Articles | Volume 15, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3447-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3447-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review and perspective paper
| 
04 May 2022
Review and perspective paper |
| 04 May 2022
| 04 May 2022
Empirical values and assumptions in the convection schemes of numerical models
Anahí Villalba-Pradas
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Earth and Space Sciences (ess) Research
Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, Toledo 45071, Spain
Francisco J. Tapiador
Earth and Space Sciences (ess) Research
Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, Toledo 45071, Spain
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Cited
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- Performance of the WRF Model for the Forecasting of the V-Shaped Storm Recorded on 11–12 November 2019 in the Eastern Sicily G. Castorina et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020390
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- Coupling a micro-genetic algorithm with RegCM5 for improving extreme precipitation simulations over Southeast Asia Z. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106871
- Development of CAS-ESM_MMF: improving East Asian summer precipitation simulation with a Multiscale Modeling Framework G. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-327-2026
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- Coupling human dynamics with the physics of climate: a path towards Human Earth Systems Models F. Tapiador & A. Navarro https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad7974
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- Distinct Mixing Regimes in Shallow Cumulus Clouds Y. Arieli et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105746
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- Incorporating the Effect of Large‐Scale Vertical Motion on Convection Through Convective Mass Flux Adjustment in E3SMv2 X. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003553
- Evaluation of convectively coupled Kelvin waves in CMIP6 coupled climate models X. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108214
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Enhanced simulation of East Asian summer precipitation with a revised simplified Arakawa–Schubert convection scheme S. Gui et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.109154
- Impact of the Different Grid Resolutions of the WRF Model for the Forecasting of the Flood Event of 15 July 2020 in Palermo (Italy) G. Castorina et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101717
- A machine learning based deep convective trigger for climate models S. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07332-w
- Performance of the WRF Model for the Forecasting of the V-Shaped Storm Recorded on 11–12 November 2019 in the Eastern Sicily G. Castorina et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020390
- Statistics of Isolated Deep Convection Initiation and Its Relation to Topography in the North China Area G. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037949
- A comprehensive approach to Lagrange’s equations for rigid links using composed vector dynamics W. Lamas https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100703
- Physics schemes in the first version of NCEP operational hurricane analysis and forecast system (HAFS) W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1379069
- Pyroelectric sensor for liquid level monitoring in thermal systems: Integrating analytical modeling, numerical simulation, and experimental validation R. Mohammed et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103928
- Machine learning parameterization of the multi-scale Kain–Fritsch (MSKF) convection scheme and stable simulation coupled in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using WRF–ML v1.0 X. Zhong et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3667-2024
- Coupling a micro-genetic algorithm with RegCM5 for improving extreme precipitation simulations over Southeast Asia Z. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106871
- Development of CAS-ESM_MMF: improving East Asian summer precipitation simulation with a Multiscale Modeling Framework G. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-327-2026
- An Entropy Generation Rate Model for Tropospheric Behavior That Includes Cloud Evolution J. Sekhar https://doi.org/10.3390/e25121625
- Coupling human dynamics with the physics of climate: a path towards Human Earth Systems Models F. Tapiador & A. Navarro https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ad7974
- Impacts of the stochastically perturbed parameterization on the precipitation ensemble forecasts of the Betts–Miller–Janjić (BMJ) scheme in Eastern China X. Qiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107036
- Distinct Mixing Regimes in Shallow Cumulus Clouds Y. Arieli et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105746
- Assessing Memory in Convection Schemes Using Idealized Tests Y. Hwong et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003726
- The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation L. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-023-2357-6
- Exploration of daytime atmospheric boundary layer thermodynamics across fronts over land using in-situ airborne measurements Z. Medley & S. Pal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107980
- Incorporating the Effect of Large‐Scale Vertical Motion on Convection Through Convective Mass Flux Adjustment in E3SMv2 X. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003553
- Evaluation of convectively coupled Kelvin waves in CMIP6 coupled climate models X. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108214
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Jul 2026
Short summary
The paper provides a comprehensive review of the empirical values and assumptions used in the convection schemes of numerical models. The focus is on the values and assumptions used in the activation of convection (trigger), the transport and microphysics (commonly referred to as the cloud model), and the intensity of convection (closure). Such information can assist satellite missions focused on elucidating convective processes and the evaluation of model output uncertainties.
The paper provides a comprehensive review of the empirical values and assumptions used in the...
