provide a better understanding of hydrodynamics and related transport processes in Rhizophora mangrove forests.
Due to complex root system structures, representing the impacts of Rhizophora mangroves on flow...
