Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2265-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2265-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
16 Mar 2022
Model experiment description paper |
| 16 Mar 2022
| 16 Mar 2022
Effects of forcing differences and initial conditions on inter-model agreement in the VolMIP volc-pinatubo-full experiment
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy
Claudia Timmreck
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg,
Germany
Myriam Khodri
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université, IRD/CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
Anja Schmidt
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
now at: Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IPA), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
now at: Meteorological Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Matthew Toohey
Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Manabu Abe
Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan
Slimane Bekki
Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/UVSQ, Paris, France
Jason Cole
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Shih-Wei Fang
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg,
Germany
Wuhu Feng
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS-Climate), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Gabriele Hegerl
Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Ben Johnson
Met Office, Exeter, UK
Nicolas Lebas
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université, IRD/CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
Allegra N. LeGrande
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Graham W. Mann
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS-Climate), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Lauren Marshall
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Landon Rieger
Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Alan Robock
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, NJ, USA
Sara Rubinetti
Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy
Kostas Tsigaridis
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
Helen Weierbach
Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Cited
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Reproduction of the Temperature Response to the Pinatubo Volcanic Impact in the INMCM6 Earth System Model S. Kostrykin & E. Volodin 10.1134/S0001433825700756
- Impact of volcanic eruptions on CMIP6 decadal predictions: a multi-model analysis R. Bilbao et al. 10.5194/esd-15-501-2024
- Volcanic effects on climate: recent advances and future avenues L. Marshall et al. 10.1007/s00445-022-01559-3
- How explosive volcanic eruptions reshape daily precipitation distributions S. Paik et al. 10.1016/j.wace.2022.100489
- The Recovery and Re-Calibration of a 13-Month Aerosol Extinction Profiles Dataset from Searchlight Observations from New Mexico, after the 1963 Agung Eruption J. Antuña-Marrero et al. 10.3390/atmos15060635
- Climate Projections Very Likely Underestimate Future Volcanic Forcing and Its Climatic Effects M. Chim et al. 10.1029/2023GL103743
- Clear-sky control of anvils in response to increased CO2 or surface warming or volcanic eruptions M. Saint-Lu et al. 10.1038/s41612-022-00304-z
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- Volcanic Eruptions: A Source of Irreducible Uncertainty for Future Climates D. Zanchettin 10.1029/2023GL105482
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- The impact of ENSO and NAO initial conditions and anomalies on the modeled response to Pinatubo-sized volcanic forcing H. Weierbach et al. 10.5194/acp-23-15491-2023
- The Influence of Internal Climate Variability on Stratospheric Water Vapor Increases After Large‐Magnitude Explosive Tropical Volcanic Eruptions X. Zhou et al. 10.1029/2023GL103076
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- Mechanisms of hydrological responses to volcanic eruptions in the Asian monsoon and westerlies-dominated subregions Z. Zhuo et al. 10.5194/cp-19-835-2023
- Stratospheric circulation response to large Northern Hemisphere high-latitude volcanic eruptions in a global climate model H. Guðlaugsdóttir et al. 10.5194/acp-25-3961-2025
35 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Revisiting the Mechanisms of ENSO Response to Tropical Volcanic Eruptions F. Pausata et al. 10.1029/2022GL102183
- Recent global temperature surge intensified by record-low planetary albedo H. Goessling et al. 10.1126/science.adq7280
- Reproduction of the Temperature Response to the Pinatubo Volcanic Impact in the INMCM6 Earth System Model S. Kostrykin & E. Volodin 10.1134/S0001433825700756
- Impact of volcanic eruptions on CMIP6 decadal predictions: a multi-model analysis R. Bilbao et al. 10.5194/esd-15-501-2024
- Volcanic effects on climate: recent advances and future avenues L. Marshall et al. 10.1007/s00445-022-01559-3
- How explosive volcanic eruptions reshape daily precipitation distributions S. Paik et al. 10.1016/j.wace.2022.100489
- The Recovery and Re-Calibration of a 13-Month Aerosol Extinction Profiles Dataset from Searchlight Observations from New Mexico, after the 1963 Agung Eruption J. Antuña-Marrero et al. 10.3390/atmos15060635
- Climate Projections Very Likely Underestimate Future Volcanic Forcing and Its Climatic Effects M. Chim et al. 10.1029/2023GL103743
- Clear-sky control of anvils in response to increased CO2 or surface warming or volcanic eruptions M. Saint-Lu et al. 10.1038/s41612-022-00304-z
- Understanding Model‐Observation Discrepancies in Satellite Retrievals of Atmospheric Temperature Using GISS ModelE M. Casas et al. 10.1029/2022JD037523
- Volcanic forcing degrades multiyear-to-decadal prediction skill in the tropical Pacific X. Wu et al. 10.1126/sciadv.add9364
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL SOURCE INVERSION: NOISE, VARIABILITY, AND UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION J. Hart et al. 10.1615/JMachLearnModelComput.2024056144
- Last-millennium volcanic forcing and climate response using SO2 emissions L. Marshall et al. 10.5194/cp-21-161-2025
- Using reduced-complexity volcanic aerosol and climate models to produce large ensemble simulations of Holocene temperature M. Verkerk et al. 10.5194/cp-21-1755-2025
- Initial atmospheric conditions control transport of volcanic volatiles, forcing and impacts Z. Zhuo et al. 10.5194/acp-24-6233-2024
- Volcanic forcing of high-latitude Northern Hemisphere eruptions H. Fuglestvedt et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00539-4
- Effects of macro vs. micro initialization and ocean initial-condition memory on the evolution of ensemble spread in the CESM2 large ensemble C. Deser et al. 10.1007/s00382-024-07553-z
- Future Atlantification of the European Arctic limited under sustained global warming F. De Rovere et al. 10.1038/s41598-025-16161-8
- Validating a microphysical prognostic stratospheric aerosol implementation in E3SMv2 using observations after the Mount Pinatubo eruption H. Brown et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-5087-2024
- Volcanic Eruptions: A Source of Irreducible Uncertainty for Future Climates D. Zanchettin 10.1029/2023GL105482
- Reassessing the cooling that followed the 1991 volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo A. Boretti 10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106187
- Opinion: The scientific and community-building roles of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) – past, present, and future D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-5149-2023
- Detection, attribution, and modeling of climate change: Key open issues N. Scafetta 10.1016/j.gr.2025.05.001
- Sensitivity of regional monsoons to idealised equatorial volcanic eruption of different sulfur emission strengths R. D’Agostino & C. Timmreck 10.1088/1748-9326/ac62af
- Impact of volcanic eruptions on extratropical atmospheric circulations: review, revisit and future directions S. Paik et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acd5e6
- Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Microphysics‐Chemistry Simulations of the 1991 Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosols With Newly Coupled Sectional Aerosol and Stratosphere‐Troposphere Chemistry Modules in the NASA GEOS Chemistry‐Climate Model (CCM) P. Case et al. 10.1029/2022MS003147
- The impact of ENSO and NAO initial conditions and anomalies on the modeled response to Pinatubo-sized volcanic forcing H. Weierbach et al. 10.5194/acp-23-15491-2023
- The Influence of Internal Climate Variability on Stratospheric Water Vapor Increases After Large‐Magnitude Explosive Tropical Volcanic Eruptions X. Zhou et al. 10.1029/2023GL103076
- Investigating hydroclimatic impacts of the 168–158 BCE volcanic quartet and their relevance to the Nile River basin and Egyptian history R. Singh et al. 10.5194/cp-19-249-2023
- Opinion: Stratospheric ozone – depletion, recovery and new challenges M. Chipperfield & S. Bekki 10.5194/acp-24-2783-2024
- A Dissection of the Inter‐Model Spread of the Aerosol Direct Radiative Effect in CMIP6 Models Q. Yu & Y. Huang 10.1029/2023GL105112
- The sensitivity of EC-Earth3 decadal predictions to the choice of volcanic forcing dataset: insights for the next major eruption R. Bilbao et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-6239-2025
- Mechanisms of hydrological responses to volcanic eruptions in the Asian monsoon and westerlies-dominated subregions Z. Zhuo et al. 10.5194/cp-19-835-2023
- Stratospheric circulation response to large Northern Hemisphere high-latitude volcanic eruptions in a global climate model H. Guðlaugsdóttir et al. 10.5194/acp-25-3961-2025
Latest update: 30 Oct 2025
Short summary
This paper provides metadata and first analyses of the volc-pinatubo-full experiment of CMIP6-VolMIP. Results from six Earth system models reveal significant differences in radiative flux anomalies that trace back to different implementations of volcanic forcing. Surface responses are in contrast overall consistent across models, reflecting the large spread due to internal variability. A second phase of VolMIP shall consider both aspects toward improved protocol for volc-pinatubo-full.
This paper provides metadata and first analyses of the volc-pinatubo-full experiment of...
